灼口综合征患者心理健康状况及相关因素分析

目的:探讨灼口综合征患者心理健康状况及相关因素。方法:采用抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)以及医学应对方式问卷(MCMQ)对60例灼口综合征患者和对照组进行测评。结果:灼口综合征患者抑郁、焦虑情绪明显高于对照组,"回避"和"屈服"应对方式与抑郁情绪呈正相关;精神质、神经质和掩饰性人格与抑郁、焦虑情绪呈正相关。结论:灼口综合征患者并发较高程度的抑郁、焦虑症状,同时不同人格类型与应对方式对其焦虑、抑郁有较大影响。     

喉癌化疗患者癌因性疲乏与人格的相关性

目的:探讨喉癌化疗患者癌因性疲乏与人格之间的关系。方法:采用横断面调查方法,运用一般资料问卷、癌因性疲乏量表、艾森克人格问卷简式量表对喉癌化疗患者进行调查,分析癌因性疲乏状况及其与人格之间的关系。结果:1在96例被调查者中,喉癌化疗患者癌因性疲乏呈中等水平,得分为(34.44±7.01)分;2喉癌化疗患者的神经质、精神质评分显著高于全国常模(t=7.586,3.772;P<0.01),而内外向及掩饰性评分与全国常模间无显著性差异(t=1.675,0.085;P>0.05);3神经质与癌因性疲乏总分,躯体疲乏、心理疲乏、认知疲乏存在显著正相关(r=0.529,0.291,0.555,0.357;P<0.01);4精神质与心理疲乏存在显著正相关(r=0.203,P<0.05);5内外向与癌因性疲乏总分、心理疲乏存在显著负相关(r=-0.353,-0.500;P<0.01)。结论:喉癌化疗患者疲乏程度为中等水平,癌因性疲乏受人格因素影响。     

生活事件对大学生负性情绪的影响:神经质和应对方式的中介作用

目的考察应对方式和神经质在生活事件与负性情绪间的中介作用。方法采用青少年生活事件问卷、大五人格问卷-神经质分量表、流调中心用抑郁量表、应对方式量表、状态特质焦虑量表对3010名大学生进行调查。结果神经质以及生活事件各因子与焦虑、抑郁均呈显著正相关(P<0.01);问题解决和求助的应对方式与抑郁、焦虑均呈显著负相关(r=-0.09,-0.13,-0.16,-0.19;P<0.01),而其他应对方式与抑郁、焦虑均呈显著正相关(P<0.01);神经质、应对方式在生活事件与负性情绪间的中介效应显著(F=240.17,P<0.01)。结论大学生负性情绪与生活事件、人格特质中的神经质和不成熟的应对方式密切相关;神经质和应对方式在生活事件的应激对大学生负性情绪的影响中起着部分中介作用。     

大学生的人格特征和应对方式的相关分析

目的了解大学生的应对方式和人格特征的关系.方法 采用随机整群抽样法,选取某大学二年级6个班级共252名在校大学生,以应付方式问卷和艾森克个性问卷集中回答问卷.结果 大学生选择成熟的应对方式多余不成熟应对方式,大学女生比男生更多外向性格,也更多采用幻想的应对方式,男生与女生解决问题的方式无差异性,但更有效.大学男女生的人格特征在精神质和神经质维度上无性别差异,在内外向和解决问题的应对方式上有差异,在求助对象上有差异,在异性朋友数目方面有显著差异.大学生解决问题与精神质、神经质和外向负相关,与外向正相关;求助与外向正相关;合理化与精神质、神经质和内外向正相关,自责、幻想、退避均与精神质、神经质正相关,与内外向无相关.结论 大学生成熟的应对方式与精神质(P)、神经质(高N分)显著负相关,与外向(高E分)正相关;不成熟的应对方式与与精神质(高P)、神经质高焦虑程度(高N分)正相关,与掩饰维度负相关.     

支气管哮喘患者生活质量状况的心理社会影响因素调查

目的:调查哮喘患者的生活质量及其心理社会影响因素.方法:采用哮喘生活质量评估表(AQLQ)、艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)、医用应对问卷(MCMQ)及社会支持评定量表(SSRS)对769名哮喘患者进行调查.结果:①神经质性人格(r=-0.338)和屈服的应对方式(r=-0.466)与生活质量总分呈显著负相关.②回归分析的结果显示,中重度病情、良好的经济状况、神经质的性格特征以及屈服的应对方式能够显著地预测哮喘患者的生活质量.③路径分析的结果显示,对社会支持的利用度及屈服的应对方式在人格与生活质量间起中介作用.结论:屈服应对和神经质性人格是影响哮喘患者生活质量的重要心理因素.     

卫生系统新职工焦虑、抑郁与人格特质、效能感的关系

目的探讨焦虑、抑郁与人格特质、效能感的关系。方法采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）、自评抑郁量表（SDS）、艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）和一般自我效能感量表（GSES）对卫生系统新职工进行调查。结果焦虑与情绪性、精神质呈正相关,与掩饰性、一般自我效能感呈负相关;抑郁与情绪性、精神质呈正相关,与掩饰性、内外倾、一般自我效能呈负相关;焦虑和抑郁呈显著正相关;回归分析显示影响焦虑和抑郁的主要因素是情绪性和一般自我效能感。结论焦虑、抑郁与人格特征、效能感有密切关系,情绪性和一般效能感对焦虑、抑郁的影响作用突出。     

眼科手术住院患者的心理健康状况及相关因素分析

目的:探讨眼科手术住院患者的心理健康状况及其相关影响因素。方法:对55名眼科住院手术患者进行抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)以及医学应对方式问卷(MCMQ)评估。结果:患者的抑郁和焦虑情绪均明显高于常模(P0.01);男性患者MCMQ回避分显著高于女性(P0.05);已婚患者抑郁和焦虑情绪均高于未婚者(P0.05);术前术后患者的抑郁焦虑情绪和应对方式差异不具统计学意义(P0.05);患者的抑郁情绪与焦虑、回避和屈服呈显著正相关(P0.05和P0.01);年龄与面对呈显著正相关(P0.05);受教育年限与SDS呈显著负相关(P0.05)。结论:眼科患者不论术前术后均有较高的抑郁、焦虑情绪和不良的应对方式;不同人口学背景的患者其情绪状况和应对方式有差异。     

大学新生适应与童年期负性事件、人格特征的关系

目的:考察大学新生适应与童年期负性事件的关系,并探讨人格特征在其关系间的中介作用。方法:选取四川某重点高校大学新生523名,采用中国大学生适应量表(CCSAS)、童年期负性事件调查问卷(ACEQ)和艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)进行施测。结果:大学新生至少经历过一种童年期负性事件的发生率为87%。CCSAS总分与童年期负性事件影响总分及神经质得分呈负相关(r=-0.13、-0.51,均P0.01),与内外向和掩饰性得分呈正相关(r=0.47、0.25,均P0.01);童年期负性事件影响总分与内外向得分呈负相关(r=-0.08,P0.05),与掩饰性得分呈负相关(r=-0.12,P0.01),与神经质得分呈正相关(r=0.17,P0.01)。内外向和神经质在童年期负性事件影响与大学新生适应的关系中起中介作用,效应量为51.65%和58.10%。结论:大学新生适应与童年期负性事件影响和人格特征密切相关,人格特征在童年期负性事件影响与大学新生适应的关系中起中介作用。     

性犯罪服刑人员心理健康状况及其相关因素的分析

目的探讨性犯罪服刑人员心理健康状况及其相关因素的影响．为性犯罪的社会心理评估和矫治干预提供相应的理论依据。方法采用艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）、简易应对方式问卷对40名性犯罪服刑人员及40名正常被试进行对照研究。结果罪犯组较正常对照组在EPQ的精神质、神经质、掩饰性因子及焦虑、抑郁、消极应对方式指标上均有显着性差异，在焦虑、抑郁情绪与人格之间的相关上得出P指标与SAS指标呈显着正相关，N指标与SDS指标、SAS指标呈显着正相关，L指标与SAS指标呈显着负相关，在应对方式与人格的相关方面，N指标与消极应对指标呈显着正相关。结论性犯罪的服刑人员的心理问题明显高于正常对照组。     

婚姻质量与人格特质的相关分析

目的　探究夫妻人格特质与婚姻质量的相关以及夫妻间人格特质的相关性 ,为婚姻咨询提供帮助。方法　用 OL-SON婚姻质量问卷 ( ENRICH)和艾森克人格问卷 ( EPQ) ,对 1 0 0对夫妻进行测试和调查。结果　精神质特质、神经质特质与婚姻质量总分存在极显著负相关 ( P<0 .0 0 1 ) ,掩饰维度与婚姻质量总分存在极显著正相关 ( P<0 .0 0 1 ) ,精神质和神经质均与婚姻质量的 8个因子存在极显著负相关 ( P<0 .0 0 1 ) ,丈夫的神经质与妻子精神质特质间存在显著性正相关 ( P<0 .0 1 ) ,与妻子的掩饰维度存在显著性负相关 ( P<0 .0 5 )。结论　婚姻质量与人格关系极为密切。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.