肝移植中合并门静脉血栓的诊断及处理

目的 探讨肝移植中合并门静脉血栓的诊断和处理。方法 采用回顾性分析的方法分析了我院自2001年6月1日至2003年1月30日的158例肝移植病例。结果 158例肝移植病人中26例(16.5%)术中确认有门静脉血栓形成。其中9例Ⅰ级;11例Ⅱ级;5例Ⅲ级;1例Ⅳ级。对Ⅰ、Ⅱ级的门静脉血栓中3例施行了血栓切除术、16例施行取栓术、1例行门静脉左支吻合;5例Ⅲ级血栓中,远端肠系膜上静脉作为流入道,通过利用供体的髂静脉进行了搭桥术;对Ⅳ级血栓,尝试利用其他的内脏静脉进行吻合。病人术后6个月存活率:门静脉血栓组24／26,对照组114／132(P>0.05)。结论 对于肝移植合并门脉血栓的病人,准确的术前诊断、合理的术式选择在很大程度上影响病人的预后。     

原位肝移植术后真菌感染的诊治

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后真菌感染的诊断和治疗。方法 58例肝移植患者术后怀疑真菌感染时，行体液（痰、血、尿、胆汁、引流液等）或导管真菌培养，结合胸腹部CT影像学检查、活组织检查及诊断性治疗结果综合判断，一旦诊断确定，即给予氟康唑治疗，无效者改用伊曲康唑和两性霉素B，同时调整免疫抑制治疗方案。结果 58例患者中，16例术后并发真菌感染21例次（5例患者发生两次以上、不同部位或不同菌株的感染），感染发生率为27．6％（16／58），感染发生在术后4～38d，感染好发部位依次为肺（28．6％）、肠道（19．0％）、泌尿系统（14．3％）、腹腔（14．3％）、切口（9．5％）、血液（4．8％）、胆管（4．8％）及肝脏（4．8％）。在21例次真菌感染中，念珠菌感染占85．7％，曲霉菌感染占14．3％。氟康唑治疗有效者占66．7％，伊曲康唑治疗有效者占14．3％，两性霉素B治疗有效者占14．3％，1例（4．7％）各种抗真菌药物治疗均无效，治疗总有效率为95．2％。结论 肝移植术后真菌感染的发生率较高，依据影像学检查、病原学检查及活组织检查综合判断真菌感染，及时选用氟康唑、伊曲康唑及两性霉素B治疗。     

原位肝移植术后胆管狭窄的诊断和治疗

目的探讨原位肝移植术后胆管狭窄的诊断和治疗方法。方法利用胆道内镜技术，对14例原位肝移植术后发生的胆管狭窄进行了诊断和分析；采取球囊扩张后支撑管支撑狭窄的方法进行治疗。结果经胆道造影和内镜综合诊断胆管吻合口狭窄13例（92．86％，其中1例是结石导致的狭窄假象）；非吻合口狭窄1例（进行了2次肝移植）。通过胆道造影明确诊断的4例吻合口狭窄中，1例采取球囊扩张1次治愈，2例行经内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术＋网篮取石＋鼻胆引流术后仍然发生胆系感染和黄疸而行手术以及纤维胆道镜治疗，1例2次肝移植术后发生急性排斥反应而死亡。通过T型管造影，1例发现条状负影，无狭窄，纤维胆道镜观察胆管吻合口愈合佳，黏膜移行良好；2例肝内显影差或不显影而呈胆管消失改变，纤维胆道镜取净结石后，扩张吻合口的狭窄后用支撑管分别支撑3、4个月时狭窄消失，黏膜移行良好，拔管治愈；8例肝内外胆管显影模糊，肝外和肝内Ⅰ、Ⅱ级胆管有条索状、柱状、树枝状负影和非吻合性狭窄征象，纤维胆道镜观察取净结石后观察吻合口处均有不同程度的狭窄、充血水肿，扩张支撑平均2．5个月后，镜下观察狭窄消失，黏膜移行佳；1例造影提示吻合口狭窄，经扩张后，内镜观察未发现结石，支撑2个月后拔管治愈。结论应用胆道内镜诊断胆管狭窄直观可靠。胆道狭窄扩张支撑后拔管的标准为：T型管造影通畅无狭窄，内镜观察狭窄环消失，吻合口处黏膜移行。通过内镜技术治疗胆管狭窄具有微创、安全、有效和方便等优点。     

原位肝移植术后胆漏的诊断和治疗

目的　探讨原位肝移植 (orthotopiclivertransplantation ,OLT)术后胆漏的诊断和治疗方法。方法　回顾性分析 12例患者OLT术后胆漏的诊断和治疗。 12例中男 9例 ,女 3例 ,平均年龄 (45±10 )岁。 3例行经典式OLT ,9例行背驮式OLT。胆管重建方式均为胆总管端端吻合术 ,其中 9例放置“T”形管引流。诊断主要依据临床表现及胆管造影。胆漏平均诊断时间为 (8± 6 )d。 7例经非手术治疗 ,包括保持腹腔引流通畅、重置引流管、鼻胆管引流、B型超声引导穿刺抽吸引流及抗炎治疗 ;5例经手术治疗 ,包括胆总管 空肠吻合术、“T”形管重置术或吻合口修补术。结果　 10例治愈 ,2例死于严重全身感染。结论　OLT术后胆漏的诊断主要依据临床表现及胆管造影。高龄患者或合并有胆道缺血者预后差。     

原位肝移植后胆道并发症的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊治。方法 回顾性分析40例原位肝移植的临床资料，总结术后胆道并发症的防治经验。结果 3例患者术后出现血胆红素和／或转氨酶持续性升高，经T管胆道造影术及核磁共振胆胰管成像证实存在胆道狭窄，其中2例为肝门部胆管与肝总管狭窄，1例为吻合口处胆管狭窄。经采用T管窦道球囊扩张术，3例的胆道狭窄得以改善，肝功能好转，其中1例经3次选择性球囊扩张，现健康存活已21月余；其中合并胆漏的1例，在B型超声波引导下穿刺置管负压引流后治愈；合并胆道胆泥淤积的1例及合并多重胆道感染的2例，均予以对症治疗。结论 手术技术不佳及胆管的血液供应不良是肝移植术后发生胆道并发症的重要因素；联合应用胆道造影术和核磁共振胆胰管成像能了解胆树全貌，有助于胆道狭窄、胆泥淤积与胆漏的诊断；及时采用放射介入技术处理胆道并发症可取得良好疗效。     

原位肝移植术后侵袭性曲菌病的诊断和治疗

目的探讨原位肝移植术后侵袭性曲菌病的诊治。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2005年1月完成的576例原位肝移植的临床资料,总结术后侵袭性曲菌病的防治经验。结果9例患者术后并发侵袭性曲菌病,疾病发生率为1．74％（9／576）,首发感染部位为肺部8例,中枢神经系统感染1例,发病时间在术后10d至2个月,术后持续或间断的低热可以是发病早期的主要症状。痰或其他分泌物的真菌镜检和培养是确诊的主要依据。二性霉素B脂质体是治疗的首选用药,对早期病例疗效满意,5例肺部感染患者痊愈,2例因肺部感染无法控制死亡,2例因并发多器官侵袭死亡。结论肝移植术后侵袭性曲菌病具有早期临床表现不典型和易于播散的特点,合理调整免疫抑制治疗方案及早期、足量和足程的抗真菌药物的使用是取得良好疗效的关键。     

Diagnosis and treatment of hepatic artery stenosis after orthotopic liver transplantation

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of Multidetector Computed Tomographic Angiography (MDCTA) to detect hepatic artery (HA) stenosis after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and the efficacy of treatment using percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two consecutive patients with OLT underwent MDCTA for evaluation of HA, followed by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) (gold standard). Source images (Ax) were processed, obtaining multiplanar reformations (MPRs), maximum intensity projections (MIPs), and volume renderings (VRs). Images were evaluated to identify the following: (1) arterial depiction (celiac axis, anastomosis, and left [LHA] and right [RHA] HA), (2) detection of stenoses, and (3) grading of stenoses. Indications for PTA were set at MDCTA and DSA, and PTA was performed when appropriate. RESULTS: MDCTA depicted the celiac axis and anastomoses in all patients; LHA and RHA were visualized in 21 of 22 patients with Ax, MPRs, and MIPs, and in 17 of 22 with VRs. All reconstruction modalities enabled correct diagnosis of celiac (n = 3) and anastomotic stenoses (n = 14). Of 6 LHA and RHA stenoses, 4 (66.7%) were visualized with Ax, MPRs, and VRs, and 5 (83.3%) were visualized with MIPs. Stenosis was overestimated in 9 (39.1%) cases with VRs and in 3 (13%) with the other modalities. PTA was performed in 8 cases, with 1 case of arterial dissection requiring re-OLT. At a median follow-up of 28 months, the primary and secondary patency rates were 71.4% (5 of 7) and 85.7% (6 of 7), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: MDCTA and accurate postprocessing enable confident depiction of the arterial anatomy and detection of stenosis after OLT. PTA is safe and allows allograft saving, at least until another suitable donor becomes available.     

Diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract complications after orthotopic liver transplantation

Biliary tract complications are a continuing source of morbidity after liver transplantation. In a 3.5-year period we performed 264 liver transplants in 226 patients (132 adults, 94 children). Biliary tract reconstruction was via Roux limb choledochojejunostomy (n = 144) or choledochocholedochostomy (n = 118). Fifty (19.1%) biliary complications occurred, and 35 (13.4%) necessitated operative repair. The incidence was similar in adults and children and after each method of reconstruction. Risk factors were vascular thrombosis and reduced-sized transplants. Diagnosis was based on the algorithmic use of multiple modalities with early biliary visualization. Roux limb complications usually occurred in the first month after transplant and necessitated operative intervention, whereas duct-to-duct problems appeared later and were more accessible to percutaneous or endoscopic manipulations. Eight (6.8%) patients required conversion to a Roux limb, whereas 8/15 (53.3%) cases of biliary stricture were successfully managed nonoperatively. Three (1.3%) patients and four (1.5%) grafts were lost as a result of biliary complications. One-year actuarial patient survival is 76.4% with a mean follow-up of 13.2 months. Early recognition of biliary complications and prompt interventional therapy can effectively prevent long-term sequelae. Although choledochocholedochostomy is more physiologic and expeditious, Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy remains a safe and versatile alternative and is the preferred method of reconstruction in select cases.     

Diagnosis and treatment of hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation

The aim of this study was to examine the clinical presentation and time of hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), stressing the role of imaging modalities. Therapeutic options are described, such as retransplantation (Re-OLT), hepatic resections and revascularization procedures, focusing on complications and outcome in a consecutive series of 687 OLT. Over the period from 1986 to 1999, 687 OLT were carried out in 601 patients, 592 of whom were adults and 95 pediatric subjects. Of these operations 601 were primary OLT and 86 Re-OLT (71 I Re-OLT, 14 II Re-OLT and 1 III Re-OLT). In this retrospective study, we reviewed rejection episodes, time of HAT (early or late), possible cause of HAT, day of suspected diagnosis of HAT and day of confirmation of diagnosis. Clinical presentation, management, complications, outcome, survival rates and the need for Re-OLT were also recorded. The incidence of HAT was 2.47% (17/687). Early HAT (n = 9, < 30 days) was diagnosed 15.6 days after OLT (range: 3-25 days), whereas late HAT (n = 8, > 30 days) occurred 295.1 days after OLT (range: 38-1830 days). In two asymptomatic patients (2/17: 11.7%), HAT was discovered incidentally. Most of the patients (11/17: 64.7%) presented with increased liver function test values and fever. Relapsing bacteremia occurred in 7/17 cases (41.1%), whereas a biliary stricture and biliary leak were diagnosed in 3/17 (17.6%) and in 1/17 patients (5.8%), respectively. Fulminant hepatic failure was the clinical presentation in 2/17 cases (11.7%). In one case the clinical presentation was acute and chronic rejection (1/17: 5.8%). Intrahepatic abscesses were diagnosed in one case (1/17: 5.8%), as well as an intrahepatic haemorrhage (1/17: 5.8%). Doppler ultrasound (DUS) correctly revealed HAT in 9 of the 17 patients (52.9% sensitivity). In 8 of the 9 patients (88.8%) in whom HAT was diagnosed by DUS, angiography was also performed to confirm the diagnosis. Overall, angiography detected HAT in 14/17 patients (82.3% sensitivity). HAT management consisted of immediate Re-OLT in 6 patients 6.8 days (range: 3-12 days) after diagnosis. Delayed Re-OLT was performed in 6 patients 529.1 days (range: 68-1920 days) after diagnosis. The overall retransplantation rate was 70.5% (12/17). Two patients died despite undergoing intraarterial urokinase treatment. Three grafts were salvaged, but suffered biliary stricture due to ischemic cholangitis and underwent hepatico-jejunostomy. A II Re-OLT was carried out in 4 of 12 patients (33.3%). The overall mortality rate was 41.1% (7/17). One-year and 3-year overall survival rates were 58.8% (10/17) and 47.0% (8/17), respectively. Both 5- and 10-year overall survival rates were 11.7% (2/17). Although the results of OLT have improved dramatically over the past few years, HAT is still associated with substantial morbidity, a high incidence of graft failure and high mortality rates. The use of DUS to screen for HAT has permitted earlier diagnosis, but early angiographic evaluation of the hepatic arteries is still needed for accurate diagnosis of HAT and remains the gold standard. Retransplantation is the definitive solution for HAT in the majority of cases, though it is essentially the patient's clinical condition that dictates the form of management.     

肝移植术后脾动脉盗血综合征的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肝移植术后脾动脉盗血综合征(SANS)的诊断和治疗.方法 回顾性分析1012例肝移植受者的临床资料,观察受者SASS的发生情况,并应用统计学方法分析受者性别、原发疾病、术前血小板水平及移植肝与受者的重量比(GRWR)等指标对SANS发生率的影响.SASS的诊断采用B型超声筛查与动脉造影检查相结合的方法.治疗均采用超选择性盗血动脉介入栓塞方法.术后对受者进行了8～36个月的随访,观察治疗效果.结果 有11例肝移植受者术后确诊为SANS,均发生于肝移植术后1个月内,平均(13.63±10.93)d,其发生率为1.09%(11/1012);受者的性别、原发疾病或术前血小板计数对肝移植术后SASS发生率的影响,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而GRWR较低者,SASS发生率较高(P＜0.01).经介入治疗后,11例受者存活情况良好,移植肝血流恢复正常,肝功能基本恢复正常,无血栓、缺血性胆道并发症发生.1例受者经介入治疗后脾脏周边部出现小片状梗死灶,其余10例受者脾脏无明显异常.结论 肝移植术后发生的SANS无明显特异性表现,应重视对GRWR较低受者的排查;采用B型超声筛查与动脉造影检查可以早期确诊;确诊后对盗血动脉进行超选择性介入栓塞治疗效果理想.     

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目的 探讨原位肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成的诊治经验。方法 总结３４例原位肝移植术后的临床资料,结合文献,分析肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成的诊断和不同治疗方法的结果。结果 本组肝动脉血栓形成发生率为８．８％（３／３４）,３例均经彩超检查诊断,例１术后第５７天死于上消化道出血,经尸检证实,例２和例３经肝动脉造影证实后给予动脉内溶栓,球囊扩成形及放置血管内支架等介入治疗,病人分别在术后第１８,６５天死于感染和     

胆道内镜对肝移植术后胆管损伤变化的观察

目的 对原位肝移植术后胆道并发症进行内镜观察和治疗,为肝移植胆管损伤机制的研究提供参考和帮助.方法 利用胆道内镜技术,对肝移植术后正常组、胆管损伤组、肝动脉损伤组的病例进行观察,内镜下取活检进行病理分析.对于无T管者,应用子母胆道镜进行.结果 正常的9例肝内外胆管解剖正常,无狭窄、瘢痕,胆管黏膜颜色正常,供-受体胆管吻合口愈合佳.病理学检查均可见修复性的黏膜组织,被覆上皮完整,上皮下纤维组织和小血管增生,散在浆细胞、淋巴细胞浸润.胆管损伤组的12例中,胆管内有各种类型的单发、多发及铸型结石,胆管均有不同程度的损伤,经内镜取净结石、解除梗阻后,胆管黏膜均有不同程度的修复,造影检查胆树恢复正常.肝动脉损伤组3例:胆管壁缺血坏死,丧失胆管的组织结构,仅见纤维样组织构成的管道,明显充血,胆泥和结石完全灌满供体胆树,Ⅲ级胆管间断具有胆管的组织结构;病理学检查:胆管壁弥漫坏死,结构不清,大量胆汁渗入,可见增生的肉芽组织和化脓灶.结论 原位肝移植并胆管损伤、缺血的病例术后胆管均有不同程度的损伤,胆道内镜是诊治肝移植术后胆道并发症的首选方法.     

原位肝移植术后胆道内窥镜的观察

目的探讨纤维胆道镜在肝移植术后的胆结石诊治中的作用。方法对5例肝移植术后出现反复胆系感染、梗阻性黄疸的病人进行纤维胆道镜观察,同时采取等离子碎石技术、网篮取石、异物钳取石。结果在纤维胆道镜直视下,可以清楚地观察到胆管的愈合及胆管血运情况,同时可以成功取石。结论肝移植术后T管的留置和纤胆镜的应用具有重要的价值。     

成人肝移植术后早期并发急性阑尾炎的诊断和治疗分析

目的探讨肝移植患者术后早期并发急性阑尾炎的临床特点及诊疗经验。方法 7年间笔者单位共实施817例成人尸肝移植,4例术后早期并发急性阑尾炎。笔者回顾性分析该4例患者以及误诊为阑尾炎的另4例患者的临床资料。结果肝移植术后早期急性阑尾炎的发生率为0.49%(4/817)。该4例患者分别于肝移植术后8,13,11,9 d出现急性阑尾炎症状,包括右下腹阵发性疼痛,发热,右下腹压痛、反跳痛,白细胞升高;2例于出现症状当天,2例于症状出现后第2天急诊行阑尾切除术。无阑尾穿孔者。术后病理提示2例为单纯性阑尾炎,2例为化脓性阑尾炎。阑尾炎发病及治疗过程中,未调整免疫抑制剂,肝功能无不良影响。4例术后均顺利恢复,迄今肝移植术后分别存活84,62,40,29个月。其余4例误诊为急性阑尾炎的患者1例为术后9 d十二指肠憩室并穿孔,1例为术后10 d空肠穿孔(术后15 d死亡);2例分别为术后8 d及11 d发生胆瘘,后者术后4个月死亡。结论肝移植术后阑尾炎的患病率低,需与胆瘘、消化道穿孔等并发症鉴别;对于确诊患者应尽早行阑     

肝移植围手术期门静脉血栓的处理

目的 探讨肝移植围手术期门静脉血栓（PVT）的处理。方法 回顾性分析中国医科大学附属第一医院1995年5月至2008年6月实施的194例肝移植病人临床资料,术前存在PVT 24例,其中Ⅰ级12例,Ⅱ级9例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级1例。术中采取不同门静脉重建方式,结扎术前存在的门腔分流和粗大的侧支循环。术后根据凝血酶原时间（PT）,应用普通肝素或低分子质量肝素预防性抗凝。术中、术后应用多普勒超声监测门静脉血供。结果 术后PVT发生率2.58%（5/194）。1例PVT经外科门静脉取栓、重新吻合治愈,3例置管溶栓、支架植入治愈,另1例仅表现肝功能轻度异常,未特殊处理。与PVT相关病死率为0。其余病例随访6~ 104个月,未见PVT。结论 理想的门静脉重建方式、结扎门腔存在的分流和术后有效的抗凝可以减少PVT的发生,多普勒超声监测能早期发现PVT,挽救移植物,避免再移植。     

肝移植术后早期动脉并发症的治疗与预后

目的 探讨原位肝移植术(OLT)后动脉并发症的危险因素和诊治策略.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2007年9月180例原位肝移植临床资料.比较肝良性疾病与原发性肝癌原位肝移植术后动脉并发症的发生率.观察动脉并发症受者的长期生存率.结果 180例中,12例(6.7％)发生动脉并发症,其中肝动脉血栓(HAT)3例,肝...     

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目的　探讨肝移植围手术期门静脉血栓的处理。方法　回顾性分析 2 0 0 3年 10月至 2 0 0 4年 6月 14 0例原位肝移植病人的临床资料。结果　通过彩色多普勒、螺旋CT加三维血管成像和间接门脉造影共确诊肝移植术前门静脉血栓 5例。其中螺旋CT加三维血管成像 (CTA)对门静脉血栓的诊断特异性为 10 0 % ,彩色多普勒的诊断特异性为 80 % ,间接门脉造影的诊断特异性为 2 0 %。肝移植术中采用门静脉血栓切除术治疗成功率为10 0 %。结论　肝移植术中门静脉血栓切除术是治疗门静脉血栓的有效方法。CTA检查能准确判断门静脉血栓的程度。肝移植术后预防性抗凝能有效预防门静脉血栓复发。