The superiority of the analgesic effect of intraurethral Bupivacaine during outpatient flexible cystoscopy in male patients

Objective

Flexible cystoscopy (FC) has become a frequently applied outpatient prosedure. Dysuria with an incidence of 30–54% is the main complaint of patients. As our hypothesis was, lower pain scores during and after cystoscopy would be achieved with bupivacaine application we aimed to compare the analgesic efficacy of intraurethral bupivacaine and lidocaine.

硬膜外麻醉下异丙酚联合咪达唑仑镇静对内隐记忆的影响

目的探讨术中异丙酚联合咪达唑仑镇静对内隐记忆的影响,分析内隐记忆消失的中潜伏期听觉诱发电位(MLAEP)参数界值,为临床镇静深度监测提供一项新的客观指标。方法 硬膜外麻醉下择期手术病人45例(ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级),随机分为异丙酚组(P)、联合用药一组(PM1)、联合用药二组(PM2)3组,每组15例。P组:异丙酚2 mg·kg-1·h-1;PM1组:异丙酚1.5 mg·kg-1·h 咪达唑仑0.03 mg·kg-1·h-1;PM2组:异丙酚1.5 mg·kg-1·h-1 咪达唑仑0.06 mg·kg-1·h-1。所有病人经异丙酚或异丙酚联合咪达唑仑镇静15 min后,让病人听录音带即内隐记忆刺激。记录入室时(T1)、行硬膜外麻醉后(T2)、静脉给药后15min(T1)、切皮后2min(T4)、内隐记忆刺激完成即刻(T5)等时点的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、MLAEP。术后6 h进行记忆调查,测定病人的模糊辨听率。结果 异丙酚镇静Pa、Nb波潜伏期延长、波幅降低(P<0.05),但联合用药组潜伏期延长更明显、波幅降得更低(P<0.05)。所有病人外显记忆均消失;P组均存在内隐记忆,两联合用药组内隐记忆均消失。结论异丙酚和咪达唑仑联合镇静可以消除外显记忆和内隐记忆。MLAEP参数Pa、Nb波潜伏期、波幅可以作为评价术中镇静深度的客观监测指标。     

咪唑安定对氯胺酮麻醉诱导的影响

目的　观察咪唑安定对氯胺酮麻醉诱导的影响。方法　 2 4只健康家兔随机分为三组 :咪唑安定组 (M组 ) ,咪唑安定 1mg/kg ,静注 ;氯胺酮组 (K组 ) ,氯胺酮 5mg/kg ,静注 ;咪唑安定加氯胺酮组 (MK组 ) ,咪唑安定 1mg/kg加氯胺酮 5mg/kg ,静注。注药前后监测EEG频谱边界频率(SEF)、双频指数 (BIS)、中位频率 (MF)、δ比值 [δ/ (α +β) ]、心率 (HR)、平均动脉压 (MAP)和精神症状。采颈动脉血分析血气。结果　给药后三组的SEF、MF和BIS均下降。δ比值升高 (P <0 0 1) ,且MK组的改变与其他两组比有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。K组给药后MAP从 (14 2± 1 3)kPa上升到 (16 4± 0 8)kPa(P <0 0 1) ,HR从 (2 2 8± 17)次 /分上升到 (2 35± 11)次 /分 (P <0 0 5 ) ;M组给药后MAP从 (14 3± 1 6 )kPa下降至 (10 5± 1 5 )kPa(P <0 0 1) ;MK组无明显改变。K组与MK组用药后PaO2 均明显下降 (P <0 0 1) ;但两组间无显著性差异。MK组精神症状较K组明显减轻(P <0 0 1)。结论　咪唑安定可加强氯胺酮的中枢抑制作用 ,减轻精神症状 ,且不增强氯胺酮的呼吸抑制作用。氯胺酮与咪唑安定复合应用于麻醉诱导是合理的     

门诊患者对软性膀胱镜和硬性膀胱镜的耐受性比较

目的:为进一步阐明软性膀胱镜在门诊检查中患者耐受性方面的优势。方法:132例门诊患者随机接受软性膀胱镜检查(77例)和硬性膀胱镜检查(55例),用数字分级法对患者检查前、检查中、检查后15min和3天的疼痛指数进行评估。结果:85%的软镜组患者为检查中轻微疼痛(评分为0~3),而硬镜组仅为47%(P<0.05)。检查中疼痛评分软镜组为2.3vs硬镜组3.4(P<0.05)。软镜组检查后15min疼痛评分恢复到检查前水平(0.5vs0.2),而硬镜组(2.3vs0.3)3天后才恢复到检查前水平。结论:软性膀胱镜的耐受性明显好于硬镜,更适于门诊患者的检查。     

创伤休克患者不同麻醉深度下诱导插管的血流动力学变化

目的 比较创伤休克患者在不同麻醉深度下诱导插管时的血流动力学变化. 方法 根据进入手术室的时序,按区段随机分组法将40例非颅脑损伤的创伤休克患者随机分为A、B两组,每组各20例.患者入室后行脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS)监测,麻醉诱导以咪达唑仑1.5 mg/min缓慢静注,当BIS达到预定值(A组60±3,B组45±3)时立即给予芬太尼3μg/kg、琥珀胆碱1.5mg/kg,肌肉松弛后气管插管.分别记录两组入室时(T0)、BIS达预定值时(T1)、气管插管即刻(T2)、插管后1 min(T3)、插管后3 min(T4)的BIS值、心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)和咪达唑仑的用量. 结果 组内比较A组各时点HR、SBP差异无统计学意义,B组T1[(138±15)次/分]、T2[(146±15)次/分]、T3[(147±11)次/分]、T4(146±10)次/分]时点的HR较T0[(127±16)次/分]明显增加,而T2[(72±10)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kpa)]、T3[(74±10)mm Hg]、T4[(76±11)mm Hg]时点的SBP较T0[(82±7)mm Hg]明显下降(P<0.05);两组间HR的差异出现在T3(P=0.005)、T4(P<0.001)时点;两组间SBP的差异出现在T4(P=0.005)时点.A组咪达唑仑用量约为0.117 mg/kg,较B组减少约17%(P<0.001). 结论 麻醉诱导插管时采用相对较浅的麻醉深度(BIS=60)更有利于创伤休克患者血流动力学的相对平稳.     

An assessment of the clinical utility of transperineal urethrosphincteric block (TUSB) in outpatient rigid cystoscopy: a single-blind,randomized study

Background and objectives  Pain control in outpatient rigid cystoscopy is often achieved via the application of intraurethral lidocaine jelly. This clinical trial was designed to test the effectiveness and safety of a new method to provide local anesthesia, transperineal urethrosphincteric block (TUSB), prior to rigid cystoscopy. Methods  Male patients posted for outpatient rigid cystoscopy were randomized to receive TUSB (group A) using 10–20 ml of 1% lidocaine, intraurethral 30 ml of 2% lidocaine jelly (group B) or intraurethral 30 ml of neutral jelly (group C) as a method of pain control. Following the procedure, plasma concentrations of lidocaine were measured in group A patients. Outcome assessments included mean urethral and sphincteric numerated pain scores (0–10), overall discomfort level (0–4) and plasma lidocaine levels. Results  One hundred and fifty patients were recruited, 50 in each group. When the three groups were compared, the ratio of group A patients with sphincteric pain score ≥2 was significantly the least. Also, the ratio of group A patients with discomfort level ≥2 was significantly less than the same ratio in either group B or C. Plasma lidocaine concentrations were within nontoxic levels and never exceeded 2.83 μg/ml in 39 subjects. Conclusion  This study demonstrates that TUSB is an effective and safe method in significantly relieving the pain associated with outpatient rigid cystoscopy. TUSB may offer urologists and anesthetists an alternative way to achieve pain control besides intraurethral lidocaine jelly during rigid cystoscopy.     

咪唑安定-芬太尼-异丙酚顺序静注诱导对患者镇静程度和麻醉深度的影响

目的 研究咪唑安定（Mid）-芬太尼（Fen）-异丙酚（Pro）顺序静注诱导对患者镇静程度、听觉诱发电位指数（AEPindex）、脑电双频谱指数（BIS）和血流动力学的影响。方法 40例（ASA　I-Ⅱ）听力正常患者,采用Mid-Fen-Pro顺序诱导,监测记录诱导前基础值（T0）、静注Mid 0.06mg/kg后1、3、5min（T1、T2、T3）、静注 Fen 4mg/kg后1、3、5min（T4、T5、T6）以及静注Pro后1、3min（T7、T8）等时点AEPindex、BIS、MAP和HR值,并同时行改良OAA/S镇静评级。结果 静注Mid后1～5min患者OAA/S评级迅速下降,37.5％患者意识消失;AEPindex、BIS、MAP值也逐渐下降（与T0相比,P<0.01）。静注Fen后MAP继续下降（T4～6与T0～3相比,P<0.05～0.01）,HR显著下降（T4～6与T3相比,P<0.01）;此期间患者OAA/S评级下降,但AEPindex、BIS无明显变化（T4～6与T3相比,P>0.05）。应用Pro后3min,所有患者OAA/S均降为0;AEPindex、BIS分别降至（28.97±11.03）,（50.38±11.89）,MAP也明显下降（T7、T8与T0～6相比,P<0.05～0.01）。结论Mid-Fen-Pro联合诱导能平稳地诱导麻醉,诱导期间AEPindex,BIS均能准确地反映临床镇静麻醉深度。     

咪唑安定与维库溴铵相互作用的实验研究

通过在体兔坐骨神经－胫前肌标本，研究咪唑安定与维库溴铵之间可能的相互作用。在维库溴铵稳定状态神经肌肉阻滞下，咪唑安定０．３和１．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ分别抑制震颤强度２３．５％和３７％；而咪唑安定１．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ使维库溴铵累积剂量－反应曲线左移，但斜率不变。     

Comparison of hexaminolevulinate based flexible and rigid fluorescence cystoscopy with rigid white light cystoscopy in bladder cancer: results of a prospective Phase II study

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Several studies have shown that rigid fluorescence cystoscopy (RFC) with hexaminolevulinate (HAL) is superior to standard rigid white light (RWLC) cystoscopy in diagnosing bladder tumours, with a clinically relevant impact on the patient's management. These studies, however, have been done with rigid cystoscopes. We carried out a study to evaluate whether the technique of fluorescence cystoscopy with HAL was also feasible with a specially designed flexible fluorescence cystoscope (FFC). METHODS: 20 patients with known or suspected bladder cancer were included in a comparative within patient controlled Phase II study. All patients signed informed consent. All patients received 50 ml of HAL (Hexvix) 8 mM 1h prior to transurethral resection. Using a D-light-C system (Storz, Germany), FFC and RFC were performed followed by RWLC. All lesions visible during these three cystoscopies were mapped, taped and resected. RESULTS: In these 20 patients (mean age 71 years (49-89), 3 females) mean HAL instillation time was 81 min. Overall 27 histologically confirmed lesions were found in 19 patients. Detection rates in these 19 patients were 14 with FFC, 17 with RFC and 15 with RWLC. Of the 27 lesions 19 were detected with FFC, 23 with RFC and 20 with RWLC. Overall fluorescence intensity using the flexible system was 76% (30-147%) as compared to RFC using a visual analogue score. No side effects were noted which were attributable to HAL. CONCLUSION: The use of FFC is feasible and seems to be comparable to RWLC and slightly inferior to RFC. Larger studies should determine the role of flexible fluorescence cystoscopy.     

咪唑安定和/或氯胺酮全麻诱导的临床效应观察

目的：观察咪唑安定和／或氯胺酮麻醉诱导的临床效应。方法：全麻气管插病人３６例,ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分为三组,每组１２例,分别静注咪唑安全０．１ｍｇ／ｋｇ＋氨胺酮１ｍｇ／ｋｇ（Ⅰ组）、氯胺酮２ｍｇ／ｋｇ（Ⅱ组）或咪唑安定０．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ（Ⅲ组）诱导。分别记录诱导前后各组的ＢＩＳ、ＳＥＦ、ＨＲ及ＭＡＰ等变化。结果：（１）Ⅱ组诱导后ＢＩＳ、ＳＥＦ值低于其他组,而Ⅰ组诱志２分钟后的数值≥麻醉前值;（２）２     

The diagnostic value of cystoscopy and intravenous pyelography in endometrial carcinoma

The diagnostic value of cystoscopy and intravenous pyelography in the staging of carcinoma of the corpus uteri was evaluated in a retrospective study of 218 patients. The primary treatment in all patients was surgical. Cystoscopy was performed preoperatively in 71 (33%) of the patients and postoperatively in 90 (41%); 57 (26%) patients were not subjected to this investigation. Intravenous pyelography was performed in 95 (44%) of the patients and postoperatively in 70 (32%); 53 (24%) patients were not subjected to this investigation. In no patient did cystoscopy reveal invasion of the bladder by tumor. In one patient with a stromal sarcoma (stage IV), there was no flow of dye through the ureteral orifices. Intravenous pyelography revealed unilateral ureteral obstruction in one case of stromal sarcoma (stage III) and complete bilateral ureteral obstruction in another case (stage IV). These findings show that cystoscopy and intravenous pyelography are unnecessary in carcinoma of the corpus uteri at stages I and II, and that in stages III and IV the necessity for these investigations should be considered for each patient on an individual basis.     

前列腺增生患者软性和硬性膀胱镜下逆行输尿管置管的比较研究

目的 探讨软性和硬性膀胱镜下逆行输尿管置管在前列腺增生患者中应用的有效性和安全性.方法 132例需行膀胱镜下逆行置管的前列腺增生患者随机分为2组,每组66例,分别行软性膀胱镜和硬性膀胱镜下逆行输尿管置管,比较两组的置管成功率、置管时间、视觉模拟疼痛评分和相关并发症的发生率.结果 两组患者年龄、上尿路疾病类型、前列腺体积、置管时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).软镜组置管成功率(93.9％),大于硬镜组(60.6％),(P＜0.05).软镜组和硬镜组的视觉模拟疼痛评分分别为(3.0±1.1)分和(7.8±1.5)分,置管后增加的肉眼血尿发生率分别为3.0％和31.9％,急性尿潴留发生率分别为0％ (0/66)和13.6％ (9/66),尿路刺激症状发生率分别为4.5％和36.3％,发热发生率分别为6.0％和34.8％,以上各项指标两组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 软性膀胱镜下逆行输尿管置管应用于前列腺增生患者是安全、有效的.     

不同麻醉诱导对患者眼内压影响的比较

目的 比较异丙酚、咪达唑仑或依托咪酯复合舒芬太尼麻醉诱导对患者眼内压(IOP)的影响.方法 拟在全麻下择期手术患者45例,年龄20-40岁,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,按照随机数字表法,将其随机分为3组(n=15):异丙酚组(P组)、咪达唑仑组(M组)和依托咪酯组(E组).麻醉诱导:P组、M组和E组分别静脉注射异丙酚2.0 mg/kg、咪达唑仑0.2 mg/kg及依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg后,依次静脉注射舒芬太尼0.2 μg/kg与顺阿曲库铵0.2 mg/kg,行气管插管术.于麻醉诱导前l min(T0)、气管插管前(T1)、气管插管后即刻(T2)、气管插管后1 min(T3)和2 min(T4)时测定IOP和MAP.结果 与P组比较,M组和E组低眼压发生率降低(P＜0.01);与E组比较,P组和M组高眼压发生率降低(P＜0.05).P组、M组和E组MAP与IOP的相关系数分别为0.831、0.889和0.806(p＜0.05),相关系数组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 咪达唑仑复合舒芬太尼麻醉诱导对IOP影响较小,MAP的波动程度是麻醉诱导引起IOP变化的主要因素.     

不同麻醉方法对腹腔镜手术患者应激反应和循环功能的影响

目的：观察比较全麻和全麻复合硬膜外麻醉对腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者应激反应和循环功能的影响。方法：28例腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）患者随机分为全麻组（G组）和全麻复合硬膜外麻醉组（GE组），监测气腹前后HR、SBP、DBP、MAP、血浆肾上腺素（E）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）、血糖、皮质醇浓度及血气分析变化。结果：两组HR、SBP、MAP均有不同程度的升高，G组较GE组显著；G组E、GE、血糖均显著升高，GE组无显著变化，两组间差异有统计学意义；两组皮质醇均显著升高，组间差异有统计学意义；两组气腹后均出现PaCO2升高，pH降低，差异无统计学意义。结论：LC手术中全麻复合硬膜外麻醉引起的应激反应轻，对循环功能影响小。     

利多卡因加布比卡因局部麻醉在前列腺穿刺活检术中的应用

目的探讨经直肠前列腺穿刺活检引起的疼痛规律，评价利多卡因加布比卡因局部麻醉的镇痛效果及安全性。方法经直肠行前列腺10针穿刺活检患者150例，随机分3组，每组50例，A组在尖部、两侧的前列腺体部与直肠壁间注入利多卡因加布比卡因复合剂（质量浓度为1％利多卡因、0．2％布比卡因、1：20万单位肾上腺素）各3ml，B组在相同位置注射1％利多卡因，C组直接行穿刺活检。对患者术中及术后1周内的疼痛行视觉模拟评分尺评分。结果A、B、C组术中疼痛评分分别为2．2±1．5、2．0±1．5、3．5±1．9，P〈0.01；术后1h疼痛评分分别为2．2土1．3、3．1±1.1、2．8±1．4，P〈0．01；术后1d分别为1．7±1.1、1.8±1．1、1．7±1．3，P〉0.05；术后6d均为0．2土0．5，P〉0.05。A组2例患者出现术后寒战高热，C组1例术后当晚出现低热。术后A、B、C组分别有1、3、4例患者需口服止痛药。结论经直肠前列腺穿刺活检引起的疼痛主要在术中及术后1d之内。联合应用利多卡因加布比卡因局部麻醉能显著降低患者术中、术后的疼痛程度，并能消除单用利多卡因麻醉引起的术后疼痛反弹现象。     

Urine cytology after flexible cystoscopy

OBJECTIVE

To correlate urine cytology findings before and after flexible cystoscopy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 153 patients undergoing surveillance for bladder tumour provided voided urine for cytology before and immediately after flexible cystoscopy.

RESULTS

Of the 153 patients, 116 had negative urine cytology before and after (96%) a visibly normal cystoscopy and 37 had positive urine cytology before and after cystoscopy that showed recurrent tumour.

CONCLUSIONS

Urine cytology immediately after flexible cystoscopy correlates well with results of urine cytology before cystoscopy.

     

咪唑安定辅助硬膜外阻滞对二氧化碳通气反应的影响

目的 观察咪唑安定辅助硬膜外阻滞对CO2通气反应的影响。方法 15例择期上腹部手术病人于硬膜外阻滞前、后及辅助使用咪唑安定0．1mg/kg后5min分别观测病人的呼吸频率（RR）、潮气量（VT）、脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2)及呼气末CO2分压（PETCO2）,并记录咪唑安定使用前、后5min病人吸收CO2的通气反应。结果 在硬膜外阻滞前、后及咪唑安定使用后5min,病人的SpO2、PETCO2及RR均无明显改变。VT在硬膜外阻滞前、后无明显改变,但在咪唑安定使用后5min明显下降（P＜0．01）。CO2通气反应曲线的斜率未见明显改变。结论 咪唑安定辅助硬膜外阻滞对病人的VT有一定的影响,但对呼吸中枢的抑制作用则较轻。     

全身麻醉和硬膜外麻醉期间胃粘膜pH的变化及意义

目的 研究全身麻醉和硬膜外麻醉期间胃粘膜ｐＨ（ｐＨｉ）的变化及ｐＨ与术后应激性溃疡的关系。方法 ３０例择期下腹部手术患者,随机分为两组,全麻组,芬太尼＋依托咪酯＋琥珀胆碱诱导,维库溴铵＋安氟醚维持,硬膜外组２％利多卡因。麻醉前１小时将Ｔｒｉｐ导管置入内,麻醉诱导前（Ｔ１）诱导后６０分钟（Ｔ２）,１２０分钟（Ｔ３）分别测定ｐＨｉ,Ｐｈａ,ＰａＣＯ２,ＭＡＰ和ＨＲ,术后随访３天观察胃经流管的出血情况。