溶血性尿毒症综合征急性期后治疗探讨

目的探讨溶血性尿毒症综合征（HUS）患儿渡过急性期后如何促进肾功能的修复、延缓肾损害进程,探讨HUS急性期后的治疗方法。方法分析1993年至2005年我科收治的17例HUS患儿的临床资料。13例接受急性期后治疗患儿除用血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂（ACEI）和限制蛋白质摄入外,参照中华医学会儿科学分会肾脏病学组制定的“小儿肾小球疾病的临床分类、诊断及治疗”（方案）,按临床分型、对泼尼松治疗的反应及病理类型拟定治疗方案。2例临床表现为肾小球肾炎的患儿中1例应用雷公藤多甙。11例表现为肾病综合征的患儿均用泼尼松;其中5例泼尼松治疗不缓解或部分缓解者,加用环磷酰胺冲击（4例）或甲泼尼龙冲击（1例）治疗;3例因肾组织病理改变为膜增殖＋／-局灶节段性肾小球硬化、新月体形成,加用甲泼尼龙冲击。结果随访2个月～8年,轻型4例（1例复发1次）血压、血尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（Cr）及尿常规均正常。重型9例中6例血压、BUN、Cr、尿常规正常;3例持续尿检异常,肾功能不全,且没有坚持治疗,分别于病程的第3、9和13个月死亡。4例（均为重型）放弃治疗者分别于病程的第27～48天死亡。结论对渡过急性期的HUS患儿依据其临床分型和肾病理改变参照肾脏病学组制定的方案治疗有望改善预后。除急性期病情轻重、治疗的合理性影响预后外,患儿家长对治疗的依从性也是一个重要因素。     

Renal Granulomatous sarcoidosis in childhood: a report of 11 cases and a review of the literature

We analysed retrospectively 11 children with renal granulomatous sarcoidosis confirmed by renal histology in order to describe the course and prognosis of the disease. Symptomatic sarcoidosis was diagnosed at a mean age of 10.1 years. Nine children had renal involvement at the time of diagnosis. In the course of the disease, nine patients developed renal failure and mild proteinuria, seven had transient sterile leucocyturia, four showed microscopic haematuria, seven had a urinary concentrating defect, and enlarged kidneys were seen in three patients. One child had hypercalcaemia and hypercalciuria, none had hypertension. Light microscopy of the kidney showed interstitial infiltration by mononuclear cells in all children, interstitial fibrosis in nine patients, epithelioid granulomas in seven, tubular involvement in eight, and mild glomerular involvement in seven patients. Renal immunofluorescence was negative. Ten children received prednisone for 1–11 years. After a mean follow up of 5.5 years, three patients had entered end-stage renal failure and one had chronic insufficiency after interruption of medical supervision and prednisone therapy. Conclusion Renal failure, proteinuria, leucocyturia, haematuria, and concentration defect are the prominent features of renal granulomatous sarcoidosis in children. Steroid therapy, adjusted according to disease activity, may prevent end-stage renal failure. Received: 4 December 1997 / Accepted in revised form: 22 June 1998     

Long-term prognosis for children with nephrotic syndrome

Follow-up survival and health information were obtained, after a median of 27.5 years, from 132 patients who had been seen originally as children with nephrotic syndrome between 1951 and 1967. Ninety seven patients were alive. Recurring edema or proteinuria, or both, persisted in 15 percent of those still alive. Eight of 11 parous women reported relapses during pregnancy. There was no apparent increase in malignancies, atopic diseases, clinical defects in cell-mediated immunity, or cardiovascular diseases. Twenty two patients (17%) died of renal causes between 3 months and 8 years after the onset of nephrotic syndrome. Steroid resistance was the presenting feature universally predictive of a poor outcome; nine of the 11 such patients died and the other two are now receiving hemodialysis. Hematuria was present initially in 41 percent of the patients who died of renal causes, compared with 14 percent of those still alive. Hypertension was noted on the first examination in 22 percent of those who died of renal causes, compared with 10 percent of those alive.     

Prednisone therapy of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in children

Six children with biopsy-proved type 1 membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) improved clinically during a 2-year course of prednisone therapy. All children had nephrotic syndrome. Creatinine clearance was less than or equal to 80 ml/min/1.73 m2 in four patients. Initial prednisone dosage ranged from 20 mg every other day to 2 mg/kg/day (maximum 60 mg), with subsequent modifications based on improvement. After completion of a 2-year course of steroid therapy, a repeat kidney biopsy was performed in each child; a decrease in glomerular disease activity was noted in five of them. After a mean follow-up of almost 5 years, all children have creatinine clearance greater than 120 ml/min/1.73 m2, and only one remains nephrotic. Although the use of prednisone in children with MPGN remains controversial, we have observed a diminution in proteinuria and normalization of creatinine clearance with therapy initiated early in the disease course.     

Differential protein clearances and response to treatment in Nigerian nephrotic children.

Remission followed prednisolone therapy in 9 out of 21 Nigerian children with the nephrotic syndrome who had highly selective proteinuria (CG/CA less than 15%). Of these, 5 patients have remained well off all treatment during a follow-up of nearly 5 years, 4 have relapsed more than once but have responded to further courses of prednisolone. 3 of 21 with less selective proteinuria also remitted but all relapsed and only one of these has responded again. The other two have relapsed and further courses of prednisolone have not totally abolished their proteinuria though they are asymptomatic and in good health. Toxicity (hypertension, sometimes with encephalopathy and infection) was commoner in the patients with less selective proteinuria treated with steroids than in those with highly selective proteinuria. 3 steroid-sensitive patients who had had repeated relapses became free from relapse off all treatment after a course of cyclophosphamide, given during steroid-maintained remission. All but 2 of the renal biopsies taken were regarded as abnormal. The lesions were less severe in those who responded than in those who did not. There is some evidence to suggest that Plasmodium malariae may be a cause of some of the steroid-sensitive disease, as well as the steroid-resistant.     

血浆置换术后联合小剂量激素治疗溶血尿毒综合征

目的探讨血浆置换术后联合小剂量激素治疗溶血尿毒综合征(HUS)的疗效。方法回顾性分析近5 a来本院肾内科11例HUS患儿临床资料。男6例,女5例;年龄2～9岁,平均年龄5.2岁。重症10例,轻症1例。其中8例进行血浆置换治疗,每例2、3次,术后应用泼尼松(1.0～1.5 mg.kg-1)或甲泼尼龙(1 mg.kg-1)维持;其中1例联合血液透析治疗,1例联合连续性血液滤过治疗。轻症1例采用大剂量丙种球蛋白(丙球)治疗。1例重症HUS外院进行血液透析1个月余转本院继续血液透析治疗。1例重症HUS外院采用大剂量丙球冲击联合甲泼尼龙治疗后继续甲泼尼龙1 mg.kg-1治疗和肠道透析。结果 19例次血浆置换治疗均顺利实施,无明显并发症;8例血浆置换后联合小剂量激素治疗者中7例肝酶、心肌酶、肾功能恢复正常,尿常规镜下血尿或并轻中度蛋白尿出院,追踪观察2～26个月,复查肾功能均正常,尿蛋白阴性,5例镜下轻微血尿[RBC(9～36)×106L-1],1例感染后轻微镜下血尿,1例尿常规正常。轻症1例出院时尿常规和肾功能均正常,门诊随诊38个月尿常规正常。2例外院治疗的重症HUS患儿转入本科时病程1周～1个月,血小板已恢复正常,Hb无继续下降,尿常规示肉眼血尿和中量蛋白尿,处于肾衰竭期。其中1例血液透析6次,肾功能稍好转、肉眼血尿并中量蛋白尿,放弃治疗出院。1例经肠道透析和口服激素等措施后放弃治疗出院。结论重症HUS患儿宜早期应用血浆置换治疗,血浆置换治疗后联合小剂量激素治疗可改善重症HUS患儿预后,减少后遗症。     

儿童新月体性IgA肾病临床与病理分析

目的 了解儿童原发性新月体性IgA肾病的临床、病理和免疫病理的特征 方法 分析9例儿童原发 性新月体性IgA肾病患儿的临床、病理和免疫病理资料,进行疗效观察及随访 结果 临床表现为肾病综合征5例, 急进性肾炎3例,无症状性血尿和蛋白尿1例。尿蛋白均>2 g／d,其中>3 g／d者7例:有持续性肉眼血尿8例,其中>2 周者7例;肾功能减退苦8例,其中5例仅内生肌酐清除率(CCr)轻度下降者;伴高血压7例 9例肾病理均有不同程 度的弥漫性系膜增生和小管-间质病变,平均74.5％肾小球有新月体形成,半数病例可见球囊粘连、小球硬化、节段内 皮增生和间质灶状纤维化。免疫荧光无1例单纯IgA型,IgA M和IgA M G型占55.6％,4例呈"满堂亮"。8例经大剂 量甲基泼尼松龙冲击2~4个疗程治疗,肉眼血尿、高血压全部消失,肾功能恢复正常,蛋白尿有不同程度改善 7例随 访3~18个月,3例尿蛋白正常,2例轻度蛋白尿(<1 g／d),尿蛋白>3 g／d者2例 结论 本组儿童原发性新月体性IgA 肾病临床以肾病综合征为主,持续性肉眼血尿和大量蛋白尿突出,肾功能减退程度不一;肾小球、小管和间质均有急、 慢性病理改变,球囊粘连、小球硬化和间质纤维化易见,免疫病理以IgA合并IgM、IgG沉积为主,可见"满堂亮"现象 及时大剂量甲基泼尼松龙冲击治疗,短期疗效好。     

Long-term clinical follow up of children with primary vesicoureteric reflux

Fifty-six children (35 boys and 21 girls) below the age of 12 years with primary Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) detected by voiding cystourethrogram after an initial episode of documented urinary tract infection (UTI), were studied prospectively for a period of 6-12 years (Mean 8 years) with reference to scarring, grade of reflux, break-through infections, adverse effects to prophylactic drugs and clinical and laboratory evidence of renal failure. The mean age at presentation was 1.95 years. Grade I-V reflux occurred in 7.1%, 28.6%, 48.2%, 12.5%, 3.6% respectively. Thirty-one (55.3%) had detectable renal scars on dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan. All of them were treated with low dose prophylactic antibiotics until the age of 5 years. None had any major adverse effects to the prophylactic antibiotics. Ten (17.9%) had breakthrough UTI while on prophylaxis and 3 (5.4%) had UTI after discontinuing prophylaxis at 5 years of age. Two patients underwent ureteric reimplantation. Clinical and laboratory evidence of renal failure was not observed during the follow up period. Systolic blood pressure of all patients was below the 90th percentile for age. One had significant proteinuria. Majority of this cohort of patients with varying degrees of reflux nephropathy were managed conservatively with regular monitoring and low-dose prophylactic antibiotic therapy.     

不同基因突变致肾单位肾痨及相关综合征患儿临床表型特点及基因分析

目的 提高对肾单位肾痨（nephronophthisis,NPHP）及相关综合征患儿临床表型和基因特点的认识。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月—2022年11月河北医科大学第二医院儿科诊治的8例NPHP及相关综合征患儿的临床资料，对其临床特征和基因检测结果进行分析。结果 8例NPHP患儿中，男5例，女3例，起病年龄15个月至12岁，就诊时均存在不同程度肾功能异常。8例患儿中，2例以发育落后首发，2例以贫血为首发，2例为体检发现肾功能异常；肾外表现包括心血管异常2例，骨骼发育异常2例，肝功能异常1例，视网膜色素变性1例，内脏镜面转位1例。8例患儿肾脏B超均有结构改变，4例尿常规显示存在轻至中度蛋白尿。5例为NPHP1基因突变，NPHP3、IFT140、TTC21B基因突变各1例，共发现4个新突变位点。结论 NPHP及相关综合征患儿常以发育落后或贫血为首发表现，部分患儿合并肾外表现。对不明原因肾功能异常患儿，应考虑到NPHP及相关综合征，高通量测序技术有助于明确诊断。[中国当代儿科杂志，2023,25(8):831-836]     

儿童特发性膜性肾病临床病理特点及治疗探讨

目的 了解儿童特发性膜性肾病(IMN)的临床病理特点,探讨其治疗方案.方法 回顾性分析25例病理确诊的IMN患儿的临床病理特点,总结其不同治疗方法 的疗效.结果 儿童IMN占同期所有肾穿刺活检(简称肾穿)患儿的3.81%.25例IMN中男9例,女16例;起病年龄2～14岁,平均(9.4±3.4)岁;肾穿时病程0.4～11.0个月,中位数2.5个月.临床表现为肾病综合征肾炎型21例(84%),肾小球肾炎4例(16%).全部患儿均伴血尿,其中肉眼血尿7例,高血压4例,并发血栓2例,肾功能不全1例.病理分期IMNⅡ期21例(84%).伴中重度小管间质损害者6例,伴局灶节段硬化2例.22例肾病综合征及肾病水平蛋白尿患儿中,21例首选糖皮质激素治疗,其中20例符合评价激素疗效标准:激素敏感1例(复发后转为激素耐药),19例为激素耐药(95%).后续治疗包括继续单纯激素减量隔日治疗8例,其中完全缓解5例,部分缓解3例;激素联合免疫抑制剂治疗12例,该12例连同首选联合免疫抑制剂治疗1例、激素治疗5周联合免疫抑制剂治疗1例,共14例.结论 本组患儿IMN临床表现以肾病综合征为主,均伴有不同程度血尿.绝大多数初治激素耐药,但部分病例减量隔日治疗过程中获缓解,联合免疫抑制剂治疗及疗效尚需进一步临床验证.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological feature and treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy(IMN)in children.Method A retrospective analysis of 25 cases of biopsyproven IMN seen between January 2004 and December 2009.Result The incidence of IMN was 3.81% in all the children patients who underwent renal biopsy.Of 25 patients with IMN,nine were boys and sixteen were girls.The mean age at onset was(9.4±3.4)years with a range of 2-14 years.Renal biopsies were performed at a median 2.5 months(range 0.4-11 months)after onset.The clinical manifestations included nephrotic syndrome(NS)nephritic type in 21 cases(84%)and glomerulonephritis in 4 cases.All patients presented with hematuria,and 7 had macroscopic hematuria.Hypertension was noted in 4 patients.Two patients were complicated with thrombosis.One patient was in a chronic renal insufficiency(CRI)state.According to the MN staging criteria,21 cases were in stage Ⅱ IMN(84%).Six patients showed moderate or severe tubulointerstitial lesion.Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis(FSGS)was found in two patients.Of the 22 patients with NS and nephrotic proteinuria,21 cases were treated with prednisone initially and in 20 of them the efficacy of corticosteroid therapy was evaluated:one of them was steroid sensitive(became steroidresistant after relapse)and all the others were steroid-resistant(95%).The subsequent treatment:eight of them were treated with prednisone followed by a taper to alternate-day therapy.Five of them had complete remission and three partial remission.Twelve cases were treated with combined therapy of prednisone and immunosuppressive agents. Of these 12 cases together with one case who received initially combined treatment with prednisone and immunosuppressive agent and one case treated with prednisone initially for five weeks then with combined therapy contained another immunosuppressive agent,totally 14 cases,5 had complete remission,2 partial remission,3 did not achieve remission,and 3 had unknown response.Conclusion Of the patient cohort,the predominant presenting feature was nephrotic syndrome,and with different degree hematuria.Almost all of them were steroid resistant,but followed by a taper to alternate-day therapy,some could achieve remission.The effect of a combination of prednisone and immunosuppressive agent is needed to be further proven in children.     

小儿局灶节段性肾小球硬化38例临床表现与病理特点

目的　了解小儿局灶节段性肾小球硬化 (FSGS)的临床与病理特点。方法　 38例临床诊断为原发性肾病综合征 (NS)或蛋白尿 ,病理确诊为原发性FSGS的患儿 ,进行回顾性分析、总结。结果　FSGS年龄 ( 8.9± 3.7)岁 ,男∶女比为 1 92 ,临床诊断为孤立蛋白尿 3例 ,蛋白尿伴血尿 1例 ,NS34例 (单纯型 16例 ,肾炎型 18例 )。临床伴血尿 2 4例 ( 6 3% ) ,高血压 11例 ( 2 9% ) ,肌酐清除率降低7例 ( 18% )。病理分型为门型 17例 ,周围型 14例 ,Tip型 7例。 38例FSGS中 ,2 1例伴有系膜细胞增生。临床疗效 :34例NS中 ,激素初治敏感 12例 ,观察期末对激素治疗敏感者 6例。 4例非NS中 ,3例激素治疗无效 ,1例不详。应用CTX共 18例次 ,4 4 %缓解或部分缓解 ;应用甲泼尼龙加环磷酰胺冲击或口服环孢霉素A治疗 12例 ,83%缓解或部分缓解。结论　小儿FSGS学龄儿童多见 ,临床多表现为NS ,血尿常见 ,高血压及肾功能不全相对少见 ,病理可表现为多种病变 ,甲泼尼龙加环磷酰胺冲击或口服环孢霉素A治疗方案相对好     

A SURVEY OF 164 FINNISH CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH HYPERTENSION

Abstract. A retrospective analysis was performed on 164 children and adolescents with persistent hypertension. Among the un-selected 115 patients with hypertension seen within the last three years 47 (41%) exhibited renal disease, 37 (32%) coarctation of the aorta, 10 (9%) miscellaneous associated causes and 21 (18%) no associated cause (essential hypertension). A substantial number, 53/164, had a primary disease potentially curable by surgery, and in 37 patients the blood pressure was normalized postoperatively. The outcome depended mostly on the basic disease and the availability of chronic hemodialysis. 11/164 children have died, all because of terminal basic disease, and one with simultaneous hypertensive crisis. We thus recommend a thorough investigation in the case of a child with persistent hypertension.     

A survey of 164 Finnish children and adolescents with hypertension.

A retrospective analysis was performed on 164 children and adolescents with persistent hypertension. Among the unselected 115 patients with hypertension seen within the last three years 47 (41%) exhibited renal disease, 37 (32%) coarctation of the aorta, 10 (9%) miscellaneous associated causes and 21 (18%) no associated cause (essential hypertension). A substantial number, 53/164, had a primary disease potentially curable by surgery, and in 37 patients the blood pressure was normalized postoperatively. The outcome depended mostly on the basic disease and the availability of chronic hemodialysis. 11/164 children have died, all because of terminal basic disease, and one with simultaneous hypertensive crisis. We thus recommend a thorough investigation in the case of a child with persistent hypertension.     

Renal manifestations of HIV infected highly active antiretroviral therapy naive children in India

Background

There are several studies on renal manifestations in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children from American and African regions, but similar studies from India are lacking. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 28 HIV infected antiretroviral therapy (ART) na?ve children coming to the pediatric HIV clinic.

Methods

Demographic data of the children, clinical presentations including blood pressure, detailed laboratory investigations (serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate), urine analysis (urine morphology, urine albumin, pus cells, and red blood cells), and CD4 counts were collected.

Results

Of the 28 children, 15 (53.6%) had renal manifestations with a male to female ratio of 1:1.5. The most common renal manifestation in our study was abnormal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in 11 (44.0%) of 25 children. This was followed by pus cells in urine in 6 (21.4%) of the 28 children while 3 (10.7%) of them had proteinuria. The mean age of children with renal manifestations was 5.04±2.75 years as compared to those without renal manifestations who had a mean age of 7.38±2.95 years (P=0.0390). CDC class and sex were not associated with renal manifestations.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that reduced GFR is the common renal manifestation, particularly in younger children. Other renal manifestations are related to proteinuria. The lack of correlation of CDC classification with renal manifestations mandates screening of children with HIV for renal disease. A more detailed study of renal manifestations in HIV-infected children is needed.     

Lupus nephritis in children in Malaysia

OBJECTIVES: To determine the pattern of renal histology, clinical outcome of children with lupus nephritis and to identify any associated risk factors predicting renal failure in these children. METHODS: Retrospectively, 27 children under 16 years of age with lupus nephritis who had renal biopsies done at Sultanah Aminah Hospital Johor, Malaysia from 1994 to 2002 were studied. The renal histology was graded according to WHO classification system (1982). The medical records, laboratory data and the clinical outcome of the patients were studied. RESULTS: There were 24 cases of WHO Class IV, two cases of WHO Class II and a case of WHO Class V. Twenty children were in the good renal outcome group while six children progressed into the poor renal outcome group and required renal replacement. One child was lost to follow-up. All six children in the poor renal outcome group had WHO Class IV histology. The 5-year patient and renal survival rates were 84% and 75%, respectively. Age, sex, activity and chronicity indices in the renal histology, anaemia, elevated serum creatinine, depressed levels of C3 and C4, heavy proteinuria or presence of urinary active sediments were not associated with progression to renal failure. CONCLUSIONS: Presently, children with lupus nephritis appeared to have better patient and renal survival rates. Assessment of renal histology in these children was important for diagnosis, treatment and probably prognosis. In this study, there was a 25% incidence of loss of renal function over 5 years in children with WHO Class IV renal histology.     

Congenital hypoplastic anaemia in Arab children (Diamond-Blackfan syndrome)

Three Arab children with congenital hypoplastic anaemia are reported. The three children presented with pallor in the first 3 months of life. All were given corticosteroids at different times. The first child is on high doses of prednisone and also needs blood transfusion every 6 weeks. The second child is on 5 mg prednisone every other day and is in remission. The third has been in complete remission for the last 5 years and is on no treatment. None of these children has associated congenital or chromosomal abnormalities.     

Long-term antiproteinuric and renoprotective efficacy and safety of losartan in children with proteinuria

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin receptor antagonists are effective in reducing proteinuria by an action independent of blood pressure. As a consequence, such agents retard progressive renal dysfunction in adults with chronic proteinuria. Long-term efficacy and tolerability data in children are unavailable. METHODS: Efficacy of losartan in reducing proteinuria and in preserving renal function was prospectively assessed in 52 consecutive children under 18 years of age with chronic proteinuric renal disorders, an initial creatinine clearance > or =25 mL/min/1.73 m(2), and a minimum of two or more follow-up visits. Thirty had proteinuria (P), and 22 had proteinuria combined with hypertension (P+H). Adverse effects were also evaluated. RESULTS: Proteinuria had persisted or increased during a mean interval of 8.5 months before initiation of losartan at a mean dosage of 0.8 mg/kg/d. Mean protein excretion before starting losartan was 2453 mg/m(2)/d and fell by 34% at a mean follow-up time of six weeks (visit I, P<.05), and between 64% and 67% at mean follow-up periods of 0.38, 0.71, and 2.48 years corresponding to visits II, III, and IV (all P<.001 compared with baseline). The proportion of children with protein excretion exceeding 40 mg/m(2)/h (nephrotic range proteinuria) or nephrotic syndrome (>3500 mg/1.73 m(2)/d) fell from 42% and 40% at the start, to 24% and 8%, respectively, at visit IV (P<.01). Mean creatinine clearance as well as serum potassium and total CO(2) levels remained unchanged during the time of follow-up. Reduction in proteinuria in the P subgroup alone correlated with lowering in diastolic blood pressure at visit II and with both diastolic and systolic blood pressure at visits III and IV (all P<.05); it was largely independent of reduction in blood pressure in the P+H subgroup. The concomitant use of immunosuppressive agents in 28 of the 52 children had an influence on proteinuria only at baseline and at visit I (P<.05). There was no significant change in height or body mass index Z scores. Thirteen children had adverse effects potentially ascribed to losartan; most of these either improved or resolved with dosage adjustment or resulted in its discontinuation in 9 of the 52 children (17%). CONCLUSION: Losartan therapy was associated with a marked and sustained reduction in proteinuria and in preservation of GFR in children with chronic proteinuric disorders. The association between proteinuria and systemic blood pressure reduction was complex: it was largely limited to the first year of losartan therapy and was more pronounced in the normotensive subgroup. Losartan was generally well tolerated.     

儿童抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体相关性小血管炎的临床病理特点分析

目的探讨儿童抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(ANCA)相关性小血管炎的临床表现、血清ANCA和肾脏病理检查特征以及其治疗转归情况.方法采用间接免疫荧光定性检查血清ANCA,以酶联免疫吸附分析(ELISA)定量测定患儿血清抗蛋白酶3(PR3)和抗髓过氧化物酶(MPO)抗体活性,并同时进行肾穿刺病理检查,对5例ANCA相关性小血管炎(ASV)患儿的临床表现、血清ANCA与肾活检结果及治疗转归情况进行分析.结果 (1) 5例ASV患儿占同期肾脏疾病住院患儿的0.25%,发病年龄在8～12岁之间,平均10岁6个月,均为女孩.(2) 5例ASV患儿血清胞浆型ANCA阴性,抗PR3定量都在正常范围内,环核型ANCA均阳性,抗MPO 98～242 kEU/L,平均154.5 kEU/L(正常<12.7 kEU/L).(3) 5例患儿均为ANCA相关性小血管炎中的显微镜下多动脉炎,肾脏病理改变均为广泛新月体形成,并有毛细血管袢纤维素样坏死,免疫荧光检查有不同程度的C3沉积,除1例IgA和IgM沉积较强外,免疫球蛋白沉积均较弱.电镜下显示沉积部位主要在内皮下,1例在GBM内也有沉积.(4) 5例患儿中有3例在确诊后1年内死亡,2例经甲泼尼龙和环磷酰胺冲击后,肾功能恢复至正常,分别随访1年和5年,留有血尿和少量蛋白尿.结论儿童ASV女孩占绝大多数,以环核型ANCA为主,较成人更易出现肾功能衰竭,预后也更为严峻,血清ANCA定性定量检查与肾活检是诊断儿童ASV的关键.     

Supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor: a single center experience and comparison with the literature

Supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (stPNETs) are malignant tumors. We saw within three years six children with stPNETs. In four of the six children radical resection could be achieved. All had craniospinal irradiation and chemotherapy according to the HIT-91 protocol. The two children with incomplete resection died due to tumor progression after 7 and 10 months. Two of the 4 children with complete tumor resection had local relapses 8 months after diagnosis and died after 14 and 18 months. One child had a diffuse meningeal relapse 12 months after diagnosis. Despite (high-dose) systemic chemotherapy and intraventricular mafosfamide, he died 21 months after diagnosis due to tumor although remission could be achieved. Only one child is still in remission 86 months after diagnosis.     

甲泼尼龙和环磷酰胺冲击治疗儿童重症系统性红斑狼疮的临床研究

目的　了解甲泼尼龙 (MP)和环磷酰胺 (CTX)冲击治疗儿童重症系统性红斑狼疮(SeverJOSLE)的临床效果和转归。方法　确诊的儿童系统性红斑狼疮 30例 ,初治 2 2例 ,其中狼疮性肾炎 (LN) 2 0例 ,9例纳入前病程 3～ 1 2个月。 30例患儿中 ,2 3例有肾损伤的临床表现 ,其中 ,WHO Ⅳ型 4例 ,WHO Ⅱ型 2例 ,WHO Ⅴ型 1例 ,WHO Ⅲ型 1例 ,7例肾损伤同时伴 1项或以上的神经系统损伤的临床表现 :舞蹈症、癫样发作、脑血管意外 (CAV)和器质性脑综合征 (OBS)等 ;有神经系统症状不伴肾损伤临床表现的 9例 ;3例狼疮危象 (lupuscrisis)。其余 7例不伴肾损伤临床表现 ,仅有轻微或一过性中枢神经系统损伤。根据治疗方法分为 3组 :A组 ,1 8例 ,临床或病理证实合并LN或精神神经性狼疮 (NPLE) ,采用MP +CTX冲击治疗 ;B组 ,7例 ,临床无LN和 (或 )NPLE ,MP冲击诱导后 ,小剂量泼尼松维持治疗 ,并以雷公藤多甙 (Twhf)接续治疗 ;C组 ,5例 ,临床以LN为主 ,糖皮质激素 (GS)治疗。观察各组的近期、远期疗效和远期临床转归。结果　平均随访时间为 (37 2± 2 4 8)个月。近期疗效 :A组与B组间SLEDAI 2K的差别主要是肾脏权重计分 ,9个月时 ,A组的变化最大 ,计分与B组相似 ,C组SLEDAI 2K计分在中度活动范围 ,主要是肾脏的权重结果。远期