手术切除淋巴结数和转移数对食管癌患者术后生存的影响

目的探讨手术切除淋巴结数目和转移数目对食管癌患者术后生存的影响。方法选取48例食管癌患者进行随访,了解其手术切除淋巴结的数目、转移的数目和生存情况,随访5年,评价手术切除淋巴结数目和转移数目对食管癌患者术后生存的影响。结果淋巴结切除数目和转移的数目对患者的2年、3年和5年的平均生存率影响的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),淋巴结切除的数量是食管癌患者术后生存质量的保护因素,淋巴结转移的数量是食管癌患者术后生存质量的危险因素。结论淋巴结转移是食管癌患者预后差的主要原因,而手术中切除淋巴结数量的增加可以增加患者的术后生存率。     

盆腹腔淋巴结切除对早期子宫内膜癌复发的影响

目的探讨盆腹腔淋巴结切除对早期子宫内膜癌复发的影响。方法回顾性分析212例早期子宫内膜癌患者的手术相关资料,观察盆腹腔淋巴结切除及切除淋巴结数目对早期子宫内膜癌患者复发的影响。结果 212例早期子宫内膜癌患者中,复发27例,复发率为12.74%(27/212),其中44.44%(12/27)的患者在5 a内复发。行盆腹腔淋巴结切除者复发率低于未行盆腹腔淋巴结切除者(P<0.05);行盆腹腔淋巴结切除患者中,行腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除者复发率低于未行腹主动脉旁淋巴切除者(P<0.05);淋巴结切除数目>10个组复发率低于淋巴结切除数目1~10个组(P<0.05)。结论盆腹腔淋巴结切除,特别是切除数目>10时可明显降低早期子宫内膜癌的复发风险。     

胸腔镜治疗≤10 mm非小细胞肺癌的临床研究

背景与目的早期原发性非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）的手术切除及淋巴结切除的合理方式存在较大争议,本研究旨在探讨直径≤10 mm的原发NSCLC的微创切除及淋巴结切除的手术方式。方法对2013年7月-2016年3月在我院接受电视胸腔镜手术（video-assisted thoracic surgery, VATS）治疗并有明确病理诊断为NSCLC的共46例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。所有患者术前行薄层计算机断层扫描（computed tomography, CT）,实性结节5例,混合性磨玻璃结节（mixed ground-glass opacity, mGGO）23例,纯磨玻璃结节（pure ground-glass opacity, pGGO）18例。根据患者具体情况采用不同术式,包括VATS肺叶切除和系统性淋巴结清扫,VATS肺楔形切除和选择性淋巴结切除,VATS肺段切除和选择性淋巴结切除,或仅采用VATS肺楔形切除。其中7例术前行CT引导下Hook-wire定位。结果 VATS肺叶切除和系统性淋巴结清扫23例（mGGOs 15例,pGGOs 4例,实性结节4例）,只有1例实性腺癌结节出现N2淋巴结转移,VATS肺楔形切除和选择性淋巴结切除5例（mGGOs 2例,pGGOs 3例）和VATS肺段切除和选择性淋巴结切除4例（mGGOs 2例,pGGOs 2例）均无淋巴结转移,仅采用VATS肺楔形切除14例（mGGOs 4例,pGGOs 9例,实性结节1例）。7例Hook-wire定位均成功。围手术期无重大并发症,随访1个月-26个月,平均（13.7±8.7）个月,无复发及转移。结论直径≤10 mm以mGGO和pGGO为表现的原发性NSCLC淋巴结转移率低,术中可以不进行淋巴结的清扫,实性结节应选择性淋巴结切除或系统性淋巴结清扫。高龄和心肺功能差的患者可以选择楔形切除或肺段切除。术前运用Hook-wire定位安全有效,可为VATS提供便利。     

甲状腺微小癌外科治疗进展

甲状腺微小癌（TMC）发病隐匿、病变直径小、临床症状不显著、病情进展缓慢。研究认为年龄≥45岁和≤15岁、男性、病灶≥5 mm、淋巴结转移者预后较差,应积极手术治疗。手术切除范围应考虑患者的临床资料,在完整切除病灶的基础上,尽量保留正常腺体。对颈部淋巴结转移患者可行淋巴结清扫术,淋巴结阴性者可行预防性中区淋巴结清扫。降低肿瘤复发转移风险,提高患者带瘤生存率与改善患者生命质量,成为 TMC 患者治疗随访的首要目标,对 TMC 的规范化治疗起着至关重要的作用。     

直径不超过2 cm周围型非小细胞肺癌的临床病理特征、手术方式及预后

背景与目的:随着CT扫描技术应用逐渐普及,对于直径不超过2 cm的周围型非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的检出率也逐渐提高.本研究通过对周围型小NSCLC的临床病理特征以及患者生存期的分析,试图探讨最佳的手术方式.方法:回顾性分析2000年1月-2001年7月手术切除的直径≤2 cm的周围型小肺癌75例.对手术切除方式(肺叶切除加淋巴结清扫或局部切除)、淋巴结转移情况、胸部cT影像学表现以及患者生存期与肿块大小进行比较分析.结果:接受肺叶切除加淋巴结清扫者57例,接受局部切除者18例.病灶在>1.5～≤2.0 cm者淋巴结转移率为14.63%,病灶在>1.0～≤1.5 cm者淋巴结转移率为14.81%,两组间差异无显著性(P=0.10).病灶≤1.0 cm者均未见淋巴结转移.无淋巴结转移和伴有淋巴结转移者的5年生存率分别为92.31%和60.0%(P=0.000).12例CT显示为磨玻璃影(GGO)表现者均未见有淋巴结转移,5年生存率为91.67%.结论:即使是≤2 cm的病灶仍可伴有纵隔和肺门淋巴结转移,手术切除方法宜采用肺叶切除加淋巴结清扫.但对于≤1.0 cm的病灶,尤其在高分辨CT上显示有GGO改变的病灶,可考虑行局部切除,而无需行淋巴结清扫.     

胸腔镜辅助小切口下肺切除术清扫纵隔及肺门淋巴结的临床研究

背景与目的：近20年来,胸腔镜下行肺切除术治疗肺肿瘤的相关经验在世界范围内迅速积累.很多医学中心可在胸腔镜下完成解剖学上彻底的肺叶切除和淋巴结清扫.本研究旨在评价胸腔镜下肺切除术清扫纵隔及肺门淋巴结的安全性和可行性.方法：2006年8-9月,选取我院行胸腔镜辅助小切口下肺叶切除手术9例,观察手术时间、死亡率、并发症发生率及淋巴结清扫情况.结果：全组患者无围手术期死亡及严重围手术期并发症,共清扫100枚淋巴结,手术历时1.5～3 h,平均2.3 h;平均淋巴结清扫时间15.0 min.结论：小切口辅助胸腔镜下肺切除淋巴结清扫术在不增加手术难度及手术时间的同时,为肺叶或全肺切除术的淋巴结清扫提供了一种可供选择的方法.     

子宫内膜癌前哨淋巴结的研究进展

子宫内膜癌是常见的妇科恶性肿瘤,分期手术为全子宫切除+双侧输卵管卵巢切除+盆腔和(或)腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除。绝大部分患者诊断时尚处早期,病情仅局限于子宫,淋巴结转移风险小,若行系统性淋巴结切除术,可能未改善患者的生存状况,反而增加了术后并发症。前哨淋巴结活检可检测肿瘤区域的淋巴结转移情况并评估预后,适合子宫内膜癌早期患者,可避免过大的手术范围,提高生存质量。随着淋巴解剖、定位技术、病理评估等不断改善,前哨淋巴结的识别率以及淋巴结转移的检出率不断提高,能够更加精准地指导手术治疗。     

全胸腔镜交互式左全肺切除及系统性淋巴结清扫流程

[目的]介绍全胸腔镜交互式左全肺切除及系统性淋巴结清扫的手术路径及流程。[方法 ]2014年4~11月采用全胸腔镜交互式左全肺切除及系统性淋巴结清扫5例左肺中心型肺癌患者,此手术方式的特点是将左肺大血管的解剖和淋巴结的清扫穿插交合在一起,使两个独立的手术步骤合为一体。[结果]5例患者均取得手术成功,无术后支气管胸膜瘘,无围手术期死亡,无术后肺内感染。[结论]全胸腔镜交互式左全肺切除及系统性淋巴结清扫的手术方式使复杂的胸腔镜下左全肺切除的过程更加趋于简捷,便于学习和掌握。     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后部分乳腺照射的现状

乳腺癌的治疗经历了从大手术到小手术以尽量保存功能的过程。从全乳腺切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫术,到乳腺肿瘤区段切除加腋窝、前哨淋巴结活检术。手术的转变影响到放射治疗的应用。例如,一位早期乳腺癌患者,若行全乳腺切除和腋窝淋巴结清扫术,如果腋窝淋巴结阴性,就不需要进行放射治疗;若行乳腺肿瘤区段切除术,     

贲门癌外科切除淋巴结清扫范围及其意义的探讨

目的 探讨贲门癌外科切除淋巴结清扫范围及其意义。方法 回顾性随机分析手术切除贲门癌217例。淋巴结清扫范围按D0～D4分级;手术根治程度按A、B、C三级标准进行分级。结果 全组近端胃＋食管下段切除186例,全胃＋食管下段切除31例;联合脏器切除97例。D1级手术150例,D2级手术58例,D3级手术1例;A级手术53例,B级手术107例,C级手术57例。全组有淋巴结清扫记录210例,有淋巴结转移157例,转移率72.4%,其中1、2、3、4、7、9、10、11、110组及下肺韧带淋巴结转移率为高;全组共清扫淋巴结2868枚,阳性655枚,总转移度为22.8%,其中1、2、3、4、7、9、12、110组及下肺韧带组淋巴结转移度为高。结论 全组D1级手术治疗的患者与D2级手术治疗的患者生存率相似;Ⅲa期D1级手术治疗的患者与D2级手术治疗的患者2、3年生存率有一定的差异,Ⅲb期D2级手术治疗的患者生存率优于D1级手术治疗的患者;Ⅳ期D1级手术治疗的患者生存率优于D2级手术治疗的患者。A、B级手术的患者生存率明显高于C级;A级手术后患者生存率也高于B级。     

早期子宫内膜癌前哨淋巴结活检和淋巴结微转移的研究进展

子宫内膜癌（endometrial cancer,EC）是妇科常见恶性肿瘤之一,近年来很多研究指出前哨淋巴结活检（sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB）和前哨淋巴结（sentinel lymph node,SLN）病理超分期可以明确转移淋巴结位置和判定淋巴结转移与否,并被广泛应用于妇科肿瘤。早期子宫内膜癌淋巴结转移率低,然而淋巴结转移情况是指导术后辅助治疗和预测复发的独立危险因素。SLNB与病理超分期等检测手段结合可发现更多的淋巴结转移类型,尤其对淋巴结微转移具有较好检出效果,为早期子宫内膜癌诊疗提供更多依据。本文将对近年来有关早期子宫内膜癌SLNB技术、影响SLNB准确性相关问题、淋巴结微转移问题三方面进行简述,为促进早期子宫内膜癌精准手术治疗,减少术中风险和术后并发症提供可行性方案。     

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of breast cancer

Sentinel node localization is the second most important development in this century after conservative lumpectomy for the treatment of early breast cancer. The sentinel node mapping is a new multidisciplinary approach for staging of axilla in an accurate and less morbid way as compared to axillary node dissection. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with breast cancer has been adopted rapidly into clinical practice. The accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy is more than 95%, when performed meticulously (by an experienced multidisciplinary team) with proper patient selection. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is most widely used for both palpable and non-palpable T1 and T2 tumors. Recent studies show application of sentinel lymph node technique in patients with locally advanced breast cancer and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Therefore, sentinel lymph node biopsy technique has application in developing countries and other countries where screening for breast cancer is not common and most patients present relatively in advanced stage of the disease. Several aspects of the sentinel lymph node biopsy including technique, case selection, pathologic analysis and accuracy with supportive important studies published in the literature will be discussed in this review.     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结转移的相关因素分析及病理学研究

目的探究乳腺癌前哨淋巴结转移的相关因素。方法回顾性分析162例前哨淋巴结活检技术的乳腺癌患者的临床资料,对乳腺癌临床病理指标与前哨淋巴结转移之间的关系进行因素分析。结果前哨淋巴结阳性共83例,前哨淋巴结阴性共79例。2组间的年龄、性别组成、体重指数、吸烟史和饮酒史等的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。原发肿瘤位置、活检方式与前哨淋巴结转移无关(P>0.05),但病理类型与前哨淋巴结转移有关。随着肿瘤的变大,灵敏度、特异性也随之升高。多元Logistic回归分析显示,肿瘤直径和病理类型是影响前哨淋巴结转移的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论乳腺癌前哨淋巴结转移考虑与肿瘤大小及病理类型相关,但具体病例需具体分析后考虑是否可行前哨淋巴结活检术。     

Contralateral uptake and metastases in sentinel lymph node mapping for recurrent breast cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sentinel lymph node mapping as a constitutive component in the staging process for invasive breast cancer continues to gain acceptance. We have identified two patients with recurrent invasive breast cancer in whom contralateral sentinel lymph node uptake and metastases, respectively, were detected. Such findings have not been previously reported in our review of the medical literature between 1966 and October 2004. METHODS: Sentinel lymph node mapping was performed on two patients with recurrent invasive breast cancer at our institution. At the time of their index diagnosis, both had received breast conserving surgery and an axillary lymph node dissection with post-operative radiotherapy (RT). All lymph nodes and margins of resection were without tumor. Both patients remained with no evidence of disease for years until routine serial screening mammography was interpreted as suspicious. Each underwent a stereotactic biopsy of the ipsilateral breast corresponding to the mammographic abnormality. Pathology confirmed invasive ductal carcinoma. Both patients refused the recommended salvage mastectomy. PRINCIPAL RESULTS: During a second attempt at breast conservation, sentinel lymph node mapping--which is typically contraindicated for patients with prior axillary surgery--revealed contralateral axillary uptake for both patients. The respective contralateral sentinel node was excised with pathology revealing no tumor in one case, and a microscopic focus of metastatic carcinoma in the second case. MAJOR CONCLUSION: Some patients may benefit from sentinel lymph node mapping prior to salvage mastectomy. Identifying uptake in a contralateral sentinel lymph node may change the multi-disciplinary management of recurrent invasive breast cancer to include a contralateral axillary dissection, chemotherapy, and/or RT to the contralateral axilla.     

Tumor size as predictor of microinvasion, invasion, and axillary metastasis in ductal carcinoma in situ

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) represents a small number of cases in countries with inadequate breast cancer screening programs, and in the majority of cases is diagnosed as a palpable lump. It has been proposed that DCIS with palpable lump > or = 2.5 cm can be associated with microinvasion or invasive carcinoma and risk of axillary metastasis. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate incidence of microinvasion, invasion, and the role of lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in DCIS > or = 2.5 cm.We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with histologically proven incisional, excisional, or core biopsy of DCIS lump > or = 2.5 cm at a tertiary-care hospital. All patients underwent lymphatic mapping with sentinel lymph node biopsy.A total of 24 patients were included with average tumor size of 4 cm (range, 2.5-6 cm); 29% had microinvasive and 12.5% had invasive disease, three patients (12.5%) had positive sentinel lymph node, all had micrometastasis, and no metastasis were found in non-sentinel lymph nodes. Incidence of microinvasion and invasion were directly related with tumor size (10% for DCIS tumor size of 2.5-3.5 cm, 57% for 3.6-4.5 cm, and 71% for tumors between 4.5 and 6 cm). In addition, axillary metastasis incidence had a direct relationship with tumor size. (0% in 2.5-3.5-cm tumor size, 14% for 3.6-4.5 cm, and 28% in DCIS between 4.6 and 6.0 cm).The present study shows high incidence of microinvasion and invasion in DCIS diagnosed in tumors > or = 2.5 cm and supports the importance of axillary evaluation in patients with tumors >3.5 cm by means of lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy.     

Current status of sentinel lymph node mapping in the management of cervical cancer

The status of regional lymph nodes is the most important prognostic factor in early cervical cancer patients. Pelvic lymph node dissections are routinely performed as a part of standard surgical treatment. Systematic pelvic lymphadenectomy is associated with short- and long-term morbidities. This review discusses single components of the sentinel lymph node mapping (SLNM) technique and results of the detection of sentinel lymph nodes. SLNM biopsy performed by an experienced team for small volume tumors (<2 cm) has high specific side detection rate, excellent negative-predictive value and high sensitivity. Uncommon lymphatic drainage has been reported in 15% of cervical cancer patients. There is sufficient data now to suggest that SLNM with 99mTc plus blue dye in the hands of a surgeon with extensive experience should prove to be an important part of individualized cervical cancer surgery and increase the safety of less radical or fertility-sparing surgery.     

宫颈癌前哨淋巴结微转移的研究与应用现状

宫颈癌是严重威胁女性健康的恶性肿瘤之一,其主要转移途径为淋巴结转移。前哨淋巴结是肿瘤发生淋巴结转移的第一站,由于传统组织病理学检查具有一定的局限性,使某些存在于前哨淋巴结的微转移或孤立肿瘤细胞被忽略,使其发展成为临床转移。怎样把前哨淋巴结示踪与微转移检测技术两者结合,是近年来研究的热点,其具有重要的临床意义,可以使得某些宫颈癌患者避免不必要的盆腔淋巴结清扫术,从而降低手术并发症。本文就近年来对宫颈癌前哨淋巴结微转移的研究及临床应用现状做一综述。     

Lymph node metastasis from ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion.

BACKGROUND: Widespread use of mammography has increased the detection of ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion (DCISM) in pathology specimens. Currently there is disagreement regarding the incidence of axillary metastasis from DCISM. The controversy centers on whether complete lymphadenectomy is indicated for axillary staging, given its morbidity and the reportedly minimal rate of axillary involvement in these patients. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy (SLND) may obviate complete axillary lymph node dissection in selected breast carcinoma patients. In intraoperative lymphatic mapping, isosulfan blue dye is used to demonstrate the course of lymphatic flow from the breast tumor to the first draining or sentinel lymph node. This blue-stained lymph node is selectively excised for pathologic examination; its tumor status is used to predict the tumor status of the other axillary lymph nodes. The authors examined whether SLND would be suitable for staging DCISM. METHODS: From February 1992 to January 1997, 14 patients with DCISM underwent intraoperative lymphatic mapping and SLND at the John Wayne Cancer Institute in Santa Monica, California. Clinical and pathologic data were prospectively collected. RESULTS: Primary DCISM tumors ranged in size from 0.9 to 6.5 cm. Nine patients presented with mammographic abnormalities, two patients presented with Paget's disease and a palpable lesion, and three patients presented with palpable lesions. Two patients (14.3%) had tumor-involved sentinel lymph nodes. One of these patients had two sentinel lymph nodes, both of which contained single cancer cells identified by immunohistochemistry. The other patient had 1 sentinel lymph node, in which a 0.3-cm metastasis was revealed by light microscopy. Completion axillary dissection was performed on both patients and revealed no further tumor positive lymph node metastases. CONCLUSIONS: SLND can detect lymph node micrometastases (tumor deposits <2 mm) in patients with DCISM. The clinical relevance of these micrometastases is unknown, but their existence shows that DCISM can involve the lymph nodes.     

Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node detection in gynecologic malignancies of the lower genital tract

The utility of lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in malignancies of the female lower genital tract—vulvar, vaginal, and cervical cancers—is being explored in multiple centers internationally. For patients with these tumors, lymphatic mapping with sentinel lymph node biopsy holds the promise of increasing the identification of microscopically metastatic disease while decreasing the morbidity of complete lymphadenectomy. In this review article we present the published data on mapping techniques and discuss the advantages and pitfalls of these procedures.     

Lymph nodes mapping for detection of sentinel nodes in patients with papillary thyroid cancer

We examined the feasibility of sentinel lymph node biopsy for papillary thyroid cancer. In the dye injection method, 1% of isosulfan blue dye was injected around the tumor of 32 patients intra-operatively, and in the radioisotope (RI) colloid injection method, 99mTc-tin colloid was injected in 23 patients 1 day preoperatively. Lymph node mapping for detection of sentinel nodes was performed after thyroidectomy and central and modified lateral neck lymph node dissections. All dissected nodes were examined postoperatively by hematoxylineosin staining to determine whether or not metastasis was present. In the dye injection method, sentinel lymph nodes were identified in 30 (94%) of the 32 patients. Lymph node metastases were found in 14 patients, and some sentinel lymph nodes had papillary cancer metastasis in 13 patients. There was only 1 false-negative case. Sensitivity and accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy was 93% (13/14) and 97% (29/30). With the RI method, detection rate, sensitivity and accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy was 96% (22/23), 90% (9/10) and 95% (21/22), respectively. Our preliminary study indicated that sentinel lymph node biopsy was feasible in patients with thyroid cancer. It may be helpful in avoiding unnecessary lymph node dissection and improving quality of life in patients with thyroid cancer.