阳离子交换树脂一阶导数分光光度法测定盐酸环丙沙星脂质体包封率

目的测定盐酸环丙沙星脂质体的包封率。方法用阳离子交换树脂分离脂质体和游离的盐酸环丙沙星 ,采用一阶导数分光光度法 ,消除磷脂对药物的干扰 ,测定脂质体中盐酸环丙沙星的含量 ,计算包封率。结果阳离子交换树脂对溶液中盐酸环丙沙星的吸附率达到 1 0 0 % ,对空白脂质体和盐酸环丙沙星的物理混合物中盐酸环丙沙星的吸附率大于 97 6 %。含量测定方法的线性范围为 4～ 1 4mg/L ,回收率在 98 1 2 %～ 1 0 0 5 8% (n =5 ) ,日内与日间RSD均小于 1 81 % ,加样回收率为 1 0 0 4 3% (RSD =1 0 8% ,n =6 )。结论此方法简便、可行。     

HPLC法测定他克莫司软膏剂含量及含量均匀度

目的建立他克莫司软膏剂含量测定方法。方法用四氢呋喃∶水∶无水乙醇(5∶2∶1)先、后在60℃水浴和冰浴中提取软膏,应用反相高效液相色谱法测定了两种规格共6批(30g,每支0.03%;30g,每支0.1%)他克莫司软膏剂的含量及含量均匀度。色谱条件:TSKgelODS-80TM柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm);柱温(55±1)℃,流动相为水∶异丙醇∶四氢呋喃(5∶2∶2),流速0.6ml/min;紫外检测器,检测波长220nm。结果他克莫司的色谱峰与其它杂质峰能够较好的分离,柱理论塔板数按他克莫司峰计为5000,规格为30g,每支0.03%软膏的80%加样平均回收率为100.6%(RSD=0.5%,n=3),100%加样平均回收率为100.2%(RSD=1.6%,n=3),120%平均回收率为98.7%(RSD=2.3%,n=3);规格为30g,每支0.1%软膏的80%加样平均回收率为99.3%(RSD=0.5%,n=3),100%加标平均回收率为100.8%(RSD=1.6%,n=3),120%加标平均回收率为99.3%(RSD=0.7%,n=3);0.03%规格软膏的线性方程为y=6989786x+105.4(r=0.9999),浓度范围0.0075～0.0225mg/ml;0.1%规格的线性方程为y=6995488x-64.2(r=0.9999),浓度范围0.025～0.075mg/ml。他克莫司的检测限为0.002mg/ml,定量限为0.006mg/ml。结论方法简便,快速,回收率高,重现性好,可用于他克莫司软膏剂(0.03%,0.1%)含量测定,能够对药品质量进行控制。     

氯霉素氢化可的松软膏的研制及质量控制

目的研制氯霉素氢化可的松软膏并建立质量控制标准。方法以FAPG软膏基质(脂肪醇和丙二醇)配制含1%氯霉素、0.5%氢化可的松软膏。采用HPLC法,以Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,甲醇-水(55∶45)为流动相,检测波长240 nm,流速0.9 ml.min-1,进样量10μl,对氯霉素氢化可的松软膏进行含量测定,室温下留样观察6个月,分别考察氯霉素、氢化可的松在软膏剂中的稳定性。结果氯霉素、氢化可的松保留时间分别为2.95、6.43 min;药物浓度与峰面积线性关系良好。氯霉素线性范围为50.18～401.44 mg.L-1,回归方程为C=0.075 93X+0.198 7,r=0.999 9(n=5),平均回收率为100.44%(n=9);氢化可的松线性范围为25.13～200.02 mg.L-1,回归方程为C=0.097 0X+0.357 0,r=0.999 9(n=5),平均回收率为99.86%(n=9)。氯霉素、氢化可的松在软膏剂中室温下保存6个月稳定。结论该制剂为溶液型软膏剂,氯霉素在该软膏剂中的稳定性较在乳膏剂中增加。制剂制备容易,控制方法快速、准确。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸环丙沙星栓的含量

目的:用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸环丙沙星栓的含量.方法:以 C18柱为色谱柱,0.05 mol/L枸橼酸溶液-乙腈(82 ∶18)为流动相(用三乙胺调节 pH值至3.5),检测波长为277 nm.结果:线性范围为 0.004～ 0.032 mg/mL,r=0.999 7(n=5),平均回收率为 99.93%,RSD=0.39%.结论:高效液相色谱法简便、准确,适用于盐酸环丙沙星栓的质量控制.     

紫外分光光度法测定复方氯霉素软膏中氯霉素的含量

目的: 建立复方氯霉素软膏中氯霉素的含量测定方法.方法: 采用紫外分光光度法测定氯霉素的含量.结果: 氯霉素浓度在5～30 μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=1.0000),氯霉素的平均回收率为100.21%,RSD=0.75%(n=5).结论: 本方法操作简便、快速、结果准确.可用于复方氯霉素软膏的质量控制.     

盐酸环丙沙星搽剂的制备及含量测定

目的:研制盐酸环丙沙星搽剂,并探讨其含量测定方法.方法:采用紫外分光光度法,以274 nm为检测波长,测定盐酸环丙沙星含量.结果:盐酸环丙沙星的平均回收率为101.95%,RSD=0.35%(n=3).结论:盐酸环丙沙星搽剂制备方法简便,质量稳定,检测方法可靠.     

复方环丙沙星水溶性粉含量测定的探讨

采用单波长分光光度法和双波长分光光度法直接测定复方环丙沙星水溶性粉中盐酸环丙沙星和利巴韦林双组分的含量,无需经过分离处理,操作简便,结果较准确.前者平均回收率为99.5%,RSD为0.56%(n=5);后者平均回收率为99.8%,RSD为0.42%(n=5).     

导数分光光度法测定注射用头孢哌酮钠和舒巴坦钠的含量

用导数分光光度法不经分离直接测定注射用头孢哌酮钠和舒巴坦钠的含量.用一阶导数分光光度法测定头孢哌酮钠的含量,平均回收率为99.31%,RSD为0.44%(n=6).用二阶导数分光光度法测定舒巴坦钠的含量,平均回收率为100.05%,RSD为0.67%(n=6);方法简便快速,结果满意.     

复方环丙沙星水溶性粉含量测定的探讨

采用单波长分光光度法和双波长分光光度法直接测定复方环丙沙星水溶性粉中盐酸环丙沙星和利巴韦林双组分的含量,无需经过分离处理,操作简便,结果较准确.前者平均回收率为99.5%,RSD为0.56%(n=5);后者平均回收率为99.8%,RSD为0.42%(n=5).     

复方姜黄降脂片质量标准研究

目的:建立复方姜黄降脂片(姜黄素、丹皮酚、姜黄总酚)的质量标准.方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定方中的丹皮酚和姜黄素的含量;采用分光光度法测定制剂中姜黄总酚的含量.结果:丹皮酚的含量测定线性范围为0.0503 ug"-O.5034 ug(r=0.9999,n=6),平均回收率为98.25%(RSD=0.66%,n=5);姜黄素的含量测定线性范围为0.0202 ug～0.2020 μg(r=0.9999,n=6),平均回收率为97.55%(RSD=0.66%,n=5);姜黄总酚的含量.测定线性范围为2.580ug.nd-1～5.160 ug.ml-1(r=0.9999,n=6).平均回收率为101.2%(RSD=1.08%,n=5).结论:所建立的方法简便、准确可靠,重复性好,可作为复方姜黄降脂片的质量控制标准.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.