Skeletal deformities in smallmouth bass,Micropterus dolomieui,from southern Appalachian reservoirs

Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) populations in two of five reservoirs sampled in the southern Appalachian Mountains contained high percentages of individuals with lordosis, kyphosis, or scoliosis. Deformities of the vertebral column occurred in several year classes and varied with fish size; they were absent in small fish, present in 25–30% of the fish 241–300 mm long, and then decreased in occurrence with increased length. Because environmental contamination is often responsible for high occurrences of deformed fish, whole-body concentrations of contaminants, bone development characteristics, and blood plasma concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in normal and deformed fish were measured and compared the results with those for fish from reservoirs where no deformities were found. Vertebrae were significantly weaker and more elastic in deformed than in normal fish, but biochemical properties of vertebrae were similar among the groups tested. Concentrations of pesticides and metals were not elevated in deformed fish, and concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in blood plasma were similar in normal and deformed groups. Most environmental contaminants that have been shown to cause fish deformities could be discounted as causative agents on the basis of these results; however, the exact cause was not determined. Further attempts to diagnose the cause of the deformities were limited by the lack of background information on relationships among bone development processes, types of stresses that cause deformities, and types of bone tissue in fish.The Unit is jointly sponsored by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the University of Georgia, the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, and the Wildlife Management Institute.     

Prevalence of foot and ankle conditions in a multiethnic community sample of older adults

The prevalence of foot and ankle disorders was determined in a community-based, multiethnic (non-Hispanic White, African American, and Puerto Rican) random sample of 784 community-dwelling adults aged 65 or more years in 2001-2002 in Springfield, Massachusetts. Overall, the five most common conditions were toenail disorders (74.9%), lesser toe deformities (60.0%), corns and calluses (58.2%), bunions (37.1%), and signs of fungal infection, cracks/fissures, or maceration between toes (36.3%); 30.9% had some tenderness to palpation of the foot or ankle, and 14.9% had ankle joint pain on most days in the past 4 weeks. Toenail conditions, fungal symptoms, and ulcers or lacerations were more common in men, while bunions and corns and calluses were more common in women (p < 0.001). Significant racial/ethnic differences, independent of education or gender, were found for the prevalence of most toe deformities and flat feet, as well as for corns and calluses, fungal signs, edema, ankle joint pain, tenderness to palpation, and sensory loss. Foot and ankle disorders are common in these older adults. Examination of their prevalence in different segments of the community may inform future studies to determine etiology and means of prevention.     

应用Ilizarov环形外支架105例儿童的围手术期护理

目的 探讨使用Ilizarov支架儿童的围手术期病情观察及护理要点.方法 回顾性分析本院105例使用Il-izarov支架儿童病例的临床特点,对其围手术期护理进行分析与总结.结果 本院共使用Ilizarov支架完成手术105例,其中马蹄内翻足53例、四肢骨折33例、双下肢不等长7例、膝内外翻7例、肘内翻5例,通过精心的治疗与护理,无一例患儿发生护理相关并发症.结论 Ilizarov支架是目前公认的微创外固定支架固定方法,做好充分的术前准备,加强术后的病情观察和护理,是促使手术成功的重要因素.     

Teratogenic effects of injected methylmercury on avian embryos

Controlled laboratory studies with game farm mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and chickens (Gallus gallus) have demonstrated that methylmercury can cause teratogenic effects in birds, but studies with wild species of birds are lacking. To address this need, doses of methylmercury chloride were injected into the eggs of 25 species of birds, and the dead embryos and hatched chicks were examined for external deformities. When data for controls were summed across all 25 species tested and across all types of deformities, 24 individuals out of a total of 1,533 (a rate of 1.57%) exhibited at least one deformity. In contrast, when data for all of the mercury treatments and all 25 species were summed, 188 deformed individuals out of a total of 2,292 (8.20%) were found. Some deformities, such as lordosis and scoliosis (twisting of the spine), misshapen heads, shortening or twisting of the neck, and deformities of the wings, were seldom observed in controls but occurred in much greater frequency in Hg-treated individuals. Only 0.59% of individual control dead embryos and hatchlings exhibited multiple deformities versus 3.18% for Hg-dosed dead embryos and hatchlings. Methylmercury seems to have a widespread teratogenic potential across many species of birds.     

Pre- and post-term growth in pre-term infants supplemented with higher-dose DHA: a randomised controlled trial

The effect of the dietary n-3 long-chain PUFA, DHA (22 : 6n-3), on the growth of pre-term infants is controversial. We tested the effect of higher-dose DHA (approximately 1 % dietary fatty acids) on the growth of pre-term infants to 18 months corrected age compared with standard feeding practice (0·2-0·3 % DHA) in a randomised controlled trial. Infants born < 33 weeks gestation (n 657) were randomly allocated to receive breast milk and/or formula with higher DHA or standard DHA according to a concealed schedule stratified for sex and birth-weight ( < 1250 and ≥ 1250 g). The dietary arachidonic acid content of both diets was constant at approximately 0·4 % total fatty acids. The intervention was from day 2 to 5 of life until the infant's expected date of delivery (EDD). Growth was assessed at EDD, and at 4, 12 and 18 months corrected age. There was no effect of higher DHA on weight or head circumference at any age, but infants fed higher DHA were 0·7 cm (95 % CI 0·1, 1·4 cm; P = 0·02) longer at 18 months corrected age. There was an interaction effect between treatment and birth weight strata for weight (P = 0·01) and length (P = 0·04). Higher DHA resulted in increased length in infants born weighing ≥ 1250 g at 4 months corrected age and in both weight and length at 12 and 18 months corrected age. Our data show that DHA up to 1 % total dietary fatty acids does not adversely affect growth.     

水族中小学生足长与身高体重的关系

了解水族中小学生足长与身高、体重的关系,为人类体质调查积累资料提供依据.方法 分层整群抽取贵州省三都水族自治县九仟镇6~ 16岁水族中小学生l 382名(男生689名,女生693名),对其足长、身高和体重进行测量和分析.结果 男生足长由6岁的17.10 cm增长到16岁的23.44 cm,女生由16.29 cm增长到22.14 cm,男、女生平均年增长值分别是0.63和0.59 cm;男生身高由112.49 cm增长到157.13 cm,女生由109.01 cm增长到149.79 cm,男、女生平均年增长值分别为4.46和4.08 cm;男生体重由19.11 kg增长到45.88 kg,年均增长2.68 kg,女生由17.83 kg增长到45.02 kg,年均增长2.72 kg.各年龄组男女生足长与身高、体重均呈正直线相关关系(r值为0.437~0.927,P值均<0.01).水族中小学生足长(x)与身高(y1)、体重(y2)的回归方程,男生为y1=5.801x+ 17.001,y2=3.677x-43.768;女生为y1=5.942x+ 15.592,y2=3.836x-45.512.结论 水族男女中小学生足长与身高、体重均相关.所得回归方程可用于推算水族学生身高和体重.     

Quality of life in older individuals with joint contractures in geriatric care settings

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between functioning and disability and quality of life (QoL) in older individuals with joint contractures in the geriatric care setting. More specifically, this study aimed to identify determinants of QoL out of a defined set of contracture-related categories of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).

Methods

Participants for this multicenter cross-sectional survey were recruited from acute geriatric rehabilitation hospitals, nursing homes, and community nursing facilities in Germany between February and October 2013. QoL was assessed using the validated German version of the EQ-5D index score and the EQ-5D visual analog scale (VAS). Manual and automatic variable selection methods were used to identify the most relevant variables out of 125 contracture-related ICF categories.

Results

A total of 241 eligible participants (34.9 % male, mean age 80.1 years) were included. The final models contained 14 ICF categories as predictors of the EQ-5D index score and 15 categories as predictors of the EQ-5D VAS. The statistically significant ICF categories from both models were ‘muscle power functions (b730),’ ‘memory functions (b144),’ ‘taking care of plants (d6505),’ ‘recreation and leisure (d920),’ ‘religion and spirituality (d930),’ ‘drugs (e1101),’ and ‘products and technology for personal use in daily living (e115).’

Conclusions

We identified the most relevant ICF categories for older individuals with joint contractures and their health-related quality of life. These items describe potential determinants of QoL which may provide the basis for future health interventions aiming to improve QoL for the patients with joint contractures.

     

Prevalence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women in family practice

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of osteopenia, osteoporosis and severe vertebral deformities in general practice. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Of a randomly selected group of 712 women aged 55 to 84 years in a general practice in Noordwijk, the Netherlands, 449 (63%) participated in a study in 1996, in which Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) of the femoral neck was performed: in 428 women vertebral morphometry of lateral radiographs of the spine was also done. The World Health Organization definitions of osteopenia and osteoporosis were used. RESULTS: The mean bone mineral density (BMD) was 0.866 g/cm2 (SD: 0.135). With increasing age the BMD decreased statistically significantly by 0.0073 g/cm2/year. There were 189 women with osteopenia (42%). 33 (7%) with osteoporosis and 44 (10%) with one or more severe vertebral deformities. A significantly lower mean BMD was found in those with severe vertebral deformities than in those without.     

The prevalence of foot problems in older women: a cause for concern

BACKGROUND: Painful feet are an extremely common problem amongst older women. Such problems increase the risk of falls and hamper mobility. The aetiology of painful and deformed feet is poorly understood. METHODS: Data were obtained during a pilot case-control study about past high heel usage in women, in relation to osteoarthritis of the knee. A total of 127 women aged 50-70 were interviewed (31 cases, 96 controls); case-control sets were matched for age. The following information was obtained about footwear: (1) age when first wore shoes with heels 1, 2 and 3 inches high; (2) height of heels worn for work; (3) maximum height of heels worn regularly for work, going out socially and for dancing, in 10-year age bands. Information about work-related activities and lifetime occupational history was gathered using a Life-Grid. The interview included a foot inspection. RESULTS: Foot problems, particularly foot arthritis, affected considerably more cases than controls (45 per cent versus 16 per cent, p = 0.001) and was considered a confounder. Cases were therefore excluded from subsequent analyses. Amongst controls, the prevalence of any foot problems was very high (83 per cent). All women had regularly worn one inch heels and few (8 per cent) had never worn 2 inch heels. Foot problems were significantly associated with a history of wearing relatively lower heels. Few work activities were related to foot problems; regular lifting was associated with foot pain (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Most women in this age-group have been exposed to high-heeled shoes over many years, making aetiological research difficult in this area. Foot pain and deformities are widespread. The relationship between footwear, occupational activities and foot problems is a complex one that deserves considerably more research.     

Toxicity of Guthion® and Guthion® 2S to Xenopus laevis embryos

The development of Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) embryos exposed to the pesticide Guthion^® (technical grade) and Guthion^® 2S (commercial formulation) was evaluated in modified Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay—Xenopus (FETAX) tests. The embryos were exposed to five or six increasing concentrations of pesticide in 10- and 100-ml exposure volumes of test solution for 96 h. Embryos exposed in 10-ml volumes of Guthion exhibited increased mortality, increased deformation, and decreased size as compared to those exposed in 100-ml volumes. LC50s for embryos exposed in the 10-ml Guthion tests ranged from 6.1 to 6.3 mg/L as compared to 10.6 to 11.9 mg/L for those in the 100-ml tests. The percentage of deformities at 3 mg/L Guthion in test survivors in 10-ml tests ranged from 73 to 89%, while in the 100-ml tests less than 2% were deformed at the same concentration. Mean control embryo lengths at test completion were 8.2 and 10.6 mm, respectively, for 10- and 100-ml tests. The LC50 for embryos in 100 ml Guthion 2S was 1.6 mg/L active ingredient, indicating a much greater toxicity of the commercial formulation. NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) values for Guthion and Guthion 2S ranged from 0.48 to 7.96 mg/L, depending upon basis (length, deformity, mortality) and pesticide formulation, and were many times greater than the existing water quality criterion of 0.01 g/L.     

A case-control study of paternal smoking and birth defects.

Although the influence of paternal smoking on birth defects is of great public interest, epidemiological evidence concerning this potential relationship is extremely limited. A stratified random sample of 29 hospitals in the Shanghai Municipality, China, was used to select 1012 birth defects cases and controls. Mothers of the cases and controls were interviewed in the hospitals from October 1986 to September 1987. A modest relationship between paternal smoking and overall birth defects in offspring was identified [odds ratio (OR) = 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.45]. More markedly elevated risks were identified for anencephalus (OR = 2.1), spina bifida (OR = 1.9), pigmentary anomalies of the skin (OR = 3.3) and varus/valgus deformities of the feet (OR = 1.8). Our analysis also shows that paternal smoking is more likely to be associated with multiple rather than isolated malformations. A paternally-mediated effect of smoking on birth defects is suggested and further studies are encouraged.     

Organizing diagnosis of parameters of limb loading during transosseous osteosynthesis by external fixation devices

The presented system for compression-traction osteosynthesis (CTS) involves a modified Ilizarov apparatus, a set of force and length detectors, PC controlled measuring system, a set of cables and original software. The system apparatus allows for angular displacement of bone fragments in the range of +/- 30 degrees or 0-60 degrees and lateral displacement of bone fragment edges in the joint along any azimuth in the ring plane. It was mathematically proved that the axial and angular displacement of the two apparatus ring blocks relative to each other can be described with three parameters: axial displacement of the ring center, the ring deflection (turn) angle and the ring axis turn azimuth (angle). Formulas for calculation of the displacement of three pairs of displacement control nuts so the plane of the fracture displacement angle (correction) cross the axis of the required ring plane turn azimuth (angle) were deduced for the reciprocal angular displacement of the bone fractures. No additional removable joints or the apparatus reconstruction for angular fracture displacement are needed. The CTS features the display of the current reciprocal position of bone fragment axes during the course of apparatus loading on the PC monitor.     

Kinesiological examination in AIS

AIM: To define the shape of the scoliotic spine by the CMS-system, to analyze the changes of the scoliotic spine as compared to that of non-scoliotic patients and to study the effect of loading on the deformed spine in AIS. The aim of the authors was to find a connection between the progression of scoliosis and the changes of movements of the deformed spine. They also analyse the effect of loading on the deformed spine and reach conclusions with regard to the progression of the spine deformity. PATIENTS AND METHOD: In a prospective study 25 scoliotic patients with type King 1-2-3 scoliosis were examined. Mean Cobb grades were dorsal 27 degrees (min. 15, max. 42), lumbal 25 degrees (min. 14, max. 43). RESULTS: The significant increase of extension seems to be in connection with increased lordosis in scoliosis. The significant increase of right rotation in AIS emphasizes that very often the first sign is the increased rotation on the thoracic spine, which could be larger than the right curve on the spine itself. However, the significant decrease of left and right bending is not in correlation with the severity of the spine deformities. Up to 30 degrees Cobb grades the pp angle is in significant correlation with the Cobb grade, but over 30 Cobb grade this correlation is weak. CONCLUSION: During the clinical examination of the patient's spine only the "processus spinosus angle" may be observed, not the so-called Cobb angle, that is why we cannot leave out of consideration the X-ray analysis during the follow-up of the patients. The loading has a great influence on the degree of the gibbus and the severity of the thoracic curve.     

Mouthpart Deformities and Nucleolus Activity in Field-Collected Chironomus riparius Larvae

Chironomid mouthpart deformities and aberrations of their polytenic chromosomes are sublethal responses to toxic stress. These endpoints have been used in several cases as bioindications for sediment pollution. In the present study we aimed to establish whether there was an association between mouthpart deformities and nucleolus activity in the polytenic chromosomes. Such information could be useful to gain insight into the mechanisms involved in the occurrence of mouthpart deformities and their consequences on the larvae. Third-instar larvae of Chironomus riparius were collected at a site downstream of a sewage treatment plant mostly contaminated by pesticides. Larvae were then raised in the laboratory in aquaria containing sediment and water from the study location. During a 16-day period, larvae ready to molt to the fourth instar were reared individually. Within a few hours of their molt, the larvae were preserved. The presence of mouthpart deformities (mentum, mandibles, and pecten epipharyngis) and the percentage of active nucleoli were assessed. Those larvae presenting mentum deformities had a significantly higher incidence of active nucleoli in their polytenic chromosomes than nondeformed larvae. Because a high number of active nucleoli generally indicates increased rRNA synthesis, deformed larvae seemed to exhibit a higher protein synthesis than normal individuals. The synthesis of additional proteins may increase deformed larva tolerance to toxicants. Received: 20 June 2001/Accepted: 1 December 2001     

A Comparison of the Teratogenicity of Methylmercury and Selenomethionine Injected Into Bird Eggs

Methylmercury chloride and seleno-l-methionine were injected separately or in combinations into the fertile eggs of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), chickens (Gallus gallus), and double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus), and the incidence and types of teratogenic effects were recorded. For all three species, selenomethionine alone caused more deformities than did methylmercury alone. When mallard eggs were injected with the lowest dose of selenium (Se) alone (0.1 μg/g), 28 of 44 embryos and hatchlings were deformed, whereas when eggs were injected with the lowest dose of mercury (Hg) alone (0.2 μg/g), only 1 of 56 embryos or hatchlings was deformed. Mallard embryos seemed to be more sensitive to the teratogenic effects of Se than chicken embryos: 0 of 15 chicken embryos or hatchlings from eggs injected with 0.1 μg/g Se exhibited deformities. Sample sizes were small with double-crested cormorant eggs, but they also seemed to be less sensitive to the teratogenic effects of Se than mallard eggs. There were no obvious differences among species regarding Hg-induced deformities. Overall, few interactions were apparent between methylmercury and selenomethionine with respect to the types of deformities observed. However, the deformities spina bifida and craniorachischisis were observed only when Hg and Se were injected in combination. One paradoxical finding was that some doses of methylmercury seemed to counteract the negative effect selenomethionine had on hatching of eggs while at the same time enhancing the negative effect selenomethionine had on creating deformities. When either methylmercury or selenomethionine is injected into avian eggs, deformities start to occur at much lower concentrations than when the Hg or Se is deposited naturally in the egg by the mother.     

Selenium impacts on razorback sucker, Colorado River, Colorado II. Eggs

Effects on hatching and development of fertilized eggs in adult razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) exposed to selenium in flooded bottomland sites near Grand Junction, Colorado, were determined. After 9 months exposure, fish were collected and induced to spawn and eggs collected for inorganic element analyses. A 9-day egg study was conducted with five spawns from Horsethief ponds, six spawns from Adobe Creek channel, and four spawns from North Pond using a reference water and site waters. Selenium concentrations in eggs were 6.5 microg/g from Horsethief, 46 microg/g from Adobe Creek, 38 microg/g from North Pond, and 6.0 microg/g from brood stock. Eggs from young adults had a smaller diameter and higher moisture content than brood stock. There were no differences among the four sources in viability, survival, hatch, hatchability, or mortality of deformed embryos or larvae. Adobe Creek larvae had more deformed embryos in eggs held in site water than held in reference water. There were significant negative correlations between selenium concentrations in adult muscle plugs and percent hatch, egg diameter, and deformities in embryos. Results from this study suggest that selenium contamination in parts of the upper basin of the Colorado River should be a major concern to recovery efforts for endangered fish.     

An effective and efficient approach for manually improving geocoded data

Background

The process of geocoding produces output coordinates of varying degrees of quality. Previous studies have revealed that simply excluding records with low-quality geocodes from analysis can introduce significant bias, but depending on the number and severity of the inaccuracies, their inclusion may also lead to bias. Little quantitative research has been presented on the cost and/or effectiveness of correcting geocodes through manual interactive processes, so the most cost effective methods for improving geocoded data are unclear. The present work investigates the time and effort required to correct geocodes contained in five health-related datasets that represent examples of data commonly used in Health GIS.

Results

Geocode correction was attempted on five health-related datasets containing a total of 22,317 records. The complete processing of these data took 11.4 weeks (427 hours), averaging 69 seconds of processing time per record. Overall, the geocodes associated with 12,280 (55%) of records were successfully improved, taking 95 seconds of processing time per corrected record on average across all five datasets. Geocode correction improved the overall match rate (the number of successful matches out of the total attempted) from 79.3 to 95%. The spatial shift between the location of original successfully matched geocodes and their corrected improved counterparts averaged 9.9 km per corrected record. After geocode correction the number of city and USPS ZIP code accuracy geocodes were reduced from 10,959 and 1,031 to 6,284 and 200, respectively, while the number of building centroid accuracy geocodes increased from 0 to 2,261.

Conclusion

The results indicate that manual geocode correction using a web-based interactive approach is a feasible and cost effective method for improving the quality of geocoded data. The level of effort required varies depending on the type of data geocoded. These results can be used to choose between data improvement options (e.g., manual intervention, pseudocoding/geo-imputation, field GPS readings).     

Effect of insulin and energy restriction on the thermic effect of protein in type 2 diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to test whether the thermic effect of oral protein is blunted in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes and is corrected by normalization of glycemia with insulin and 28 days of a very-low-energy diet. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Resting energy expenditure (REE) and the thermic effect of 90 g of oral protein were measured, using indirect calorimetry, in nine (five women and four men) obese diabetic people [weight, 108 +/- 10 kg; waist circumference, 123 +/- 8 cm; body mass index, 40 +/- 3 kg/m(2)] who were hyperglycemic on day 8 or euglycemic with insulin on day 16 of a weight-maintaining diet and euglycemic on day 28 of a very low energy diet (VLED). Results were compared with those of seven (six women and one man) weight- and body mass index-matched obese nondiabetic subjects with a waist circumference of 111 +/- 6 cm. Substrates and hormonal responses were determined concurrently. RESULTS: Fasting glucose was normalized in the diabetic subjects with insulin from day 9 of VLED onward. Weight decreased in both groups by 9.9 +/- 0.9 kg with VLED. REE was 8 +/- 2% lower with insulin treatment and decreased by another 14 +/- 3% with VLED in the diabetic and by 15 +/- 1% in the nondiabetic subjects by week 4. After the protein meal, the thermic response was significantly (p < 0.05) less with hyperglycemia than with insulin-induced euglycemia, as percentage above REE (15.3 +/- 1.4 compared with 21.2 +/- 1.5%), as percentage of the energy content of the meal (19.5 +/- 1.5 compared with 25.2 +/- 1.7%), as kilocalories per 405 minutes (86 +/- 5 compared with 110 +/- 7), and less than in nondiabetic obese controls (21.0 +/- 2.2% above REE, 24.4 +/- 1.7% of energy of meal). After the VLED, the thermic effect of protein was significantly higher in both groups only as percentage above REE. The initial glucagon response was greater with hyperglycemia compared with euglycemia and post-VLED but not compared with the nondiabetic subjects. Hyperglycemia was associated with 21 +/- 4% greater urinary urea nitrogen excretion and urinary glucose losses of 134 +/- 50 mmol/d. DISCUSSION: This study shows a blunted thermic effect of protein in obese hyperglycemic type 2 diabetic subjects compared with matched nondiabetic subjects that can be corrected with insulin- or energy restriction-induced euglycemia.     

Teratogenic Versus Mutagenic Abnormalities in Chironomid Larvae Exposed to Zinc and Lead

Before chironomid mouthpart deformities can be utilized as indicators of aquatic metal pollution with certainty, it must first be established that deformities are teratogenic and not mutagenic. A laboratory experiment was conducted to assess this question using Zn and Pb as causative agents. Parent populations were reared in sediments spiked with zinc (Zn) or lead (Pb) and their resulting offspring (F1 generation) were reared in clean sediments. The proportions of mouthpart deformities in C. tentans larvae were compared via logistic regression, accounting for time of exposure, between parent and offspring populations. Results indicate that 14% of chironomids from Zn-spiked sediment contained deformed menta and/or mandibles. However, the F1-Zn generation displayed a deformity of 1.7%. Larvae reared in Pb-spiked sediments displayed a deformity frequency of 9% and the F1 generations (F1-Pb a and F1-Pb b) had deformity proportion of 7 and 6%, respectively. We concluded that the deformities caused by Zn stress were morphological because the resulting F1 deformity frequencies declined to control levels. However, deformities caused by Pb appear to be genetic since F1 deformity percentages did not differ from the parent deformity frequency. Because larvae reared in Zn- and Pb-spiked sediments were larger than larvae reared in uncontaminated sediments, we could not conclude that Zn and Pb in the sediments stunted the development of C. tentans.     

海丁格刷引导定位的后像仪对偏心注视性弱视的疗效研究

目的:探讨海丁格刷引导定位的后像弱视治疗仪用于偏心注视性弱视训练的疗效。方法:取该院门诊弱视训练患儿中偏心注视患者25例,其中矫正视力0.2~0.5 11例,矫正视力0.1以下14例,平均矫正视力为0.178 0。应用本科室自行研究设计的海丁格刷引导定位的后像弱视治疗仪进行弱视训练,记录训练前后矫正视力的变化及注视性质的改变。结果:①采用配对t检验比较训练前后矫正视力变化,训练前平均矫正视力为0.178 0,训练后平均矫正视力为0.716 0,P<0.001,有统计学差异。②用非参数秩和检验比较训练前后注视性质的变化,P<0.001,有统计学差异。结论:海丁格刷引导定位的后像弱视治疗仪用于治疗偏心注视性弱视有显著疗效。