内镜辅助的甲状腺切除术

<正>1986年Gagner报告了首例内镜甲状旁腺切除术,系颈部充气建立操作空间,用特制的微小器械完成手术操作。内镜甲状旁腺切除术的开展标志着内镜颈部手术时代的开始,继而出现了经胸壁或腋窝入路,以及经颈前或锁骨下小切口入路内镜辅助甲状腺切除术。内镜辅助的甲状腺切除术(endoscopicassisted thyroidectomy,EAT)或微创电视辅助的甲状腺切除术(minimally invasive video assisted thyroidecto-my,MIVAT)是由意大利比萨大学Miccoli于1988年报道的,其基本术式是经颈部小切口在内镜辅助下完成甲状腺切除。2002年在国内我们较早开展了Miccoli手术。     

甲状旁腺的术中观察及术后甲状旁腺功能减退的探讨

目的在甲状腺手术中认识甲状旁腺的局部解剖及甲状腺手术切除范围和甲状旁腺功能减退的关系，探讨术后甲状旁腺功能减退的原因及预防治疗措施。方法回顾2582例甲状腺手术患者的临床资料并术后随访。结果其中对721例双侧甲状腺侧叶全切者行术中探察，发现甲状腺病理状态下甲状旁腺的局部解剖位置及数量变异大，探察到的每种情况术后暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退发生率各不相同，其中上下甲状旁腺双侧均不明显组永久性甲状旁腺功能减退发生1例。2453例手术中行甲状腺部分切除、单侧叶次全切除、单侧叶全切除、双侧叶全切除、双侧叶全切及颈淋巴结清扫者（即甲状腺癌根治）暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退发生率依次增高，其中以双侧叶次全切除暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退发生率最高。且又因甲状腺疾病病种各不相同，甲状旁腺功能减退发生率亦各不相同。结论术后甲状旁腺功能减退的发生与手术操作、甲状旁腺的局部解剖及其变异、甲状腺手术切除范围、巨大甲状腺及其内巨大包块对双侧甲状腺后被膜深面组织的压迫，甲状腺疾病病种不同而手术难度各异等皆有关系。     

内镜甲状腺切除术16例分析

目的：应用内镜外科技术进行甲状腺切除,以探讨创伤小,美观的甲状腺切除新技术。方法：回顾性总结16例内镜甲状腺切除术的方法及经验,并对其适应证和禁忌证进行探讨。结果：甲状腺左全叶切除7例,左侧大部切除2例,甲状腺右全叶切除2例,右侧大部切除2例以及峡部切除3例,手术成功15例,同常规手术相比,内镜甲状腺切除有明显的美容效果,患者术后迅速恢复正常活动。结论：由于内窥镜的放大作用,术野组织结构清晰,由此可以避免喉返神经及甲状旁腺的损伤,同时由于手术创口小,具有明显的美容效果。     

内镜甲状腺切除术

目的 探讨内镜甲状腺切除术的手术难点和应对策略.方法 对169例患者施行内镜甲状腺切除术,总结本类手术难点、危险因素及防治措施.结果 内镜甲状腺切除手术成功167例,包括甲状腺腺瘤切除术37例,甲状腺单叶大部分切除术63例,甲状腺双叶大部分切除术42例,甲状腺功能亢进行甲状腺双叶次全切除术20例,甲状腺癌行甲状腺单叶并峡部全切除对侧次全切除术5例.无神经或甲状旁腺损伤等严重并发症.中转开放手术2例,术后切口脂肪液化2例,皮下气肿1例,皮肤淤斑1例,一过性声音嘶哑1例,随访1～4年,复发1例,无死亡病例.结论 内镜甲状腺切除术有其特殊的操作方法和手术难点,通过精细的术中操作和适当的围手术期处理可以降低副损伤的发生率.     

内镜下甲状腺切除术11例报告

1996年Ganger、1997年Huscher分别在内镜辅助下完成了甲状旁腺及甲状腺的部分切除。2002年仇明等报道了国内第1例颈部无瘢痕内镜甲状腺切除术。2004年5月～2005年6月，我院采用胸骨前径路行内镜甲状腺部分切除术11例，效果满意，现报道如下。     

内镜甲状腺、甲状旁腺切除术

内镜甲状腺、甲状旁腺手术是近年发展起来的一项新型手术技术。具有美观、创伤小以及术野清晰,能有效避免神经、血管损伤等特点。本就内镜甲状腺手术的实验与临床应用现状做一综述。     

内镜甲状腺切除术150例

目的 探讨内镜甲状腺切除术的方法与优缺点。方法 采用胸部乳晕人路行内镜甲状腺切除术150例,其中甲状腺腺瘤41例、结节性甲状腺肿64例、原发性甲状腺机能亢进40例、甲状腺癌5例。手术时间80(50～270)min,行甲状腺肿瘤切除术32例,甲状腺单叶大部分切除54例,甲状腺双叶大部分切除19例,甲状腺功能亢进行甲状腺双叶次全切除37例,甲状腺癌行甲状腺单叶并峡部全切除2例。结果 成功完成手术144例。无神经或甲状旁腺损伤等严重并发症。术后住院时间4(3∽7)d,术后随访1～13个月,无复发,患者均对手术的美容效果满意。中转开放手术6例。结论 内镜甲状腺手术是一种安全、理想的手术方法,微小切口选择在身体的隐蔽位置,具有很好的美容效果。     

普通外科：甲状腺、甲状旁腺

结节性甲状腺肿的内镜治疗（附舯例报告）；73例腔镜下甲状腺叶切除术的体会；原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症并发甲状腺疾病21例临床分析；侵犯气管的甲状腺癌切除后锁骨头带蒂软骨修补术12例报告;无转移分化型甲状腺癌首次手术范围的选择     

经腋窝途径的单孔内镜下甲状腺切除术

目的探讨单孔内镜下甲状腺手术的可行性以及安全性,并对其疗效进行评价。方法 2010年1月～2011年4月,10例甲状腺单发良性直径〈40 mm结节接受经腋窝途径的单孔内镜甲状腺切除术,结节最大直径20～35 mm,平均25.2 mm,均位于甲状腺中下极,均为囊实性结节。在腋窝做一长约2.5 cm的切口并放置单孔入路装置（前2例使用自制单孔入路装置,后8例使用TriPort三通道单孔入路装置）,经此置入30°的5 mm腹腔镜、超声刀以及异型腹腔镜手术器械,建立操作空间,完成甲状腺腺叶次全切除或近全切除手术。结果 10例均顺利完成单侧甲状腺腺叶次全切除或近全切除手术,手术时间125～180 min,平均153 min,术中出血量5～15 ml,平均9.1 ml,无中转常规三孔内镜手术或开放手术,无气管、喉返神经、甲状旁腺损伤等并发症。术后第1天疼痛评分2～4分,平均3.3分。术后住院时间均为2 d。术后病理均为结节性甲状腺肿。术后3个月复查,10例均获得＂非常满意＂的美容效果,无复发。结论对于单侧甲状腺良性病变,经腋窝途径的单孔内镜下甲状腺切除术是安全、可行的,同时具有很好的美容效果。但病例选择较严格。     

内镜甲状腺手术进展

<正>1996年Gagner用内镜技术完成了甲状旁腺切除术,开启了内镜甲状腺手术时代。内镜甲状腺手术入路可分为两类,一类是置入套管、充入气体建立操作空间行甲状腺切除术,又称为"真性"内镜手术,其代表是经胸壁入路的内镜甲状腺切除术。另     

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??Application and evaluation of endoscopic technique in the surgical treatment of thyroid nodules FAN Lin-jun. Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China Thyroid nodules are common in clinical practice. Majority of patients with thyroid nodules need surgical treatment in order to remove the focus or to acquire a final diagnosis. The postoperative cervical appearance could be improved with the application of endoscopic technique in thyroid surgery. With the improvement of the
operative technique, almost all types of thyroidectomy could be completed under endoscope. Endoscopic subtotal thyroidectomy is the most common method in the treatment of thyroid nodules. The common approaches of endoscope include video-assisted thyroidectomy via cervical small incision and total endoscope thyroidectomy via breast approach or axillary approach. Comparing with the total thyroidectomy, endoscopic near-total thyroidectomy for low risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma could get better safety, lower incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis and the same therapeutic effect. But the clearance of cervical lymph nodes is still controversial. On account of its remarkably cosmetic advantages, endoscopic operation has become the preferred method for the treatment of thyroid nodules.     

胸骨上内镜下甲状腺次全切除术(附19例报告)

目的:探讨经胸骨上内镜下甲状腺次全切除术的可行性。方法:对19例甲状腺良性肿瘤,经胸骨上行内镜下甲状腺次全切除术。结果:19例均获成功,平均手术时间120m in,未发生并发症。结论:前胸骨上入路内镜下甲状腺次全切除术是安全、简捷、有效的手术方式,并能达到满意的美容效果。     

Endoscopic thyroidectomy for solitary nodules

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and safety of endoscopic thyroidectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between September 1998 and February 2000, 18 patients with a solitary thyroid nodule underwent endoscopic thyroidectomy in a single institution. Analgesic requirement, return to normal activity, and cosmetic results were compared to 18 consecutive patients who had conventional thyroidectomy. RESULTS: Sixteen females and two males, with a mean age of 43 years (17-66 years) were operated on. Indications for surgery included indeterminate cytology (n = 8), follicular neoplasm (n = 8), Hürthle cell neoplasm (n = 1), and toxic thyroid nodule (n = 1). The mean nodule diameter was 2.7 cm (0.6-7 cm). Sixteen of 18 cases were successfully completed endoscopically with a mean operating time of 220 min (120-330 min). There were no major complication, but three patients developed mild hypercarbia and one patient had an incidental parathyroidectomy. When compared to conventional thyroidectomy, patients undergoing endoscopic thyroidectomy had a significantly superior cosmetic result (P < 0.005) and a quicker return to normal activity (P < 0.05), but there was no difference in analgesic requirement. CONCLUSION: The results of this study seem to confirm that endoscopic thyroidectomy is a technically feasible and safe procedure that leads to an improved cosmetic result and a quicker recovery. However, conventional thyroidectomy is still recommended when thyroid carcinoma is suspected.     

腔镜技术在甲状腺结节治疗中的应用与评价

甲状腺结节是甲状腺外科的常见病,为了切除病灶或明确诊断,大多数甲状腺结节需外科手术治疗。腔镜技术在甲状腺外科的应用缩小或避免了开放手术对颈部外观的不良影响。随着手术技术的进步,腔镜下已能完成几乎所有方式的甲状腺手术,其中腔镜下甲状腺次全切除术是应用最多的手术方式。常用的手术入路包括经颈前小切口的腔镜辅助甲状腺手术以及经胸乳入路或经腋窝入路的完全腔镜下甲状腺手术。对于低危的分化型甲状腺癌,腔镜下甲状腺近全切除术代替甲状腺全切除,疗效确切,安全性高,但腔镜下颈淋巴结清扫的效果尚有争议。     

New technologies in thyroid surgery. Endoscopic thyroid surgery

The onset of cervicoscopy dates back to the first endoscopic parathyroidectomy in 1996. This operation, along with its several variants, has become a valid option widespread in many important centres. Later on, endoscopic or video assisted thyroidectomy was introduced in spite of the limits imposed by the mass of the gland to remove. It is indicated for a minority of patients for this reason but both parathyroidectomy and thyroidectomy showed some important advantages with respect to conventional surgery, advantages demonstrated also in prospective studies. They are mainly represented by a better cosmetic outcome and a less distressful postoperative course. These approaches proved to be safe and feasible in any surgical background: their complication rate is the same as traditional open surgery in the neck. Very promising seems to be the videoscopic access to neck lymph nodes (central and lateral compartments) whereas other fields of application such as carotid artery surgery and spine surgery still remain object of experimental studies. As far as the lateral neck dissection is concerned the technique is going to be standardized in our centre as a variant of the well known video assisted approach adding a 5 mm trocar placed in the supraclavicular space. By consequence, cervicoscopy has to be considered an important surgical tool which can be further improved but which also has an excellent potentiality.     

Cervicoscopy

The beginning of cervicoscopy dates back to the first laparoscopic parathyroidectomy in 1996. This operation, with its distinct variants, has today become a valid therapeutic option in many well-regarded centers. Later on endoscopic or video-assisted thyroidectomy was introduced, despite the limits imposed by the large size of the gland on its removal. Consequently, this technique is indicated in a small number of patients but both parathyroidectomy and thyroidectomy provide significant advantages over conventional surgery, which have been demonstrated in prospective studies. The main advantages are a better cosmetic outcome and a less distressing postoperative course. Both approaches have been proved to be safe and feasible in any surgical background and their complication rate is similar to that of traditional open surgery of the neck. Videoscopic access to neck lymph nodes (central and lateral compartments) seems to be highly promising, whereas other fields of application such as carotid artery surgery and spine surgery are still the object of experimental studies. Consequently, cervicoscopy should be considered an important surgical tool which already shows great possibilities but which could be further improved.     

完全腔镜甲状腺手术328例体会

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨完全腔镜下甲状腺手术的可行性及术中避免神经损伤及甲状旁腺损伤的方法。方法〓采取完全乳晕入路、前胸壁入路及乳沟入路完成腔镜下甲状腺切除术手术328例。结果〓328例手术成功,无中转开放手术。术后有2例甲状旁腺损伤,出现麻木及抽搐,给予钙剂治疗后恢复;5例喉返神经麻痹,出现声音嘶哑,给予理疗好转,平均恢复时间1~4个月,1例术后出现分离间隙淤血,后经穿刺抽液三次后愈,胸前水肿一个月后消褪。术后患者均自述有术区麻木感,1~3个月后自行消除。全部患者对切口美容效果满意,术后随访1~30个月,无复发。结论〓完全腔镜下甲状腺手术是一个安全有效的手术方法,在心理微创与美容效果有明显的优势。     

腔镜下甲状腺巨大良性肿瘤手术(附21例报道)

目的探讨甲状腺巨大良性肿瘤腔镜手术的可行性。方法 2008年1月～2009年12月,对21例巨大甲状腺良性肿瘤(5.1～7.0cm),经胸乳入路使用超声刀在全腔镜下建立操作空间,并通过充分分离、悬吊或切断颈前肌群,缝合牵引甲状腺或手术区域皮瓣,对囊性病变切开减压等方法充分扩展手术空间,处理血管及腺体,行双侧甲状腺次全切除术或单侧甲状腺大部分切除术。结果行双侧甲状腺次全切除术12例,单侧甲状腺大部分切除术7例,单侧近全切除术2例,均在腔镜下顺利完成手术,手术时间65～160min,出血量10～120ml,无严重手术并发症。随访3～24个月(平均13.5月),复查B超无肿瘤复发,美容效果良好。结论对于直径≤7cm的甲状腺良性肿瘤,腔镜手术是安全可行,但是需要熟练的手术技巧。     

Inadvertent parathyroidectomy during thyroid surgery: the incidence of a complication of thyroidectomy

Background and aims Incidental parathyroidectomy is a complication of thyroid surgery. The aim of this report is to explore the incidence, risk factors, and clinical relevance of inadvertent parathyroidectomy during thyroidectomy.Materials and methods Patients who underwent thyroidectomy between January 1998 and June 2005 were evaluated. Pathology reports were reviewed for the presence of parathyroid tissue in the thyroidectomy specimens. Information regarding diagnosis, operative details, and postoperative hypocalcemia were collected.Results Three hundred and fifteen thyroid procedures were performed: 163 total thyroidectomies, 124 near-total thyroidectomies, and 28 lobectomies. The findings were benign in 240 and malignant in 75 cases. Incidental parathyroidectomy was found in 68 (21.6%) cases: 58 were benign and 10 were malignant. One and two parathyroids were accidentally removed in 46 and 22 patients, respectively. Parathyroid tissue was found in intrathyroidal (33%) and extracapsular (27%) sites. Total/near-total thyroidectomy was not associated with increased risk of incidental parathyroidectomy (P=0.646), and there was no association of inadvertent parathyroidectomy with postoperative hypocalcemia (P=0.859). Thyroid malignancy was associated with decreased incidence of incidental parathyroidectomy (P=0.047).Conclusion Inadvertent parathyroidectomy, although not uncommon, is not associated with postoperative hypocalcemia. The type of surgical procedure does not increase the risk of incidental parathyroidectomy, while thyroid malignancy may reduce the incidence of inadvertent parathyroidectomy.     

Minimally invasive approach to the cervical spine: a proposal

BACKGROUND and PURPOSE: During the last 3 years, a minimally invasive video-assisted approach for parathyroidectomy and thyroidectomy has been developed. Because of the good exposure of the cervical spine during these procedures, the authors decided to perform an anatomic-radiologic study in order to evaluate which cervical vertebrae could be reached by this minimally invasive approach. PATIENTS and METHODS: Three consenting patients, two undergoing minimally invasive parathyroidectomy and one a conventional operation for C4-C5 disc herniation, were selected for this study. The procedure was carried out through a single 1.5-cm central skin incision above the sternal notch. After opening of the cervical linea alba, dissection was performed under endoscopic vision, without using any CO2 insufflation or trocar. After exposure of the prevertebral fascia, an operative tube was introduced through the cervical incision in order to maintain the operative space without using conventional retractors. RESULTS: Through this operative tube, it was possible to introduce both a 5-mm (or 3-mm) endoscope and the surgical instruments. In our patients, we inserted a 1-mm metal probe to exactly localize during fluoroscopy the vertebrae reached by the dissection (C2-C7). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the feasibility of an anterior minimally invasive approach to the cervical spine. Although the exact indications have to be verified, a video-assisted approach could add some advantages to the well-known benefits coming from the anterior approaches to the cervical spine, especially in terms of cosmetic results and postoperative course and recovery.