颅脑损伤术后迟发性颅内血肿的形成机制

目的 探讨颅脑损伤术后非手术区迟发性颅内血肿的临床特征及形成机制。方法 回顾性分析29例颅脑损伤术后经CT扫描或再次开颅探查证实为飞黄腾达这发性血肿的发生部位，发生时间，及其与脑挫裂伤，颅骨骨折等原发伤的关系。结果 血肿发生部位与手术部位关系；邻近型8例，远隔型12例，对侧型9例；发生在脑内9例，硬膜外12例，硬膜下7例。脑室内1例；12例术后硬膜外血肿中有9例可见颅骨骨折；9例术后脑内血肿中有7例可见脑挫裂伤。结论 颅脑损伤术后迟发性颅内血肿中，硬膜外，硬膜下与脑内血肿形成机制不尽相同，颅骨骨折，脑挫裂伤，脑膜或皮质血管破裂，桥静脉断裂等局部损伤影响不同类型血肿的形成，脑血管麻痹，低氧血症等是非手术区迟发性血肿形成的病理基础。     

颅脑损伤术后迟发性颅内血肿的危险因素分析

目的探讨颅脑损伤术后迟发性颅内血肿的危险因素。方法选取我院行开颅手术治疗的颅脑损伤患者180例为研究对象,术后均复查头颅CT,了解是否存在迟发性出血,并分析迟发性出血的危险因素。结果未出现迟发性颅内血肿161例,占89.44%;出现颅内血肿19例,占10.56%;其中21.05%发生时间术后8h,63.16%发生于术后8~24h,10.53%发生于25~72h,5.26%发生时间72h。迟发性颅内血肿组GCS评分、Babinski征阳性、脑挫裂伤、颅骨骨折发生率均较对照组高,APTT、TT水平较对照组高,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。对有统计学意义项行多因素Logistic回归分析,发现GCS评分为3~5分、Babinski征阳性、脑挫裂伤、颅骨骨折、TT是颅脑损伤术后迟发性颅内血肿的独立危险因素。结论颅脑损伤术后迟发性颅内血肿常发于与术后8~24h,其中GCS评分为3~5分Babinski征阳性、脑挫裂伤、颅骨骨折、TT为独立危险因素。     

外伤性迟发性颅内血肿：附8例报告

外伤性迟发性颅内血肿（附８例报告）孙树雯，张吉斌外伤性迟发性颅内血肿是指头部外伤后首次头颅ＣＴ检查未发现血肿，经过一段时间后再次检查方出现的血肿；或清除血肿一段时间后在不同部位又发现血肿者，均称为外伤性迟发性颅内血肿。本病在颅脑损伤中并不多见。我院在...     

外伤性迟发性后颅窝硬膜外血肿22例治疗体会

目的探讨外伤性迟发性后颅窝硬膜外血肿的手术治疗。方法对首次头颅CT检查未见后颅窝血肿形成的行CT复查发现的22例外伤性迟发性后颅窝硬膜外血肿患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果血肿位于单侧后颅窝17例、双侧后颅窝5例,其中血肿骑跨横窦4例。血肿致第四脑室、环池受压6例,环池消失2例,致梗阻性脑积水2例。均行手术治疗,术后死亡1例。21例患者随访6个月,按GOS评估患者预后：2分1例,3分3例,4分7例,5分10例。结论外伤性迟发性后颅窝硬膜外血肿病情隐匿,早期诊断、对有手术指征的患者及时行手术治疗是挽救患者生命、改善患者预后的关键。     

迟发性外伤性硬膜外血肿

迟发性外伤性硬膜外血肿(delayed epiduralhematoma,DEDH)是放射学的一种概念,CT问世以后予以认识。其定义是外伤后首次CT正常或表现为其它病理状态而未发现硬膜外血肿,随后临床表现恶化或首次手术后未达到满意效果,复查CT发现的硬膜外血肿。我院自1986年至1996年共收治迟发性外伤性硬膜外血肿48例,占同期硬膜外血肿的4.6％,现将本组迟发性外伤性硬膜外血肿一些     

颅脑损伤术后迟发性颅内血肿10例探讨

目的探讨颅脑损伤术后非手术区迟发性颅内血肿的临床特征及形成机制。方法回顾性分析10例颅脑损伤术后经CT扫描证实为迟发性血肿的发生部位、发生时间及与原发伤的关系。结果血肿可发生脑内、硬膜外、硬膜下;有邻近型、远隔型、对侧型;血肿大部分发生在72h以内,少数72h以后;常有颅骨骨折,脑挫裂伤等原发伤。结论颅脑损伤术后迟发性颅内血肿中,硬膜外、硬膜下、脑内血肿形成机制不尽相同,脑挫裂伤、颅骨骨折、桥静脉断裂等局部损伤可导致不同类型的血肿。     

颅脑损伤术后迟发性颅内血肿10例探讨

目的 探讨颅脑损伤术后非手术区迟发性颅内血肿的临床特征及形成机制.方法 回顾性分析10例颅脑损伤术后经CT扫描证实为迟发性血肿的发生部位,发生时间及与原发伤的关系.结果 血肿可发生脑内、硬膜外、硬膜下;有邻近型、远隔型、对侧型;血肿大部分发生在72h以内,少数72h以后;常有颅骨骨折,脑挫裂伤等原发伤.结论 颅脑损伤术后迟发性颅内血肿中,硬膜外、硬膜下、脑内血肿形成机制不尽相同,脑挫裂伤,颅骨骨折,桥静脉断裂等局部损伤可导致不同类型的血肿.     

颅脑损伤首次CT检查阴性的原因分析

目的分析颅脑损伤首次CT检查而复查CT、MRI阳性的表现及原因。方法对我科收治的78例颅脑损伤首次CT检查阴性，但复查CT、MRI发现迟发性颅内病变病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果首次CT检查阴性但复查CT、MRI的阳性表现为迟发性血肿，脑干血肿，横窦沟硬膜外血肿，脑挫裂伤，蛛网膜下腔出血，硬膜下腔积液，弥漫性脑肿胀，弥漫性轴索损伤。首次CT检查阴性与检查时间，病变发展，受伤部位等因素有关。结论对首次头部CT检查阴性结果者,应仔细行神经系统的常规检查，密切观察患者的病情，及时复查CT、MRI以指导治疗，改善预后。     

56例迟发性外伤性颅内血肿治疗体会

迟发性外伤性颅内血肿是指头部外伤后,首次头颅CT检查未见异常,而短期CT复查发现颅内血肿。或颅内血肿清除术后短期内又在不同部位出现颅内血肿。我院是自1999年以来,共收治该类病人56例,现报告如下。     

迟发性外伤性颅内血肿20例分析

Baratham于1972年提出迟发性颅内出血概念,随着CT检查的普及,类似报道不断增加。迟发性外伤性颅内血肿(DTICH)是指头颅外伤后首次CT检查未见血肿,经过一段时间后CT检查发规血肿,或清除血肿后在不同部位发现血肿。本文收集近2年来发生DTICH20例,对DTICH作初步分析。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.