脑内局部给药建立颞叶癫疒间模型的研究

目的研究脑内局部给药建立颞叶癫疒间(EP)模型的方法。方法通过立体定向技术向大鼠海马局部注射海人酸(KA)4μg/kg,观察注射后大鼠的行为学、脑电图和病理学改变。结果KA注入海马后大鼠表现为凝视、湿狗样抖动、咀嚼运动、点头、肢体阵挛等;随后出现阵发性旋转、向上窜跳、四肢抽搐,反复间歇性发作,约10h后发作停止。以后每周约自发性发作1～3次,主要为Ⅱ～Ⅳ级发作。EEG记录到大脑皮质丛集放电,棘波或尖波持续发放。光镜下KA致疒间鼠海马结构的CA1区和CA3区锥体细胞变性及坏死,实验侧CA3区神经元丢失尤为明显。结论大鼠脑内局部注射KA可成功建立颞叶EP模型,其行为症状、电生理及海马病理改变类似人颞叶EP,是很好的研究颞叶EP的工具。     

恒河猴颞叶癫痫模型的建立

目的 应用立体定向方法单侧海马内注射海人酸,建立恒河猴颞叶癫痫模型,并评价其生物学特性.方法 通过立体定向手术,恒河猴右侧海马注射海人酸,观察恒河猴行为学、神经电生理、影像学、组织病理及超微结构改变.结果 海人酸注射后恒河猴出现典型的颞叶癫痫发作表现,脑电图表现为棘波、慢波、棘慢波、尖波发放.MRI、MRS可见海马硬化的表现,组织学标本显示颞角扩大、海马硬化,HE染色可见神经元缺失、胶质细胞增生、瘢痕萎缩,电镜显示神经元固缩、血脑屏障破坏、星形细胞肿胀、细胞器受损.结论 立体定向单侧注入海人酸后恒河猴癫痫发作明显,其行为学、神经电生理、影像学、神经病理改变符合颞叶内侧型癫痫表现,可作为癫痫模型.     

颞叶癫痫模型的建立及其相关研究

目的通过立体定向手术建立大鼠颞叶癫痫模型,并对模型的电生理和永久癫痫敏感性的病理学基础进行研究.方法按公斤体重计算的海仁酸立体定向手术一次性注入大鼠的海马组织,于术后不同时间观察大鼠的癫痫发作情况、脑电图情况和海马组织的形态学变化.结果手术后的大鼠在经历"湿狗样抖动"、口唇和头的自动症、前肢抽搐、后肢抽搐后,进入强直-阵挛性全身发作,之后,每周均有自行发作,发作表现与人类颞叶癫痫发作非常一致.海马神经元的缺失、胶质细胞增生是模型长期癫痫敏感性的基础.结论立体定向手术建立的大鼠颞叶癫痫模型发作形式、脑电图特征及病理学改变与人类的颞叶癫痫非常一致,并且具有长期的癫痫敏感性.同时,建立模型的耗资大大降低,可望成为临床科研中既可靠又经济实用的模型.     

立体定向技术建立大鼠颞叶癫痫模型

目的 探讨立体定向技术在建立大鼠颞叶癫痫模型的实用性及模型长久癫痫敏感性的病理学基础。方法 按公斤体重计算的红藻氨酸剂量，应用立体定向手术一次性注入大鼠的海马组织，于手术后不同的时间段观察大鼠的癫痫发作情况和海马组织的形态学变化。结果 手术后的大鼠在经历“湿狗样抖动”、口唇和头的自运动症、前肢抽搐、后肢抽搐后，进入强直一阵挛性全身发作。以后，每周均有自行发作，发作表现与人类颞叶癫痫发作基本一致。海马神经元的缺失、胶质细胞增生是模型长期癫痫敏感性的基础。结论 立体定向手术建立的大鼠颞叶癫痫模型发作形式、病理学基础与人类的颞叶癫痫基本一致，并且具有长期的癫痫敏感性。同时，应用立体定向技术局部注药，用药量较系统给药明显减少，耗资大大降低，是临床科研中既可靠又经济实用的方法。     

颞叶癫痫脑电图分析及病灶超微结构观察

目的 研究影像学检查无异常的颞叶癫痫患者,电生理异常与皮层棘波灶及海马超微病变的关系.方法 选择经CT或MRI检查未见异常的颞叶癫痫患者7例,术前做脑电图或24h视频脑电监测,术中在脑电监测下取颞叶大脑皮质棘波灶和海马组织,做电镜观察.结果 7例患者电生理检查均可见典型痫样放电.颞叶皮质痫灶和海马可见不同程度的神经元固缩,胶质细胞变性,胶质增生,突触数量及突触结构改变,血脑屏障破坏等改变.结论 影像学无异常的颞叶癫痫患者颞叶皮层痫灶和海马超微结构病理变化明显,特别是突触的变化,是导致癫痫患者脑电生理机能异常及癫痫反复自发性发作的形态学基础.     

迷走神经刺激对癫痫大鼠行为及脑电图的影响

目的：观察颈部迷走神经干电刺激对癫痫大鼠行为及额叶、海马、杏仁核脑区放电的影响，为迷走神经刺激（Vagus Nerve Stimulation,VNS)抗痫机制研究提供理论依据。方法：利用脑立体定位手段，将电极埋入大鼠脑部双侧额叶皮质、海马和杏仁核，记录VNS前后由红藻氨酸（KA）诱发复杂部分性癫痫大鼠脑电变化并观察动物行为的改变。结果：VNS后大鼠癫痫强直－阵挛发作次数明显减少，首次发作潜伏期延长，癫痫发作平均持续时间缩短；VNS尤其对杏仁核放电有明显的抑制作用。结论：VNS能有效抑制KA诱发的复杂部分性癫痫发作，并且杏仁核可能是抑痫作用的关键核因。     

大鼠杏仁核电刺激癫痫模型海马JNK的磷酸化改变

目的 研究大鼠杏仁核电点燃癫痫模型海马中JNK的磷酸化改变,探讨JNK磷酸化与癫痫发生发展的关系.方法 建立大鼠杏仁核电点燃癫痫模型.设立空白对照组、手术对照组、点燃组,癫痫点燃成功后取脑,分别采用Western blot和免疫荧光方法 检测海马中JNK的表达变化,采用TUNEL染色和GFAP免疫组化染色观察海马形态学改变.结果 36只大鼠在12-20 d成功点燃.Western blot显示点燃组磷酸化JNK水平较手术对照组和空白对照组高(P<0.05).形态学检测显示点燃组海马区神经元缺失及神经胶质细胞增生(P<0.05).结论 电刺激诱发大鼠癫痫发作后,海马组织JNK磷酸化水平升高,该信号通路的激活可能参与颞叶内侧癫痫海马硬化的发生过程.     

海人酸致痫大鼠海马IL-1β、TNF-α仪的表达

目的立体定向手术建立海人酸（KA）颞叶癫痫大鼠模型，检测海马内IL-1β、TNF-α蛋白及其mRNA的表达。方法大鼠随机分为空白对照组、生理盐水对照组和模型组。模型组大鼠-侧海马CA3区注射KA（生理盐水组注射生理盐水），观察其行为学特征，HE染色和Nissl染色以及电镜观察其病理学改变，免疫组化法检测大鼠海马内IL-1β、TNF-α蛋白的表达，原位杂交法检测TNF-α mRNA的动态表达。结果大鼠注射KA后出现湿狗样抖动、头面部肌阵挛、肢体阵挛及全面强直阵挛发作等，病理结果显示海马神经元变性、缺失及胶质细胞增生，模型组IL-1β在致痫后3、6h表达水平明显增加并于12h达高峰，之后逐渐下降，7d后与对照组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）；TNF-α蛋白与mRNA表达时程基本一致，3h出现，12h达高峰，而后逐渐下降，7d后回归至对照组表达水平，15、30d又高于对照组（P％0.05）。结论（1）大鼠-侧海马注射KA是人类颞叶癫痫理想的动物模型；（2）内源性IL-1β、TNF-α参与了癫痫发病机制。     

下丘脑内基因转染对大鼠癫痫行为的影响

目的探讨下丘脑过度兴奋对于颞叶癫痫行为学变化的影响，从而进一步阐明下丘脑与颢叶癫痫的关系以及谷氨酸受体2亚基Q型(glutamate receptor 2Q，GluR2Q)在癫痫发病中的作用机制。方法20只Wistar大鼠随机分为海人酸(kainic acid or kainite，KA)组(KA对照组)与KA GluR2Q组，分别观察两组大鼠的癫痫行为。结果KA对照组大鼠癫痫发作程度较轻，主要以部分性发作为主且发作次数少，持续时间短，较少出现全面性发作。KA GluR2Q组大鼠癫痫发作程度剧烈，部分性癫痫发作较KA对照组更早、更频繁且由部分性发作转化为全面性发作的比率高于KA对照组。结论通过HVJ-脂质体基因转染技术将GluR2Q基因转染到下丘脑乳头体可以提高其兴奋性，并使该兴奋性冲动通过下丘脑与海马之间的联络纤维传导至海马齿状回及CA3、CA1区，使海马区原有的兴奋性加强，表现为癫痫行为的加重，从而促进了癫痫的发展及传播。     

海人酸致痫大鼠海马IL-1β、TNF-α的表达

目的 立体定向手术建立海人酸(KA)颞叶癫痫大鼠模型,检测海马内IL-1β、TNF-α蛋白及其mRNA的表达.方法 大鼠随机分为空白对照组、生理盐水对照组和模型组.模型组大鼠一侧海马CA3区注射KA (生理盐水组注射生理盐水),观察其行为学特征,HE染色和Nissl染色以及电镜观察其病理学改变,免疫组化法检测大鼠海马内IL-1β、TNF-α蛋白的表达,原位杂交法检测TNF-α mRNA的动态表达.结果 大鼠注射KA后出现湿狗样抖动、头面部肌阵挛、肢体阵挛及全面强直阵挛发作等,病理结果显示海马神经元变性、缺失及胶质细胞增生,模型组IL-1β在致痫后3 、6 h表达水平明显增加并于12 h达高峰,之后逐渐下降,7 d后与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);TNF-α蛋白与mRNA表达时程基本一致,3 h出现,12 h达高峰,而后逐渐下降,7 d后回归至对照组表达水平,15 、30 d又高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 (1)大鼠一侧海马注射KA是人类颞叶癫痫理想的动物模型;(2)内源性IL-1β、TNF-α参与了癫痫发病机制.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。