定量PCR法对缺失型DMD家系携带者诊断价值的研究

目的探讨紫外凝胶分析系统定量PCR方法对缺失型杜(氏)/贝(氏)进行性肌营养不良(DMD/BMD)携带者的诊断价值。方法采用紫外凝胶分析系统定量检测16个缺失型DMD/BMD家系中的19名女性亲属和15名健康对照的二重PCR产物,并计算计量系数DQ值。结果定量PCR方法将9名女性确定为携带者。结论定量PCR方法是一种准确、快速、简便的DMD携带者诊断方法。     

应用多重连接依赖性探针扩增定量技术检测假肥大型肌营养不良重复突变及携带状态

目的 应用多重连接依赖性探针扩增(MLPA)技术对假肥大型肌营养不良(DMD及BMD)患者及其家系成员进行dystrophin基因分析,探讨MLPA定量技术在本病重复突变及携带者检测中的优势.方法 以355例DMD及BMD患者、46名缺失型患者之母和8名重复型患者之母为研究对象,应用MLPA技术对dystrophin基因全长外显子进行分析,对于单一外显子缺失的样本采用PCR及测序进行验证.结果 经MLPA分析,全部355例患者中190例为dystrophin基因缺失型患者,在其余非缺失型患者中检测出34例重复型突变.此外,在46名缺失型患者的母亲中发现了28名携带者,在8名重复型患者的母亲中发现了6名携带者,两组患者母亲携带者频率差异无统计学意义.经过测序验证,在1例单一外显子缺失的患者中发现17号外显子存在AGGGAACAGATCCTGGTAAAGCA小片段缺失.结论 与传统的定量方法相比,MLPA定量技术可对DMD及BMD患者全长外显子区域同时进行缺失、重复分析,并能对患者家系成员的携带状态进行判定.此外,MLPA检测结果受模板DNA的浓度及纯度影响较小.     

DMD/BMD视网膜电图研究进展

近年来研究发现大部分DMD/BMD患者有ERG异常。其异常主要表现为暗适应ERGb波波幅降低,潜伏期延长,b/a波波幅比≤1;暗适应ERG振荡电位潜伏期延长,亮适应ERG振荡电位第二小波消失或衰减等。并发现DMD/BMD患者的ERG改变与其基因型有一定的相关关系。本文综述了近年来对DMD/BMD患者的ERG研究进展,并讨论了DMD/BMD患者ERG异常的机制,提出了研究DMD/BMD患者ERG的意义。     

假肥大型肌营养不良肌肉组织神经元型一氧化氮合酶的变化

目的 观察假肥大型肌营养不良患者骨骼肌组织中nNOS的表达情况。方法 用NADPH－黄递酶组织化学染色法和抗nNOS抗体免疫组织化学法对正常对照（10名）、肌营养不良（36例）和其他神经肌肉病患者（18例）肌组织标本进行分析。结果 发现正常对照和非肌营养不良神经肌肉病以及LGMD、FSHD屠 肌膜上染色阳性，DMD肌膜上染色阴性，BMD肌膜上染色弱阳性或阴性。结论 正常对照和非DMD／BMD神经肌肉病肌膜上存在丰富的nNOS,DMD/BMD肌膜上nNOS缺乏或减少。nNOS参与调节肌肉的正常生理功能，其减少可能与DMD／BMD肌肉变性坏死有关。     

肌营养不良蛋白表达对肌营养不良症的诊断意义

目的：探讨肌营养不良蛋白在肌营养不良症患者肌组织中表达的意义。方法：运用免疫组化法对12例Duchenne型肌营养不良症（DMD）患者及5例Becker型肌营养不良症（BMD）患者的肌组织中肌营养不良蛋白的表达进行分析。并用6例非神经肌肉疾病患者的肌组织作为对照。结果：对照组6例肌组织标本中均可见肌营养不良蛋白表达,其阳性染色勾画出肌细胞的边界,胸及胞浆呈阴性。在DMD中有10例（83．33％）肌细胞膜肌营养不良蛋白不表达。BMD中3例（60）可见沿肌细胞膜分的不连续斑片状弱阳性染色。结论：肌营养不良蛋白的缺失或异常表达,是DMD／BMD型较为特异的改变。运用免疫组化法检测患者肌组织中肌营养不良蛋白的表达,可为DMD／BMD型的病理诊断提供特异指标。     

用短串联重复序列单体连锁分析进行肌营养不良症产前基因诊断

目的对２０个迪谢内／贝克肌营养不良症（ＤＭＤ／ＢＭＤ）家系进行产前基因诊断。方法应用多重聚合酶链反应（ｍＰＣＲ）和短串联重复序列（ＳＴＲ）多态单体连锁分析对２０个ＤＭＤ／ＢＭＤ家系的成员进行产前基因分析。结果１６个家系可提供充足的多态性信息，４个散发型家系不能提供多态性信息。１１例男性胎儿中，３例存在基因缺失，４例非缺失型男性胎儿的单体型与其携带者母亲相同，确定为ＤＭＤ胎儿。９例女性胎儿中５例继承了母亲的单体型，为致病基因携带者。５１例先证者母亲及其他女性血亲为杂合型。结论ＳＴＲ单体连锁分析快速、准确，基因组ＤＮＡ需要量小，可提供的信息量高，适合非缺失型ＤＭＤ／ＢＭＤ家系产前诊断的需要。同时选择ＤＭＤ基因两端和基因内４个位点进行连锁分析，可大大提高诊断的准确率     

一个BMD和二个DMD家系的RFLP连锁分析和缺失分析

用DXS28、J-Bir、DXS164和DXS84探针对一个BMD和两个DMD家系进行RFLP连锁分析,在DMD家系中,JBir/BamH Ⅰ和pERT87-1Msp Ⅰ杂交组合均能提供信息,表明该家系中先证者之妹是DMD致病基因携带者。在一个BMD家系中发现有pERT87-1的缺失,并进行了缺失分析。     

假肥大型肌营养不良症40例临床特征与基因诊断

目的对假肥大型肌营养不良症（DMD／BMD）患者总结其临床特征并进行基因诊断,以提高对DMD／BMD疾病的认识及诊断水平。方法对40例DMD／BMD患者临床特征进行总结包括临床表现、血清肌酶、肌电图及肌肉活检等,并应用18对引物多重PCR的方法对其进行Dystrophin基因缺失诊断。结果DMD／BMD为儿童期隐匿起病、缓慢进行性加重,以肌无力和肌萎缩为特点,主要选择性侵犯四肢近端肌、盆带肌、腰带肌等,可有肌肉假性肥大,有些患者可有智能减退和心肌损害;血清肌酶水平异常增高,肌电图示肌源性损害,肌肉活检呈肌病特征。基因诊断27例存在外显子片段缺失,13例未检测到缺失。结论识别DMD／BMD的临床特征有助于提高对其的诊断水平,多重PCR作为一种简便快速的诊断方法可对DMD／BMD患者进行基因诊断。     

DNA微阵列技术检测Duchenne型/Becker型肌营养不良患者的临床应用研究

目的 研究检测Duchenne型肌营养不良(：DMD)／Becker型肌营养不良(BMD)患者基因缺失的可行技术。方法 应用分子克隆的方法扩增DMD基因18个常见易缺失外显子片段，以此作为探针制备出简易DNA微阵列，对30例DMD／BMD患者和5例健康对照的基因进行检测分析。部分结果与PCR的方法作了比较。结果 应用简易：DNA微阵列检测出21例DMD／BMD患者具有不同程度的外显子缺失，10例经PCR检测得到了完全验证。结论 DNA微阵列技术检测：DMD／BMD患者简便、准确、灵敏，可在临床诊断中应用。     

Duchenne/Becker肌营养不良症家系基因分析

目的　对 1 8个DMD BMD基因 1 31例成员进行基因分析。　　方法　采用多重聚合酶链反应(mPCR)和短串联重复序列 (STR)多态单体连锁分析。　　结果　 1 0例男性胎儿中 4例存在基因缺失 ,4例非缺失型男性胎儿单体型与其携带者母亲相同 ,确定为DMD胎儿。 8例女性胎儿中 4例继承了母亲的单体型 ,为致病基因携带者。 46例先证者母亲及其他女性血亲为杂合型。 5′CA ,MP1P和内含子 44,49这 4个位点的杂合率分别为 65 2 % ,47 8% ,80 4%和 93 5%。　　结论　同时选择DMD基因两端和基因内 4个CA或TTGA位点进行联合分析 ,可大大提高诊断的准确率。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。