微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛

目的 探讨微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的手术疗效、并发症发生率及手术策略.方法 回顾分析46例面肌痉挛患者微血管减压术疗效.结果 手术中可见动脉血管压迫面神经根部出脑干区,其中小脑前下动脉压迫24例(52.17%),小脑后下动脉压迫14例(30.43%),椎动脉和小动脉同时受压7例(15.22%),椎动脉压迫1例(2.18%).38例手术后面肌抽搐症状完全缓解,8例症状显著减轻.主要并发症包括眩晕、耳鸣(9例),听力下降或丧失(5例),脑脊液漏(1例),感染(2例).无一例手术中死亡.结论 微血管减压术是治疗特发性面肌痉挛的首选方法,娴熟的显微外科手术技术及手术中正确识别责任血管并充分减压,是保证微血管减压术成功的关键.     

微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛96例分析

目的探讨微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的责任血管、手术疗效以及手术策略。方法回顾性分析采用微血管减压术的96例面肌痉挛病人的临床资料。结果本组术中均能见到血管压迫面神经根出脑干处,均为动脉血管压迫。术后68例症状完全缓解,26例明显减轻,2例手术无效;其中有1例复发。结论微血管减压术是面肌痉挛的有效治疗方法,熟练的显微外科技术,术中责任血管的识别以及减压棉片的放置是影响手术疗效的关键。     

显微血管减压治疗三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛的近期疗效观察

经后颅窝入路对7例三叉神经痛、5例面肌痉挛行显微血管减压手术治疗。7例三叉神经痛患者中有6例发现三叉神经根为动脉压迫,1例为静脉压迫。7例病人于血管减压后疼痛完全消失,且无任何神经缺陷遗留。5例面肌痉挛患者中4例面神经根有动脉压迫。血管减压后症状都获得明显缓解,1例在面神经根部未发现血管压迫,此例术后疗效不佳。微血管对神经根的压迫是三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛的一种重要病因。显微血管减压治疗这两种疾病的近期疗效甚佳,远期疗效尚待进一步观察。     

显微血管减压术治疗面肌抽搐的疗效观察

目的探讨显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的责任血管、手术疗效、并发症以及手术策略。方法回顾性分析行显微血管减压术的28例面肌痉挛病人的临床资料。术前常规行MRI检查排除继发性病因。术中确认责任血管,以Teflon棉分隔。结果本组术中均能见到血管压迫面神经出脑干处（REZ）,均为动脉血管压迫,其中小脑前下动脉15例（53．6％）,小脑后下动脉8例（28．6％）,椎动脉2例（7．1％）,多支血管复合型压迫3例（10．7％）。术后20例症状立即完全缓解,8例明显减轻;术后3个月,1例未完全缓解。主要合并症包括眩晕、耳鸣5例,听力下降或消失2例,面瘫1例。无手术死亡。结论显微血管减压术是严重面肌痉挛的首选治疗方式,术中对责任血管的判断和防止脑损伤是确保疗效的关键。     

显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛(附82例分析)

目的探讨显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的责任血管、手术疗效、并发症以及手术策略。方法回顾性分析采用显微血管减压术的82例面肌痉挛病人的临床资料。术前常规行MRI检查排除继发性病因。术中确认责任血管,以Teflon棉分隔。结果本组术中均能见到血管压迫面神经出脑干处(REZ),均为动脉血管压迫,其中小脑前下动脉43例(52.4%),小脑后下动脉25例(30.5%),椎动脉6例(7.3%),多支血管复合型压迫8例(9.8%)。术后58例症状立即完全缓解,24例明显减轻;术后3个月,仅1例未完全缓解。主要合并症包括眩晕、耳鸣15例,听力下降或消失6例,面瘫4例,脑脊液瘘1例,感染4例。无手术死亡。结论显微血管减压术是严重面肌痉挛的首选治疗方式,术中对责任血管的判断和防止脑损伤是确保疗效的关键。     

显微血管减压术治疗286例面肌痉挛的临床疗效

目的探讨显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的疗效及预后。方法回顾采用显微血管减压术治疗的286例面肌痉挛患者,分析其临床表现、手术效果和并发症之间的关系,并于术后半年进行电话随访和来院复查,分析其长期的疗效。结果 286例患者起病时均表现为单侧面部肌肉阵发性、不自主、无痛性抽搐,随病程延长呈逐渐加重的趋势。本组术中均能见到有动脉或静脉血管异常而压迫面神经根出脑干处。术后随访6月至1年,230例症状完全缓解,52例明显减轻,4例手术无效。结论显微血管减压术是治疗面肌痉挛的一种安全而有效的手术方法。     

内镜辅助的神经微血管减压术(附31例报告)

目的 探讨内镜辅助的神经微血管减压术的方法和技术要点.方法 2008年1月～2009年12月间共治疗原发性三叉神经痛17例,面肌痉挛12例,原发性三叉神经痛合并面肌痉挛2例,手术采用枕下小切口乙状窦后入路,在内镜下辅助下行神经微血管减压术,对临床资料和治疗结果进行回顾性分析.结果 31例患者术中均发现责任血管压迫并予分离、减压.本组患者无死亡,术后1例出现蛛网膜下腔出血,1例发生颅内感染,经治疗后痊愈.术后随访5个月～2年,症状完全缓解28例,症状减轻3例,无复发.结论 在神经微血管减压术应用内镜,有助于分辨责任血管,减压彻底,具有微创、安全的优点.     

显微血管减压术治疗三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛的技术差别(附37例报告)

目的为了提高手术安全性和疗效,减少术后并发症,探讨显微血管减压术治疗三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛的方法和技术细节差别。方法回顾性分析37例显微血管减压术手术患者,其中三叉神经痛15例,面肌痉挛22例,分析术中体位,切口,骨窗,责任血管压迫等细节,观察二者术后疗效。结果三叉神经痛患者术后疼痛立即完全缓解14例,1例延迟缓解。所有面肌痉挛患者痉挛症状术后即刻消失,无严重并发症。随访半年~2年,1例三叉神经痛患者复发,所有面肌痉挛患者未见复发。结论显微血管减压术是治疗三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛的有效治疗方法,但在术中体位、切口、骨窗、责任血管压迫等具体操作细节方面有细微差别,了解这些差别有助于增加手术安全性,取得更好的疗效。     

颅神经血管压迫综合征微血管减压术治疗探讨

目的探讨用微血管减压术治疗三叉神经痛、面肌痉挛、舌咽神经痛等颅神经血管压迫综合征的临床经验。方法系统回顾1999年至2005年我们采用微血管减压术治疗神经血管压迫综合征病例420例，其中三叉神经痛282例，面肌痉挛120例．舌咽神经痛18例。结果总有效406例，有效率96．67％，本组无死亡病例。结论微血管减压术是治疗颅神经血管压迫综合征的有效方法。     

椎基底动脉扩张延长症所致三叉神经痛及面肌痉挛的微血管减压手术策略及临床分析

目的探讨椎基底动脉扩张延长症所致三叉神经痛及面肌痉挛的微血管减压术中采用悬吊法的手术技巧及疗效。方法回顾分析中国科学技术大学附属第一医院(安徽省立医院)2015年6月至2018年2月160例椎基底动脉扩张延长症所致的三叉神经痛及面肌痉挛患者的临床资料,总结悬吊法在不同责任血管类型减压中的操作技巧,分析临床疗效。结果椎基底动脉扩张延长症所致三叉神经痛及面肌痉挛的病例中,椎基底动脉很少作为单支责任血管压迫神经,常伴有一支或多支血管压迫,术中结合悬吊法进行了责任血管的充分减压,三叉神经痛的手术有效率为93%,面肌痉挛的手术有效率98.2%,术后疗效及并发症较其他非椎基底动脉相关的微血管减压术无明显差异。结论对于复杂血管压迫类型,术中采用悬吊法可以充分减压,为微血管减压提供一种新的安全、有效的手术方法。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.