神经内窥镜第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水

目的 探讨对梗阻性脑积水患者采用神经内窥镜下进行第三脑室底造瘘的手术方法．分析手术成功与失败的原因。方法梗阻性脑积水原因分别为第三脑室后部肿瘤5例，中脑顶板胶质瘤2例，Chiari畸形2例，另12例为不明原因引起的导水管梗阻或狭窄。同位素^99Tcm-TPA脑池显像显示为非脑脊液吸收障碍性阻塞性脑积水。神经内窥镜从侧脑室经蒙氏孔进入第三脑室，在乳头体前方第三脑室底最薄处造一瘘口与脚间池相通。结果术后随访12～26个月，所有患者脑积水症状均缓解，脑室体积缩小。结论神经内窥镜行第三脑室底造瘘治疗非脑脊液吸收障碍性脑积水是一种有效的微创手术。     

经胼胝体前部入路的侧脑室和第三脑室显微和内镜解剖研究

目的探讨经胼胝体前部入路侧脑室和第三脑室显微镜和内镜解剖特点,为微创切除侧脑室和第三脑室病变减少并发症、提高手术效果提供解剖学依据。方法应用5具新鲜尸头模拟经胼胝体前部入路,在显微镜及神经内镜下观察侧脑室及第三脑室的重要解剖标志及其毗邻关系,测量重要解剖标志的间距。结果显微镜下侧脑室内可观察到脉络丛、隔静脉、丘纹静脉、室间孔、透明隔,内镜可进一步观察部分额角、枕角及三角区;神经内镜下第三脑室底壁从前向后依次可见视交叉、漏斗隐窝、灰结节、乳头体和中脑导水管。结论经胼胝体前部入路手术,通过颅内自然裂隙进入,直视下操作,解剖标志清楚;神经内镜辅助显微镜,可进一步扩大视野,减少对周围重要结构损伤;熟悉该入路的解剖标志及相关解剖有助于提高手术效果。     

经额侧脑室联合翼点入路显微切除第三脑室颅咽管瘤

目的探讨经额侧脑室联合翼点入路显微切除鞍上突入第三脑室的内外型颅咽管瘤的手术适应证、疗效及并发症的防治。方法18例第三脑室内外型颅咽管瘤首先采用经额皮质造瘘,侧脑室室间孔入路切除侧脑室、第三脑室内肿瘤,然后应用翼点入路切除鞍上及鞍旁残余肿瘤。结果肿瘤全切除15例,次全切除3例。患者术后视力改善率75．0％（24／32）,视野改善率76．5％（26／34）;术后16例患者出现不同程度尿崩,3例出现癫痫症状。结论对脑室内外型颅咽管瘤,经额皮质造瘘侧脑室室间孔入路联合翼点入路,充分暴露第三脑室底部、下丘脑、鞍区各脑池及其穿通血管等结构,可提高肿瘤的全切率,减少手术并发症。     

神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗交通性脑积水

目的 探讨神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术成功治疗交通性脑积水的手术机制和指征.方法 回顾性分析18例神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗交通性脑积水患者的临床资料.结果 11例患者术前MRI显示第四脑室异常扩张和“喇叭形”中脑导水管出口,其中9例效果良好;另外7例无此影像学特征的均失败而需进一步行分流术.结论 神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术是 治疗部分交通性脑积水的有效手段,而近端脑池梗阻可能是其重要的作用机制.第四脑室相对第三脑室异常扩张和“喇叭形”中脑导水管出口可能是此类患者的影像学特征,可作为第三脑室底造瘘术治疗交通性脑积水的手术指征之一.     

神经内窥镜手术治疗小儿脑积水

目的介绍一种治疗导水管狭窄性梗阻性脑积水的新方法.方法经侧脑室-室间孔-三脑室置入神经内窥镜,于三脑室底与脚间池之间造一瘘孔.结果 9例近期疗效好,前囟张力正常,2例改行脑室腹腔分流术.结论神经内窥镜下三脑室底脚间池造瘘是一种安全、有效、并发症少的微创手术.     

内镜下行第三脑室底造瘘术治疗脑室炎后慢性脑积水

目的 探讨应用神经内镜在治疗慢性复杂脑积水的效果.方法 回顾性分析了15例用神经内镜行第三脑底造瘘术并脑室冲洗治疗的慢性复杂脑积水的病人资料.结果 15病人获得良好的效果,无并发症发生,1例病人术后15 d,脑积水复发,冉次行第三脑底造瘘时发现造瘘口闭合,二次造瘘后恢复良好.结论 神经内镜行第三脑底造瘘术并脑室冲洗治疗慢性复杂脑积水的病人有确实效果.     

神经内镜治疗迟发特发性中脑导水管狭窄脑积水的临床效果分析

目的 探讨神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术(endoscopic third ventriculostomy,ETV)对迟发特发性中脑导水管狭窄(Late-onset idiopathic aqueduct stenosis,LIAS)脑积水的临床疗效.方法 2009年1月至2012年12月间收治的15例LIAS患者,在神经内镜下行第三脑室底造瘘治疗,并利用MRI、临床症状、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)在术前和术后对患者进行评估、比较分析,了解LIAS患者的临床特点和神经内镜治疗效果.结果 15例LIAS患者术前MRI均有可见的中脑导水管狭窄或梗阻,侧脑室和第三脑室扩大,脑组织相对萎缩,无室管膜下渗出;术后3个月MRI显示第三脑室底造瘘口通畅,脑室缩小.MoCA、临床症状评估显示术后3个月较术前有明显改善.所有病人利用Odom评价标准进行调查,显示患者对手术效果满意度高.结论 神经内镜第三脑室底造瘘可明显改善LIAS患者的认知功能和临床症状,注意不应该把此类患者定义为静止性脑积水进行保守治疗.     

神经内镜下三脑室底造瘘术治疗交通性脑积水(15例报告)

目的 探讨神经内镜下行三脑室底造瘘术治疗交通性脑积水的手术适应证.方法 15例交通性脑积水病人均行神经内镜下三脑室底造瘘术,术前术后行NPH评分,测Evans指数,腰穿测颅内压,脑池显像观察脑脊液动力学的改变.结果 患者术后NPH评分平均提高(3.26±1.83),Evans指数平均减小(0.11±0.09),颅内压平均下降(66.3±65.8)mmH2O,均较术前改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),脑池显像表明放射性示踪剂在术后1~3h进入侧脑室,术后6h离开侧脑室,术后24h于大脑凸面呈大致对称的放射性分布.结论 神经内镜下三脑室底造瘘术可应用于交通性脑积水,造瘘同时穿透Liliequist膜间脑叶具有重要意义.     

神经内镜脑室应用解剖学研究与临床应用

目的研究脑室的神经内镜解剖学特点,探讨其临床应用价值.方法在15例尸颅标本及20例脑积水患者术中用神经内镜观察侧脑室、第三脑室的解剖结构.采用神经内镜治疗脑积水20例,其中行ETV 16例,1例行透明隔造瘘术,3例行脑室-腹腔分流术,并分析其临床和影像学结果.结果脉络丛、室间孔、乳头体及导水管开口等是内镜经额角人路观察侧脑室和第三脑室的重要＂路标＂.20例脑积水患者治疗后,19例症状好转,影像学复查脑室缩小的14例;1例脑转移瘤引起的脑积水患者,术后3月死亡.并发脑膜炎1例,发热2例,1例切口愈合不良,4例ETV术后并发头皮下少量积聚液,出血2例.结论经额角入路观察范围最大,是脑室内神经内镜手术的最常用入路.对于多种原因引起的梗阻性脑积水患者ETV有很好的效果.慎重选择造瘘部位和器械对于避免出血等严重并发症有重要意义.     

神经内镜下三脑室底造瘘术治疗交通性脑积水的影像分析

目的 探讨神经内镜下三脑室底造瘘术治疗交通性脑积水的磁共振特点,指导临床选择手术适应证.方法 15例患者行神经内镜下三脑室底造瘘术,磁共振常规扫描分析其术前术后的影像特点.结果 15例患者术后随访6个月至2年,术后影像显示梗阻部位的积水解除,脑室缩小,室周水肿现象减退,病人症状改善.结论 磁共振可通过显示脑池的大小,三脑室底的形态,室周水肿现象推断交通性脑积水在脑室外脑池内梗阻部位,通过对交通性脑积水的术前影像分析,可帮助确定交通性脑积水行神经内镜下三脑室底造瘘术的手术适应证.     

Anatomical variants in the floor of the third ventricle; implications for endoscopic third ventriculostomy

Longstanding hydrocephalus and raised intracranial pressure can lead to unusual anatomical variants in the floor of the third ventricle, which may be important when performing endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Two middle aged patients with symptomatic longstanding hydrocephalus had scans that showed ventricular hydrocephalus, an empty sella, and a dilated infundibular recess which herniated into the sella turcica. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy confirmed that instead of the tuber cinerum and infundibular recess, the anterior inferior floor of the third ventricle was hanging down ventral to the pons into the sellar floor. Third ventriculostomy to the prepontine cistern was made on the dorsal wall of the dilated infundibular recess to the area surrounded by the dorsum sellae, the basilar artery trunk, and the left superior cerebellar artery, with good symptomatic control. Association of the empty sella and persistence of the infundibular recess must be carefully evaluated by MRI before attempting endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Herniation of the anterior inferior floor of the third ventricle into the empty sella can lead to loss of anatomical landmarks that require special attention during third ventriculostomy.     

第三脑室解剖特征对非交通性脑积水婴儿第三脑室造瘘术的影响

目的总结1岁以下非交通性脑积水病儿能成功进行脑室镜第三脑室底造瘘术（ETV）的脑室解剖特征。方法回顾性分析16例1岁以下非交通性脑积水病儿的临床资料,术前均行MRI检查,结合MRI与术中脑室镜下所见的第三脑室的解剖学特征,分析其与手术效果的关系。结果MRI检查显示：可能影响实施ETV的第三脑室异常解剖特征包括巨大中间块、第三脑室底部倾斜、第三脑室前后径狭窄、桥前池狭窄、第三脑室底部厚度大于2mm;而术中脑室镜下所见影响ETV的异常解剖特征有室间孔狭窄、前联合肥大、巨大中间块、第三脑室底不透明。如果同时存在桥前池狭窄和第三脑室底部厚度大于2mm．或巨大中间块和第三脑室前后径狭窄同时出现时,将会使ETV失败的风险大大增加。结论术前MRI评估和术中脑室镜下观察第三脑室解剖学特征对成功实施ETV十分重要。     

Endoscopic surgical anatomy of the paediatric third ventricle studied using virtual neuroendoscopy based on 3-D ultrasonography

INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic treatment for occlusive hydrocephalus requires knowledge of individual ventricular and vascular anatomies of the ventricular system. METHODS: We studied the feasibility of virtual neuroendoscopy (VNE) based on 3-D ultrasonography (3-D US) for the identification of parenchymal and vascular anatomical landmarks of the third ventricle and its impact on the surgical planning of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in paediatric patients. 3-D US was performed through the anterior fontanel in four infants with hydrocephalus. RESULTS: Virtual neuroendoscopy revealed the size of the foramen of Monro, anatomical landmarks of the floor of the third ventricle crucial for correct fenestration during ETV, but not the premesencephalic cistern. The basilar bifurcation was identified in relation to the floor of the third ventricle by VNE (power-Doppler ultrasonography) and confirmed intraoperatively after ETV. CONCLUSION: 3-D US-based VNE reveals detailed anatomical information on the ventricular system including the foramen of Monro and the floor of the third ventricle. Within the premesencephalic cistern vascular anatomy can be visualized, but not non-vascular structures.     

Ventricular anatomy of hydrocephalus associated with myeloschisis and endoscopic third ventriculostomy

Objects To characterize the anatomical features of the ventricular regions in patients with myeloschisis and related to successful performance of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV). Methods Radiological and endoscopic findings of 21 myeloschisis patients were retrospectively reviewed. Radiological features that could interfere with endoscopic procedures were (1) a huge massa intermedia (12/19), (2) sloping of the third ventricular floor (3/10), (3) narrow anteroposterior length of the third ventricular floor (2/10), and (4) narrow prepontine cistern (8/21). Endoscopic findings were (a) a narrow foramen of Monro (0/3), (b) hypertrophy of the anterior commissure (1/3), (c) sloping of the third ventricle floor (1/3), (d) a huge massa intermedia (3/3), and (e) opaque third ventricular floor (3/3). These endoscopic findings did not interfere with endoscopic procedures by using the Oi-HandyPro neuroendoscope without the above-mentioned radiological features 3 or 4. Conclusion Narrow anteroposterior length of the third ventricular floor and narrow prepontine cistern are not infrequently observed. Preoperative evaluation and intraoperative inspection of these findings are very important in successful performance of ETV.     

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy.

Among patients with idopathic aqueductal stenosis or impedance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in the posterior fossa due to tumour, endoscopic fenestration of the floor of the third ventricle creates an alternative route for CSF flow to the subarachnoid space via the prepeduncular cistern. By reestablishing CSF flow, this procedure dissipates any pressure gradient on midline structures. This may obviate the need for traditional CSF shunt diversion techniques in such settings. Currently, endoscopic third ventriculostomy is indicated in approximately 25% of patients with hydrocephalus and can be performed instead of shunt placement. Appropriate patients are those with aqueductal stenosis (10%), obstructive tumours (10%), and obstructive cysts (5%). Additional recent data suggest the favorability of third ventriculostomy over shunt implantation in additional patient cohorts. Operative technique is discussed.     

后部颞下锁孔入路的显微解剖学研究及可行性探讨

目的 为后部颞下锁孔入路治疗中脑背外侧病变提供解剖学依据。方法 对10具经10％甲醛溶液固定的成人尸头标本模拟后部颞下锁孔入路．在显微镜下观察所显露的解剖结构。结果 经后部颞下锁孔入路可以充分暴露小脑幕切迹区、环池、中脑背外侧、滑车神经及伴行的小脑上动脉、大脑后动脉（P2、P3段）、脉络膜后内侧动脉、四叠体池。Labbe静脉对后部颞下锁孔入路无影响。结论 经后部颞下锁孔入路可以很好地暴露中脑背外侧及其幕缘部位．可用于治疗中脑背外侧病变。     

神经内镜扩大经鼻-垂体移位切除三脑室-脚间池巨大皮样囊肿1例并文献复习

目的 探讨神经内镜扩大经鼻-垂体移位切除三脑室-脚间池巨大皮样囊肿的疗效及并发症.方法 回顾分析1例行神经内镜下扩大经鼻垂体移位切除三脑室-脚间池巨大皮样囊肿的女性患者的临床资料.并复习传统开颅手术及神经内镜下垂体移位切除中线区肿瘤的相关文献.结果 应用神经内镜扩大经鼻垂体移位完整切除了患者的三脑室-脚间池巨大皮样囊肿...     

Contribution of 3D CISS MRI for pre- and post-therapeutic monitoring of obstructive hydrocephalus

This report describes the use of the recent three-dimensional Fourier transform constructing imaging in the steady state (CISS) MR sequence in the management of obstructive hydrocephalus. It is a gradient-echo imaging technique with high resolution which remains sensitive to flow. It enables locating the obstruction and determining the upstream impact. It provides anatomical information about third ventricle (V3) morphology and relationships useful before ventriculostomy. Twenty patients with obstructive hydrocephalus at the level of cerebral aqueduct or posterior V3 underwent sagittal 3DFT-CISS acquisition, supplemented by frontal, axial and coronal reformations in the cerebral aqueduct axis. 9 patients were examined after ventriculostomy with the same protocol. CISS-3DFT allows good visualization of the cerebral aqueduct and diagnosis of the underlying cause of obstruction (malformation, tumor), sometimes better than classical sequences. In case of complete obstruction, the flow-related signal void is usually absent in the cerebral aqueduct or V3. The position of V3 floor and its relationship with the tip of basilar artery are well analyzed. The dilatation of the anterior V3 recesses is a better sign of activity of hydrocephalus - and then of therapeutical indication - than classical transependymal resorption signs which are not always present in chronic longstanding adult hydrocephalus. Of the 9 ventriculostomy patients seven had linear flow-related signal void through V3 floor, from anterior V3 to basal cisterns on the postoperative MR study. This flow void confirms patent ventriculostomy.