中央区窦/镰旁脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗

<正>大脑镰及矢状窦旁是脑膜瘤好发部位[1,2],中央区巨大肿瘤常侵犯上矢状窦或中央沟静脉,使其部分或完全闭塞,与下矢状窦、皮层静脉及重要皮层关系密切,增加了全切肿瘤的难度,是否必须全切与重建矢状窦仍存争议[3]。我院于2003年7月2012年12月共收治中央区矢状窦镰旁脑膜瘤30例,显微外科手术治疗情况,报告如下。     

大型中央回区矢状窦旁脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗21例报告

矢状窦旁脑膜瘤是脑膜瘤的好发部位之一,约占颅内脑膜瘤的17％～20％[1]。中央回区矢状窦旁脑膜瘤由于位于脑的重要功能区,手术既要争取全切肿瘤,又要注意保护中央回区皮层和中央沟静脉,妥善处理矢状窦,因此手术相对难度较大,可能导致严重并发症。     

中央区大脑镰旁脑膜瘤显微手术治疗

目的 为提高中央区大脑镰旁脑膜瘤的手术效果.方法 回顾性总结20例中央区大脑镰旁脑膜瘤的临床表现、诊断方式、显微手术及其疗效.结果 按Simpson切除分级标准,Ⅰ级15例(75%),Ⅱ级3例(15%),Ⅲ级2例(10%),手术无死亡.结论 应用显微外科技术治疗中央区大脑镰旁脑膜瘤,可以有效减少中央沟静脉和脑重要功能区的损伤,提高全切率.     

矢状窦旁脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗

目的提高矢状窦旁脑膜瘤的手术治疗效果。方法同顾性分析67例矢状窦旁脑膜瘤的临床资料。结果SimpsonⅠ级切除24例(35．8％)，Ⅱ级切除37例(55．2％)，Ⅲ级切除6例(9．0％)。死亡2例，存活病人中1例一侧肢体偏瘫，1例双下肢瘫痪。48例随访1～5年，5例复发。结论有效的控制术中出血，采用显微外科技术，保护矢状窦，避免脑皮质、中央沟静脉和其它引流静脉的损伤是提高欠状窦旁脑膜瘤手术全切率和手术疗效的重要因素。     

中央区矢状窦旁脑膜瘤显微手术及中央沟静脉保护(16例报告)

矢状窦旁脑膜瘤是颅内常见脑膜瘤之一, 而位于中央区附近的窦旁脑膜瘤,因常常累及矢状窦以及中央沟静脉等引流静脉,且术中易导致中央沟静脉损伤而导致术后肢体瘫痪等并发症,严重影响患者的生活质量.所以,在全切除肿瘤的基础上,重视对中央沟静脉及重要引流静脉的保护显得尤为重要.2006年10月~2010年6月,我科采用显微手术切除中央区矢状窦旁脑膜瘤16例,术中注意了对中央沟静脉的保护,效果良好.现报告如下.     

中央回区矢状窦旁脑膜瘤的显微手术策略及临床疗效分析

正矢状窦旁蛛网膜颗粒细胞较为丰富,是脑膜瘤的常见好发部位,肿瘤基底位于矢状窦及大脑镰,占颅内脑膜瘤的17%~20%,而中1/3矢状窦毗邻中央前、后回,并有粗大中央沟引流静脉,附近区域通常被定义为中央回区~[1],该部位脑膜瘤手术难度大,术后可出现严重偏瘫、重度脑水肿等并发症。我们对该部位的肿瘤既要力争全切,又要保护中央回区重要结     

大脑镰旁脑膜瘤显微外科手术治疗

目的探讨大脑镰旁脑膜瘤的手术方法和技巧。方法对16例经手术治疗的大脑镰旁脑膜瘤的临床治疗进行回顾性分析。结果手术全切肿瘤13例,其中SimpsonI级切除9例,SimpsonlI级切除4例,其余3例SimpsonIII级切除。术后随访6—72月,2例复发,无手术死亡。结论大脑镰旁脑膜瘤手术治疗力争达到全切除,有效地控制术中出血、保护并妥善处理好重要回流静脉是确保手术成功的关键。     

侵及颅内主要静脉系统脑膜瘤的手术治疗

目的提高侵及颅内主要静脉系统脑膜瘤手术的全切率,总结利用显微外科技术切除肿瘤和处理颅内静脉系统的经验和技巧。方法我院1991年7月至2001年7月,手术治疗300例侵及颅内主要静脉系统的脑膜瘤,包括(1)矢状窦旁脑膜瘤;(2)大脑镰旁脑膜瘤;(3)小脑幕脑膜瘤;(4)横窦和窦汇区脑膜瘤;(5)镰幕脑膜瘤;(6)海绵窦脑膜瘤;(7)乙状窦脑膜瘤;(8)颈静脉孔区脑膜瘤。视肿瘤部位采用相应的手术入路,根据静脉系统受侵及的程度做不同的处理。结果按脑膜瘤切除的Simpson's分级,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ级为全切除,全切率为86.7%,死亡率为1.7%。结论当脑膜瘤侵及不同的硬脑膜静脉窦或重要的颅内静脉时,手术处理方法不同。采用显微神经外科技术可提高脑膜瘤的全切率,并降低死亡率。     

矢状窦旁及大脑镰旁脑膜瘤58例显微手术体会

目的探讨矢状窦旁及大脑镰旁脑膜瘤的手术治疗方法,总结显微外科手术经验。方法回顾性分析58例矢状窦旁及大脑镰旁脑膜瘤的临床资料、手术方法及疗效。结果按Simpson切除分级标准,Ⅰ级切除20例(34.5%),Ⅱ级切除28例(48.3%),III级切除4例(6.9%),无手术死亡。结论彻底切除脑膜瘤及受累的硬脑膜、矢状窦、大脑镰是预防矢状窦旁及大脑镰旁脑膜瘤复发的有效手段。合适的手术入路,矢状窦和中央沟静脉的妥善处理和保护,避免功能区脑组织的损伤,是提高矢状窦旁及大脑镰旁脑膜瘤手术疗效的重要因素。     

中央沟区矢状窦旁脑膜瘤手术治疗的临床分析

目的探讨中央沟区矢状窦旁脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗方法及效果。方法回顾性分析32例采用显微手术切除的中央沟区矢状窦旁脑膜瘤病人的临床资料。结果 SimpsonⅠ级切除3例,SimpsonⅡ级切除15例,SimpsonⅣ级切除14例。无手术死亡病例。无新增癫疒间发作。术后运动障碍改善14例,感觉障碍改善9例。严重脑水肿和梗死1例,去骨瓣加压术后恢复良好。随访6个月~7年,平均45个月,复发6例(SimpsonⅡ级切除2例和Ⅳ级切除4例),其中2例再次手术治疗。结论术前充分评估,术中合理处理回流静脉、中央沟静脉和上矢状窦,尽可能避免毗邻脑组织的再损伤是提高手术效果和改善生活质量的重要手段,不应过分追求肿瘤全切。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.