急性缺血性脑卒中后高血糖患者糖代谢异常的研究

目的 研究并探讨急性缺血性脑卒中后高血糖与糖代谢之间的关系.方法 采用前瞻性观察的办法,对发病72h以内、无糖尿病史、入院后第2天空腹血糖≥6.1mmol/L的68例急性缺血性脑卒中患者,在住院后1周内及出院后3个月随访时进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),以判断糖代谢状况.结果 急性缺血性脑卒中患者急性期新诊断的糖调节受损患者28例(41.18%),糖尿病患者26例(35.29%),总的糖代谢异常54例(76.47%).若不进行OGTT试验,仅依靠检测空腹血糖,将有67.86%糖调节异常患者和58.33%糖尿病患者被漏诊.结论 OGTT与空腹血糖相比,OGTT明显提高糖代谢异常的检出率.大多数急性缺血性脑卒中后高血糖并不单是机体的一种应激反应,而是糖代谢异常的表现.     

糖调节受损与颅内外动脉闭塞性病变的相关性

目的观察非糖尿病缺血性卒中患者糖调节受损（IGR）的发病率，并研究IGR与颅内外动脉粥样硬化性狭窄或闭塞（简称颅内外动脉闭塞性病变）的相关性。方法以非糖尿病且空腹血糖水平（FPG）〈7．0mmol／L的缺血性卒中患者为研究对象（病程3周至半年）。依据经颅多普勒超声和头颅磁共振血管成像结果，将被研究者分为狭窄组（大血管病变组）与非狭窄组（小血管病变组）；依据口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT），5．6mmol／L≤FPG〈7．0mmol／L和（或）7．8mmol／L≤OGTT2h血糖〈11．1mmol／L者诊断为IGR，OGTT2h血糖≥11．1mmol／L者诊断为糖尿病。结果（1）160例缺血性卒中患者中IGR及糖尿病的患病率分别为35．6％（57／160）和21．8％（35／160）；其中狭窄组为40．9％（45／110）和26．3％（29／110），非狭窄组为24．0％（12／50）和12．0％（6／50），两组比较前者明显高于后者（P=0．038，0．042）；（2）Logistic回归分析显示OGTT2h血糖、低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇及缺血性卒中家族史为颅内外动脉闭塞性病变的独立危险因素（OR=1．362、0．149、7．518，P=0．019、0．003、0．002）。结论经OGTT发现，IGR在缺血性卒中患者中普遍存在，尤其伴有颅内外动脉闭塞性病变者更为常见。而OGTT2h血糖是IGR患者导致颅内外动脉闭塞性病变的独立危险因素。     

急性脑卒中患者糖代谢异常研究

目的 探讨急性脑卒中患者糖代谢异常的流行状况.方法 将202例新发脑卒中连续病例分为已知糖尿病组和非已知糖尿病组,对所有空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)＜7.0mmol/L的非已知糖尿病患者均行糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT) .结果 急性脑卒中患者糖代谢异常的比例高达 66.4%,其中单纯性负荷后高血糖(isolated postprandial hyperglycemia,IPH)为 14.4%,单纯性糖耐量受损(isolated impaired glucose tolerance, I-IGT)为 23.3%.若不进行OGTT试验,仅依靠检测空腹血糖,将有100%I-IGT患者和80.6%糖尿病患者被漏诊.结论 急性脑卒中患者中存在普遍的糖代谢异常,糖耐量试验是及时发现I-IGT和IPH的有效方法.     

氯氮平引起糖耐量异常的相关因素分析

目的　探讨氯氮平治疗引起糖耐量异常的相关因素。方法　将空腹血糖 7 0mmol/L 11.1mmol/L作为诊断糖耐量异常 (IGT)的标准 ,对 130例服用氯氮平的患者进行调查 ,对有关资料进行分析。结果　130例服用氯氮平的患者中有 18例出现糖耐量异常 ,发生率为 13 8%。有与无糖耐量异常两组之间年龄、家族史和体重指数差异有显著性 ,而性别、血脂、服药剂量和时间等差异无显著性。结论　服用氯氮平的患者糖耐量异常的发生率远高于一般人群 ,年龄较大、有糖尿病家族史及肥胖者发生机率更大     

首发精神分裂症患者的糖代谢研究

目的　探讨首发精神分裂症患者的糖代谢情况。方法　对 86例首发精神分裂症患者及 45名健康人进行糖耐量试验(OGTT) ,并检测其空腹血浆胰岛素、C肽的浓度。结果　两组间空腹血糖、餐后 3h血糖、空腹胰岛素、C肽的差异无显著性 ,病例组餐后 1h血糖值 [( 7 89± 1 77)mmol/L]、2h的血糖值 [( 6 2 4± 1 14 )mmol/L]、OGTT血糖曲线下面积 (AUC) [( 18 2 4± 2 76)mmol/(L·h) ]比对照组 [分别为 ( 6 5 4± 1 84)mmol/L ,( 5 88± 2 78)mmol/L ,( 15 86± 1 93 )mmol/L/h ,P分别小于 0 .0 1、0 .0 5、0 0 1]要大 ;组间糖耐量减退 (IGT)的发生率无显著性差异 ( χ2 =0 5 84,P >0 0 5 ) ;偏执型患者组与青春型患者组间的空腹血糖、2h血糖值无显著性差异 (t=1 476,P均大于 0 0 5 ) ;发生IGT的病例组与未发生IGT病例组组间阳性和阴性症状量表 (PANSS)总分及 4个分量表分值的差异无显著性差异 (P均大于 0 0 5 )。结论　首发精神分裂症患者存在餐后高血糖现象。     

佛山市急性脑血管病住院患者糖代谢异常调查

目的 调查佛山地区急性脑血管疾病住院患者糖代谢异常的情况,以帮助医生制定更合理的诊断和治疗方案,改善预后.方法 选取2007年6月至2008年4月在我院神经内科住院的符合急性脑血管病诊断纳入标准的患者为研究对象,共收集有效病例557例,记录患者性别、年龄、高血糖史、吸烟情况,测量身高、体重、血压、腰围及随机血糖、空腹血糖,对未确诊糖尿病的患者进行口服75 g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)检测空腹和餐后2 h血糖,以判断糖代谢状况.结果 脑血管病住院患者中发现糖代谢异常368例(66.1%),其中糖尿病185例(33.2%),糖调节受损183例(32.9%),正常糖耐量189例(33.9%),若不进行OGTT试验仅依靠空腹血糖,则有89.1%(189/368)的糖调节受损患者和14.1%(26/185)糖尿病患者被漏诊.结论 佛山地区急性脑血管疾病患者大多数合并糖代谢异常,通过OGTY可以及时准确地发现这些合并糖代谢异常的患者,有利于我们下一步制定更合理的治疗方案.     

609例缺血性卒中住院患者糖调节异常的横断面研究

目的 了解北京地区首发缺血性卒中（first-ever ischemic stroke，FIS）住院患者的糖调节异常（abnormal glucose regulation，AGR）情况；了解口服葡萄糖耐量试验（oral glucose tolerance test，OGTT）在糖调节异常诊断中的重要意义。方法 选取2008年8月至2009年11月在北京天坛医院神经内科住院并连续入组的FIS患者为研究对象，有效病例609例。记录患者的年龄、性别、既往糖尿病（diabetes mellitus，DM）史、血压、各项生化指标及入院时美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（National Institute of Health Stroke Scale，NIHSS）评分及格拉斯哥昏迷量表（Glasgow Coma Scale，GCS）评分等。于患者发病后（14±3）天行口服OGTT检查，了解FIS患者糖代谢异常情况，并采用Kappa一致性检验比较空腹血糖诊断糖调节异常标准与OGTT诊断标准间差异。结果 在609例FIS患者中，既往有明确糖尿病史患者120例，新诊断DM143例，新诊断糖调节受损（impaired glucose regulation，IGR）137例，AGR总患病率为65.7%，其中DM的患病率为43.2%，IGR的患病率为22.5%。如果仅检测空腹血糖（fasting plasma glucose，FPG），则漏诊122例IGR患者，漏诊率为89.1%，同时会漏诊95例新诊断DM患者，漏诊率为66.4%。在糖调节异常诊断上，以OGTT诊断标准为金标准，将空腹血糖标准与OGTT标准行Kappa检验，得出Kappa值=0.226，P＜0.05，提示两种诊断标准一致性较差。结论 北京地区住院FIS患者大多数合并AGR。但如果仅检测FPG则会漏诊很多AGR患者，故对入院FIS患者行OGTT筛查非常必要。空腹血糖标准不能替代OGTT标准。     

糖尿病伴泌汗异常21例

临床资料 男性10例,女性11例;年龄58～75岁,平均65．7岁。其中糖尿病患者19例,病程为2～15年,平均7．5年。2例患者无糖尿病史。21例患者泌汗异常时间为0．5～9年,平均3．7年。糖尿病控制情况：满意者14例（空腹血糖在6．1mmol／L以下）,不良者5例（空腹血糖在7．Ommol／L以上）。     

阿卡波糖治疗精神分裂症伴糖耐量减低的随机对照研究

目的探讨阿卡波糖治疗精神分裂症患者伴发糖耐量减低的疗效与不良反应。方法选取60例糖耐量减低的精神分裂症患者，随机分为2组，分别接受阿卡波糖（阿卡波糖组）、二甲双胍（二甲双胍组）治疗，疗程4周。检测治疗前、治疗后4周空腹血糖（FPG）、糖耐量试验2小时血糖值（2HPG）及糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）。结果两组治疗后FPG、2HPG及HbAlc较治疗前均显著下降（P〈0．05）；阿卡波糖组治疗后2HPG较二甲双胍组下降显著（P〈0．05），而治疗后FPG、HbAlc则与二甲双胍组无显著差异（P〉0．05）；两组不良反应发生率相近。结论阿卡波糖可用于临床治疗精神分裂症伴发糖耐量减低。     

糖尿病伴发外展神经麻痹4例临床报告

糖尿病伴发外展神经麻痹少见，1990～1995年诊治4例，报道如下。例1男性，50岁，复视1天就诊．，患糖尿病5年，控制饮食和药物治疗，效果满意．检查：右眼外展受限，其余颅神经及四肢正常．空腹血糖7．6mmol/L，尿糖（ ）．例2女性，52岁，复视4天就诊．无糖尿病史．检查：除右眼外展不全和跟腱反射减弱外，其余神经系统阴性．空腹血糖为23mmol几，尿糖（ ）.例3男性，66岁，因视物成双3天就诊．患糖尿病6年，控制饮食和药物治疗，无症状．检查；右眼外展稍受限，其余项神经及四肢正常．空腹血糖8．6mmol／L，尿糖（＋＋）．例4男性，67…     

86例颈总动脉粥样硬化患者糖代谢分析

目的探讨颈总动脉粥样硬化程度与血糖异常情况。方法 86例行颈总动脉检查根据颈动脉硬化程度分组,并行空腹血糖、糖耐量及血脂检查。结果糖耐量异常患者颈总动脉粥样硬化程度比正常糖耐量硬化程度高(P<0.05)。结论早期干预糖耐量异常患者血糖具有临床意义。     

糖尿病前期周围神经病的神经电生理研究

目的 探讨神经电生理(神经传导、F波及皮肤交感反应)检查对糖尿病前期周围神经病的诊断价值。方法 选取100例糖尿病前期患者、50例糖尿病患者及50例健康志愿者,糖尿病前期患者又分为糖耐量异常及空腹血糖受损组,分别为55例及45例; 对上述对象进行四肢神经传导(Nerve conduction studies, NCS)、F波、皮肤交感反应(Skin sympathetic response,SSR)检查。结果(1)糖耐量异常组正中神经感觉动作电位(Sensory nerve active potential,SNAP)、胫后和腓总神经SNAP及感觉传导速度(Sensory nerve conduction velocity,SCV)均低于正常对照组及空腹血糖受损组,空腹血糖受损组腓总神经SNAP、胫后神经SCV均低于正常对照组(P均<0.05);(2)空腹血糖受损组、糖耐量异常组上肢及下肢SSR波幅均低于正常对照组(P均<0.05),糖耐量异常组下肢SSR波幅低于空腹血糖受损组(P均<0.05);(3)糖耐量异常组F波、感觉神经NCS,SSR异常的比例多于正常对照组,空腹血糖受损组SSR异常比例多于正常对照组,糖耐量异常组感觉神经NCS异常的比例多于空腹血糖受损组(P均<0.05)。结论 糖尿病前期患者存在周围有髓鞘大感觉神经纤维及无髓鞘小神经纤维损害,其中糖耐量异常患者周围神经损害重于空腹血糖受损患者,电生理检查以感觉神经NCS及SSR异常为主,利用神经电生理技术利于其周围神经损害的早期诊断。     

Determination of nerve conduction abnormalities in patients with impaired glucose tolerance

Recent studies have shown that impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is associated with dysfunction in the peripheral and autonomic nerves. The aim of this study was to determine the electrophysiological abnormalities of IGT. To determine electrophysiological abnormality in the large sensorimotor and sudomotor autonomic nerves with IGT patients, 43 patients and 34 healthy subjects have been studied. Subjective neuropathy symptoms, neurological examination and the electrophysiological findings were evaluated. When conduction of large somatic fibers only was evaluated, the ratio of electrophysiological abnormality was found to be 21%. In addition, where sympathetic skin response was evaluated the sudomotor autonomic abnormality ratio was 28% in upper extremities, 53% in lower extremities, and 16% in upper and lower extremities together. The percentages of abnormal electrophysiological parameters in different motor and sensory nerves were 39.5% in the peroneal motor nerve, 20.9% in the median motor and sural sensory nerves, 18.6% in the median sensory nerve, 16.3% in the tibial motor nerve, 14% in the ulnar sensory nerve, and 2.3% in the ulnar motor nerve. While distal motor latency was the most frequent abnormal parameter in the median and tibial motor nerves, the amplitude changes in the peroneal and ulnar motor nerves were also prominent. In sensory evaluation, the onset latency in the median-ulnar sensory nerves and the amplitude in the sural sensory nerve were found to be evident abnormalities.     

Evaluation of visual pathways using visual evoked potentials in the patients with impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance

Purpose: There are many studies on degeneration of the ganglion cells using visual evoked potential (VEP) in Diabetes mellitus (DM). The present study intended to investigate whether the retinopathy findings would be helpful for detecting the degeneration to develop or not in retinal ganglion cells with the VEP test before being detectable in ophthalmoscopic examination on prediabetic patients.

Materials and methods: The present study was conducted prospectively after obtaining approval from the Ethics Committee. In our study, the subjects were divided into three groups as impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and normal patients. They also underwent physical, ophthalmological and VEP examination. Three main components of VEP obtained from these groups were N75, P100, and N145 latency and N75-P100 amplitude.

Results: The study participants consisted of the IFG group (n: 30, female/male ratio: 21/9; mean age: 49.17?±?10.52 years), the IGT group (n: 30, female/male ratio: 23/7; mean age: 47.00?±?11.09 years), and the Control Group (n: 40, female/male ratio: 30/10; mean age: 48.03?±?10.96 years). Difference in sex and age between the study groups (p?>?0.05). P100 latency was found to increase significantly in comparison between the IGT and Control Group for both eyes (p right: 0.003, p left: 0.001) whereas it did not increase significantly in the comparison between the IFG and the Control Group (p right: 0.065, p left: 0.116).

Conclusion: It was observed that VEP may be a parameter of predictive value that might be used in evaluating prediabetic cases in terms of retinopathies similar to DM.     

Corneal confocal microscopy: A novel means to detect nerve fibre damage in idiopathic small fibre neuropathy

Patients with idiopathic small fibre neuropathy (ISFN) have been shown to have significant intraepidermal nerve fibre loss and an increased prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). It has been suggested that the dysglycemia of IGT and additional metabolic risk factors may contribute to small nerve fibre damage in these patients.Twenty-five patients with ISFN and 12 aged-matched control subjects underwent a detailed evaluation of neuropathic symptoms, neurological deficits (Neuropathy deficit score (NDS); Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS); Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) and Corneal Confocal Microscopy (CCM)) to quantify small nerve fibre pathology.Eight (32%) patients had IGT. Whilst all patients with ISFN had significant neuropathic symptoms, NDS, NCS and QST except for warm thresholds were normal. Corneal sensitivity was reduced and CCM demonstrated a significant reduction in corneal nerve fibre density (NFD) (P < 0.0001), nerve branch density (NBD) (P < 0.0001), nerve fibre length (NFL) (P < 0.0001) and an increase in nerve fibre tortuosity (NFT) (P < 0.0001). However these parameters did not differ between ISFN patients with and without IGT, nor did they correlate with BMI, lipids and blood pressure.Corneal confocal microscopy provides a sensitive non-invasive means to detect small nerve fibre damage in patients with ISFN and metabolic abnormalities do not relate to nerve damage.     

Standing balance and trunk position sense in impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)-related peripheral neuropathy

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and pre-diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) affect a large segment of the population. Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a common complication of T2DM, leading to sensory and motor deficits. While T2DM-related PN often results in balance- and mobility-related dysfunction which manifests as gait instability and falls, little is known about balance capabilities in patients who have evidence of PN related to IGT (IGT-PN). We evaluated patients with IGT-PN on commonly-used clinical balance and mobility tests as well as a new test of trunk position sense and balance impairment, trunk repositioning errors (TREs). Eight participants aged 50-72 years with IGT-PN, and eight age- and gender-matched controls underwent balance, mobility and trunk repositioning accuracy tests at a university neurology clinic and mobility research laboratory. Compared to controls, IGT-PN participants had as much as twice the magnitude of TREs and stood approximately half as long on the single leg balance test. People with IGT-PN exhibit deficits in standing balance and trunk position sense. Furthermore, there was a significant association between performance on commonly-used clinical balance and mobility tests, and electrophysiological and clinical measures of neuropathy in IGT-PN participants. Because IGT-related neuropathy represents the earliest stage of diabetic neuropathy, deficits in IGT-PN participants highlight the importance of early screening in the dysglycemic process for neuropathy and associated balance deficits.     

急性脑梗死患者糖耐量减低与颈动脉硬化的相关研究

目的 探讨急性脑梗死患者糖耐量减低与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系及其相关影响因素. 方法 将326例急性脑梗死患者根据病情分为糖尿病组(DM组)、糖耐量减低组(IGT组)、糖耐量正常组(NGT组),比较3组患者的临床资料、生化指标及颈动脉B超检查结果. 结果 IGT组和DM组体重指数、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、空腹血糖(FBG)比NGT组明显增高,IGT组和DM组颈总动脉内膜一中层厚度(IMT)、斑块检出率、内膜光滑性和连续性评分、中重度血管狭窄及颈动脉粥样硬化的发生率均明显高于NGT组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).Logistic多元回归分析结果显示年龄、TC、LDL-C、餐后2h血糖是颈动脉粥样硬化发生的独立危险因素. 结论 急性脑梗死患者中,合并IGT人群已经存在明显的颈动脉粥样硬化病变,其程度与DM类似.     

Sleep-related intermittent hypoxemia and glucose intolerance: a community-based study

Background

Intermittent hypoxemia is a fundamental pathophysiological consequence of sleep-disordered breathing and may alter glucose metabolism. To characterize the association between sleep-related intermittent hypoxemia and glucose metabolism, overnight pulse-oximetry and an oral glucose tolerance test were completed in a cohort of middle-aged and older Japanese adults.

Methods

The study sample consisted of 1836 community-dwelling Japanese (age, 30–79 years; women, 65.5%; mean body mass index, 23.1 kg/m²). The oxygen desaturation index (ODI) was quantified during sleep using a ≥3% oxygen desaturation threshold and categorized as normal (<5.0 events/h), mild (5.0–15.0 events/h), and moderate to severe (≥15.0 events/h). The independent associations between the ODI and the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes, and two metrics of insulin resistance [homeostasis model assessment index for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and Matsuda index] were examined.

Results

Compared with subjects with an ODI < 5 events/h, the adjusted odds ratio for prevalent impaired fasting glucose, glucose intolerance, and diabetes for subjects with an ODI ≥15.0 events/h were 1.27 (95% confidence interval, 0.72–2.23), 1.69 (1.03–2.76), and 1.28 (0.59–2.79), respectively. Both HOMA-IR and Matsuda index were significantly associated with the severity of sleep-related intermittent hypoxemia as assessed by the ODI (P for trend = 0.03 and 0.007, respectively).

Conclusion

Among middle-aged and older Japanese adults, sleep-related intermittent hypoxemia is associated with glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, and may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

糖耐量与脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的探讨糖耐量异常的脑梗死患者糖耐量的异常变化与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法选择脑梗死患者160例,通过口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)将患者分为糖耐量正常组(NGT,n=60例),糖耐量异常组(IGT,n=53例),糖尿病组(DM,n=47例),测定各项血液生化指标,采用双功能彩色多普勒超声检测颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)及斑块。结果脑梗死患者IGT组、DM组颈动脉IMT、斑块检出率及不稳定性斑块发生率均高于NGT组(P<0.05)。IGT组与DM组的颈动脉IMT、颈动脉斑块检出率及不稳定性斑块发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。脑梗死患者IGT组颈动脉IMT与血糖基化血红蛋白(HbA1C)水平呈正相关(r=0.264,P=0.01),与服糖后2h血糖(2h-PG)呈正相关(r=0.262,P=0.001)。结论脑梗死合并糖耐量异常患者存在明显的动脉粥样硬化表现,IGT是促进动脉粥样硬化发生的重要危险因素,具有促斑块不稳定作用,也是脑梗死的危险因素。     

糖耐量异常的急性前循环脑梗死患者左室舒张功能的改变及其对预后的影响

目的探讨急性前循环脑梗死合并糖耐量异常患者的左室舒张功能的改变及其对卒中预后的影响。方法急性脑梗死患者106例,均于脑梗死2周后行75 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerancetest,OGTT)。按OGTT结果分为糖耐量正常组(normal glucose tolerance,NGT)33例、糖耐量异常组(impaired glucose tolerance,IGT),35例和糖尿病组(diabetes mellitus,DM)38例。于入院后次日早晨空腹查糖化血红蛋白、心肌酶谱、血脂、肝功、肾功等生化指标。发病两周后行心脏超声心动图检查,测量左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)、E峰、A峰等心功能指标。于发病90 d进行改良的Rankin评分(modified gankin Scale,mRS)作为评估预后的指标。结果 (1)E/A1在NGT、IGT和DM组所占的比率分别是63.6%、85.7%、84.2%。IGT及DM组E/A1的比率与NGT组比较有统计学意义(χ~2=4.42,P=0.036;χ~2=3.95,P=0.047)。(2)卒中后90 d mRS与E/A (r=-0.452,P=0.000)、每博输出量(stroke volume,SV)(r=-0.228,P=0.020)、左室射血分数(left ventricular ejectmn franction,LVEF)(r=-0.328,P=0.001)、左室短轴缩短率(franctional shorting,Fs)(r=-0.301,P=0.002)、E峰(r=-0.321,P=0.001)呈负相关。结论急性脑梗死患者左室舒张功能的异常与血糖水平密切相关,伴有IGT的急性脑梗死患者出现了左室舒张功能的下降,左室舒张功能的下降影响了伴IGT的急性脑梗无患者的预后。