鞍区肿瘤术后低钠血症的治疗(附39例报告)

目的探讨鞍区肿瘤术后低钠血症有效合理的治疗方法。方法对39例鞍区肿瘤手术后低钠血症的治疗进行回顾性分析。结果39例低钠血症中,一般性低钠血症7例;脑耗盐综合征(CSWS)29例;抗利尿激素异常分泌综合征(SIADH)3例,经合理治疗后均治愈。结论鞍区肿瘤术后易发生低钠血症,以CSWS占绝大多数,治疗策略是根据低钠程度轻重采取不同的补钠方法,必要时采取限水治疗。     

鞍区肿瘤术后低钠血症的治疗方法(附51例分析)

目的探讨鞍区肿瘤术后不同性质低钠血症的治疗方法。方法对鞍区肿瘤手术后51例低钠血症按“决补-调整-诊断”的原则进行分级治疗,在治疗过程中鉴别低钠血症的不同类型。结果术后产生一般性低钠血症8例,脑性盐耗综合征（CSWS）39例,抗利尿激素异常分泌综合征（SIADH）4例。本组低钠血症治愈49例。结论在鞍区肿瘤术后的低钠血症中,CSWS占大多数。应根据低钠轻重程度采取不同的补钠方法,必要时采取限水治疗。血浆和白蛋白在低血钠综合征的治疗中起重要作用。     

鞍区肿瘤术后低钠血症的探讨

目的 探讨鞍区肿瘤手术后并发低钠血症的病因、发病机制、诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析我科2004年1月至2008年12月诊治的21例鞍区肿瘤手术后并发低钠血症的临床资料.结果 19例患者诊断为脑性盐耗综合征（CSWS）,2例诊断为抗利尿激素不适当分泌综合征（SIADH）.经相应治疗后,全部患者低钠血症纠正.结论 鞍区肿瘤手术后易发生低钠血症,包括脑性盐耗综合征和抗利尿激素不适当分泌综合征,前者主要是补钠和补充血容量,后者却需限水治疗.中心静脉压监测对其诊治有指导意义.     

鞍区肿瘤摘除术后并发SIADH34例分析

目的　探讨鞍区肿瘤摘除术后尿量与尿比重改变和抗利尿激素分泌不当综合征 (SIADH)的关系。　　方法　回顾分析 34例并发SIADH早期患者尿量与尿比重变化与SIADH有关临床资料。　　结果　术后并发SIADH早期 ,患者尿量呈急骤减少 ,尿比重明显升高。　　结论　在鞍区肿瘤摘除术后 ,应用短期皮质醇类药物治疗者 ,在剂量逐渐递减过程中 ,出现尿量减少、尿比重增高可能是并发SIADH的先兆 ,且较临床症状及其他异常实验室结果更先出现。     

脑肿瘤切除术后脑性耗盐综合征的临床研究

目的　探讨脑肿瘤切除术后脑性耗盐综合征 (CSWS)的病因、类型、诊断及处理方案。方法　分析 2 3 4例脑肿瘤术后出现 2 1例脑性耗盐综合征的病例资料及诊疗情况 ,患者多在术后第 4～ 9天出现血钠下降 ,血钠均低于 13 0mmol/L ,2 4h尿钠排泄均超过 10 0mmol,CVP <6cmH2 O。结果　 18例一过性低钠血症 ,经充分补钠、补液治疗 4～ 9d后恢复正常 ;1例颅咽管瘤患者术后第 10天死亡 ;2例持续性低钠血症患者病情明显恶化 ,但补钠效果不佳。结论　鞍区肿瘤术后CSWS发生率较高 ,常伴有尿崩症 ;颅咽管瘤术后CSWS发生率较垂体瘤术后高 ,血钠降幅更显著。CSWS存在一过性和持续性两种类型。     

鞍区手术并发脑性盐耗综合征10例报告

目的 探讨鞍区术后并发脑性盐耗综合征(CSWS)的诊断和治疗。方法 回顾性分析10例鞍区手术后并发CSWS患者的临床资料并结合文献进行讨论。结果 10例中多尿者3例,多尿加消化遗症状者5例,多尿加消化道症状及意识障碍者2例;血钠130～120mmol/L者8例,119～112mmol/L者2例;尿钠均>25mmol/L,最高达156mmol/L;尿比重1.010～1.020。其中9例完全康复,1例1年后死于低钠血症,结论 提高对本病的认识,补充钠盐及扩容是治疗本病的关键。     

25例鞍区肿瘤术后低钠血症的治疗分析

目的 探讨鞍区肿瘤术后不同性质低钠血症的治疗方法. 方法对25例鞍区肿瘤手术后低钠血症按"快补-调整-诊断"的原则进行分级治疗,在治疗过程中鉴别低钠血症的不同类型. 结果术后产生一般性低钠血症4例,脑性盐耗综合征19例,抗利尿激素异常分泌综合征2例.本组低钠血症治愈24例. 结论在鞍区肿瘤术后的低钠血症中,脑性盐耗综合征占大多数,应根据低钠轻重程度采取不同的补钠方法,必要时采取限水治疗.     

重度颅脑损伤中枢性低钠血症38例诊治分析

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤病人并发中枢性低钠血症的病因、诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析重型颅脑损伤后发生中枢性低钠血症病人38例,根据病人的临床表现及实验室指标明确诊断,制定有效的治疗方法。结果10例诊断为抗利尿激素分泌失调综合征(SIADH)的患者经限水治疗,待尿钠降至正常以下再补充钠盐,其中1例在治疗中昏迷程度加深,经补充3%高渗盐水并予呋塞米后缓解,7例病情好转血钠恢复正常,2例死亡。28例诊断为脑性盐耗综合征(CSWS)的患者在积极扩容补液、酌情适量补充3%高渗盐水治疗5～7天后,病情缓解。结论SIADH和CSWS是重型颅脑损伤病人并发中枢性低钠血症的常见病因,两者发病机制及治疗措施不同,对其进行正确诊治能降低颅脑损伤病人的致残率和病死率。     

中枢性低钠血症的诊断和治疗(附128例报告)

目的探讨中枢性低钠血症的诊断和治疗。方法对我科收治的128例中枢性低钠血症患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据临床症状、实验室检查、中心静脉压确定低钠的程度及类型并进行相应处理。结果128例中枢性低钠血症患者中,脑性盐耗综合征(CSWS)患者92例,占71%(92/128),其中伴随尿崩症(DI)占22%(20/92),抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征(SIADH)患者36例,占29%(36/128),其中伴尿崩症4例,占11%(4/36)。除5例患者因原发性脑干损伤,在伤后6天内死亡,4例自动出院,其余患者的低钠血症得到纠正。结论中枢性低钠血症包括脑性盐耗综合征(CSWS)和抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征(SIADH)两种类型,CSWS患者发病率较SIADH患者高,同时CSWS患者常伴有DI。CSWS和SIADH临床表现相似,而处理原则相反,CSWS的治疗原则是以补盐、补水达到恢复血容量及维持钠的平衡为目的;SIADH的治疗原则是以限制水入量,降低血容量,使血钠恢复正常为目的。     

鞍区肿瘤术后水钠失衡的临床因素

目的：探讨影响鞍区肿瘤术后水钠失衡的临床因素，为术后及时有效的处理提供经验。方法：对95例鞍区肿瘤手术病例进行回顾性分析。结果：78例（82．1％）出现水钠失衡，其中60例（81．1％）表现为脑性盐耗综合征。术后水钠失衡发生率在恶性肿瘤为100．0％（11／11），垂体腺瘤91．3％）（42／46），颅咽管瘤75．0％（24／32），脑膜瘤16．7％（1／6），不同类型肿瘤间差异显著（P＜0．001）。Ⅲ度鞍区肿瘤水钠代谢紊乱发生率为94．7％（34／36）高于I、Ⅱ度肿瘤（P＜0．05）。不同手术切除程度的肿瘤，其术后水钠失衡发生率差异不显著（P＞0．05）。结论：鞍区肿瘤术后易发生脑性盐耗综合征，水纳失衡的发生率与肿瘤性质及进入第三脑室的程度有关。术后监测尿量、血钠、尿钠变化，及时采取针对性措施可获得良好效果。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。