3D-CTA在颅内动脉瘤破裂开颅手术中的应用价值

目的探讨三维血管CT造影（3D-CTA）在颅内动脉瘤破裂开颅手术中的应用价值。方法经手术证实的颅内动脉瘤破裂导致蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）或颅内血肿患者65例,术前均行3D-CTA检查并进行动脉瘤手术模拟,部分患者术前行DSA检查。将患者术前3D-CTA、术前DSA、术中所见进行比较,分析3D-CTA的临床应用价值。结果 65例患者共有动脉瘤68枚,3D-CTA发现65枚,诊断阳性率为95.59%,特异性为100%。3D-CTA可清晰显示动脉瘤位置、大小、形态、瘤顶指向、瘤颈宽窄、载瘤动脉、动脉瘤与周围血管及骨结构关系,且与术中所见基本一致。结论 3D-CTA是一种准确、快捷、微创的诊断颅内动脉瘤方法,能够提供足够信息指导动脉瘤的外科手术治疗。     

三维CT脑血管造影在脑动脉瘤诊断中注意点

目的探讨三维CT脑血管造影(3D-CTA)在诊断脑动脉瘤时的注意事项。方法回顾总结3D-CTA检查的106例蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)病例,其中14例初次3D-CTA显示动脉瘤不清或发现颅内非动脉瘤样血管异常者,对其进行DSA脑血管造影检查。结果初次3D-CTA检查正确诊断脑动脉瘤92例,其中16例为多发脑动脉瘤,共检出115个。余14例因诊断不明确进而实施DSA脑血管造影检查,其中确诊动脉瘤合并烟雾病2例、严重脑血管痉挛致动脉瘤显示不清2例、脑动静脉畸形1例(此5例与3D-CTA所见一致);在3D-CTA扫查范围外发现脑动脉瘤2例。对上述阳性诊断的99例进行手术,并得到证实。另7例在3D-CTA和DSA检查未发现引起SAH的原因病灶,给予保守治疗。结论在脑动脉瘤诊断中,3D-CTA具有较好的精确性。在判断动脉瘤与颅骨位置关系、操作的便捷性和经济性等方面明显优于DSA。在应用3D-CTA对脑动脉瘤进行诊断时,有必要根据患者和设备的具体情况进行个性化设计,方能减少漏诊、误诊。     

三维CT血管造影术在颅内动脉瘤破裂早期诊治中的价值(附348例报告)

目的评价三维CT血管造影术（3D-CTA）在颅内动脉瘤破裂早期诊断和治疗中的临床应用价值。方法对419例自发性蛛网膜下腔出血病例全部行3D-CTA检查，其中阴性病例再行DSA检查，对确诊为颅内动脉瘤的病例行显微外科手术或介入治疗。结果345例经3D-CTA检查阳性中检出动脉瘤365个，75例阴性病例中DSA证实仅有3例漏诊。348例动脉瘤患者共检测出动脉瘤368个，术中见动脉瘤位置及瘤体、瘤颈和周围解剖结构的关系与术前3D-CTA显示一致。术后病人3D-CTA随访，与术前比较，动脉瘤均夹闭完全、确实。结论3D-CTA是一种方便、可靠、快捷的诊断方法，可以作为颅内动脉瘤破裂诊治的首选影像检查。并且在术中及术后复查随访研究方面也具有重要的临床应用价值。     

3D-CTA在破裂颅内动脉瘤诊断和手术中的应用

目的探讨三维CT血管造影(3D-CTA)对破裂颅内动脉瘤诊治的价值。方法 21例破裂颅内动脉瘤均行3D-CTA检查,8例同时行常规DSA检查,20例行显微手术动脉瘤夹闭。结果 21例共计发现25个动脉瘤,3D-CTA检查发现24个动脉瘤,在1例多发动脉瘤中3D-CTA遗漏1个大脑中动脉瘤,DSA能显示该动脉瘤,同时发现载瘤动脉存在脑血管痉挛。20例24个动脉瘤直接手术夹闭,术后存活14例(恢复良好12例,差2例),死亡6例,术中探查发现动脉瘤数目、位置、载瘤血管、瘤顶指向、瘤体及瘤顶大小与3D-CTA显示基本吻合,无假阳性。结论 3D-CTA诊断颅内动脉瘤具有微创、快捷、安全、可靠的优点,并可显示动脉瘤立体结构,可作为重症破裂动脉瘤及年老体弱患者的首选影像学诊断方法,术者可依据3D-CTA提供的信息指导手术。     

16层螺旋CT 3D-CTA在颅内动脉瘤中的诊断及临床应用价值

目的探讨三维CT血管造影（three dimensional computed tomographic angiography，3D-CTA）在颅内动脉瘤的临床应用及其价值。方法对自发性蛛网膜下腔出血及怀疑颅内动脉瘤的患者53例，使用SIEMENS SOMATOM Sensation 16层螺旋CT扫描仪行3D-CTA检查（时间在发病后4h～3d），并行数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography，DSA）检查；3D-CTA图像与DSA图像由神经外科医师和放射科医师用双盲法共同进行分析。结果经3DICTA、DSA和手术共同证实发现44例共49个动脉瘤，动脉瘤大小为1．7～25mm，其中单发动脉瘤36例，多发5例（1例为3个动脉瘤，4例为2个动脉瘤）；在44例动脉瘤患者中3D-CTA发现42例47个动脉瘤；DSA发现43例48个动脉瘤；动脉瘤的瘤体最大径及瘤颈最大径3D-CTA测量值与DSA测量值比较无显著性差异（t=0．59和t=0．49，P均〉0．05）；53例病情轻重不一患者在行3D-CTA检查过程中病情无加重或无其他意外发生。结论3D-CTA对颅内动脉瘤具有快捷、经济、安全和微创等优点，并有通过一次注射对比剂扫描即可从任意角度观察所显示的颅内动脉瘤的细节及与骨性结构的关系等优点，但存在无法依时间顺序分别显示动脉、毛细血管和静脉，无法分清血流方向及显示一些重要的小血管和重要的穿通支如脉络膜前动脉、丘脑穿通动脉等，也无法在血管内操作等不足之处；在诊断和治疗颅内动脉瘤的应用中与DSA检查互补也可得到颅内动脉瘤更完整的信息。     

3D-CTA诊断和治疗颅内动脉瘤的可行性探讨

目的探讨三维CT血管成像(3D-CTA)取代DSA,作为颅内动脉瘤诊断和治疗依据的可能性。方法42例患者行3D-CTA与DSA检查,两者对照研究并以术中发现为准评估图像质量。结果本组动脉瘤35个,3D-CTA准确检出32个,DSA准确检出34个,两者检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但在小动脉瘤诊断上3D-CTA尚不及DSA;根据术中发现,3D-CTA在瘤壁钙化、载瘤动脉的显示、瘤周解剖标志等方面,明显优于DSA(P<0.05)。结论随着CT机及软件的更新,3D-CTA可能取代DSA成为颅内动脉瘤诊断和治疗的首选。     

三维CT血管造影在颅内动脉瘤诊断和治疗中的应用

目的评价三维CT血管造影（3D-CTA）在颅内动脉瘤破裂后蛛网膜下腔出血诊断中的价值及其对手术的指导意义。方法对136例蛛网膜下腔出血患者行螺旋CT检查，将数据输入工作站行图像三维重建。对其中95例行数字减影血管造影术（DSA）检查，41例直接手术证实。结果3D-CTA显示了瘤体的大小、方向，以及与载瘤动脉、邻近血管及骨质结构的相互关系；经手术、DSA证实本组3D-CTA对动脉瘤的诊断准确率为98．4％。假阳性率为1．6％，假阴性率为0。结论3D．CTA对颅内动脉瘤是一种无创、快速、高准确率的诊断技术；3D—CTA可显示各部位动脉瘤与载瘤动脉、邻近动脉分支及邻近颅骨的空间关系，对选择手术入路和手术方式有较大的帮助。     

DSA检查和介入治疗在蛛网膜下腔出血应用的临床体会

目的探讨DSA检查及介入治疗在蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)病人的病因诊断和治疗中的应用。方法回顾性分析我院45例常规行3D-DSA的SAH病例,其中31例同步行3D-CTA检查,28例接受颅内动脉瘤的介入治疗。比较DSA与CTA在上述患者中的颅内动脉瘤的检出情况,比较DSA与CTA对SAH病人病因诊断的优缺点;并探讨介入治疗在SAH合并颅内动脉瘤病例治疗中的优缺点。结果在动脉瘤检出率方面DSA与CTA比较,两者无统计学差异(P>0.05);在显示的动脉瘤大小,形状,动脉瘤瘤颈显示情况及其与载瘤动脉的关系方面,DSA检查患者在介入治疗过程证实明显优于CTA检查;28例行弹簧圈栓塞介入治疗的预后明显优于16例行内科保守治疗患者的预后(P<0.05)。结论在SAH的病因诊断中DSA优于CTA检查,但CTA不失为一种良好的动脉瘤筛选手段,DSA检查对要求进一步行病因治疗的患者是不可替代的;动脉瘤弹簧圈栓塞治疗SAH合并动脉瘤是安全有效的,可明显减少动脉瘤再破裂出血,改善预后。     

3D-CTA结合DSA在颅内动脉瘤诊断中的应用

目的比较三维螺旋CT血管造影(3D-CTA)和数字减影血管造影(DSA)在颅内动脉瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法对2007-09~2009-08入院的自发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)患者69例,行3D-CTA、DSA检查,研究比较CTA、DSA影像特点。结果69例患者,阴性3例,余66例患者共检出72个动脉瘤。3D-CTA与DSA准确性比较,差异无统计学意义。结论在颅内动脉瘤影像学诊断上,3D-CTA和DSA各有优势。DSA与CTA两种检查方法互补可提高动脉瘤的检出率。     

3D—CTA、3D—DSA对颅内动脉瘤临床诊断价值的对比

目的探讨三维CT血管造影术（3D-CTA）在颅内动脉瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法采用3D-CTA检查疑似颅内动脉瘤患者62例。根据3D-CTA结果决定直接手术者51例,进一步行三维数字减影全脑血管造影（3D-DSA）检查11例（5例诊断为颅内动脉瘤者接受了手术治疗）。术后复查3D-DSA56例。结果62例患者中,6例经3D-CTA及3D-DSA检查均未发现动脉瘤,56例依3D-DSA检查及手术所见,共发现68个颅内动脉瘤。3D-CTA在显示动脉瘤大小及形态方面与术中所见及3D-DSA检查发现相类似。3D-CTA和3D-DSA测得的颅内动脉瘤瘤体纵径、颈宽等均差异不显著（P0.05）。结论尽管3D-DSA目前仍然是诊断颅内动脉瘤的金标准,但3D-CTA也是诊治颅内动脉瘤的一种快捷、安全、操作简便的方法,亦可为制定手术方案提供详细的资料。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.