改良翼点入路显微切除鞍结节脑膜瘤

目的 总结经改良翼点入路显微手术切除鞍结节脑膜瘤的经验. 方法回顾性分析广州军区武汉总医院神经外科自2001年1月至2007年4月应用改良翼点入路显微手术治疗的26例鞍结节脑膜瘤患者的临床资料. 结果 26例患者获Simpson Ⅰ级切除11例,Ⅱ级切除14例,Ⅲ级切除1例.术后视力损害和视野缺损均有不同程度恢复23例,1例视力无改变,术后视力下降2例经治疗后改善.7例术后出现不同程度的尿崩,经对症治疗约10 d后好转.无1例死亡.随访6个月～5年,肿瘤无复发. 结论改良翼点入路可对中颅窝、前颅窝、鞍区及鞍旁病变进行良好暴露,能处理各种类型的鞍结节脑膜瘤,提高全切除率,减少术后并发症,值得临床推广应用.     

鞍结节脑膜瘤显微手术后视力恢复的影响因素

目的探讨鞍结节脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗和影响视力恢复的因素。方法显微手术切除34例鞍结节脑膜瘤,术前检查均有视力障碍,纵裂入路12例,额底入路9例,眶上锁孔入路10例,翼点入路3例。结果手术全切率为79.4%。术后视力改善27只,无明显变化25只,3例患者6只眼睛出现视力下降。结论显微手术是最佳的治疗方法 ,合适手术入路能够尽可能全切除肿瘤,减少对视神经损伤,促进术后视力恢复。     

鞍结节脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨鞍结节脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗方法及其效果。方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2013年7月显微手术治疗的45例鞍结节脑膜瘤患者的临床治疗,采用单侧额下入路22例,纵裂入路5例,翼点或扩大翼点入路15例,翼点及额下联合入路3例。结果 肿瘤全切除程度:Simpson分级Ⅰ级23例,Ⅱ级14例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级3例;肿瘤全切除率达82.2%。术前合并不同程度视力障碍的37例患者中,术后视力较术前好转27例,无明显变化6例,恶化4例;视力改善率73.0%。结论 鞍结节脑膜瘤周围毗邻重要结构,显微手术是其的主要治疗方法;手术时应根据肿瘤大小、生长方式、视力受损程度及术者习惯等选择不同的入路;熟悉的显微解剖知识、娴熟的显微外科技巧是手术成功的关键。     

鞍结节脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨鞍结节脑膜瘤的手术入路及显微手术治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2018年1月显微手术治疗的46例鞍结节脑膜瘤的临床资料,经单侧额下-纵裂入路19例,额外侧入路13例,翼点入路9例,眶上锁孔入路5例。结果 Simpson Ⅰ级切除32例,Ⅱ级切除9例,Ⅲ级切除5例。术后出现短暂尿崩2例,1例经眶上锁孔入路肿瘤切除术后出现脑脊液鼻漏,无死亡病例。全部病人术后随访6~50个月,平均26个月。术前28例视力障碍中,24例视力改善,2例加重,2例失明未恢复。肿瘤复发3例。结论 根据肿瘤部位、大小、生长方式,选择合适的手术入路,以及术中注意保护肿瘤比邻重要结构,是提高鞍结节脑膜瘤手术疗效、减少并发症的关键。     

鞍结节脑膜瘤的诊断（附42例分析）

目的 探讨如何运用显微神经外科技术治疗鞍结节脑膜瘤。方法 42例鞍结节脑膜瘤中36例行显微神经外科手术，其中在1例采用单侧额下入路，17例采用单侧翼点入路，6例采用眶上翼点联合入路，2例早期病例因术前误诊为垂体瘤采用经鼻蝶入路，结果 按Simpson分级：I级22例，Ⅱ级为10例，共占89%；术后视力改善的有14例27眼，无改变的为9例16眼，视力下降的有13例23眼，术前视力完全丧失的术后视力均未恢复，无死亡病例。结论 术前正确诊断，选择合适的手术入路和应用显微神经外科技术是取得良好疗效的关键。     

鞍结节脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗

目的探讨鞍结节脑膜瘤手术入路的选择及显微手术技巧。方法回顾性分析经显微手术和病理证实的鞍结节脑膜瘤35例临床资料。35例分别经额下、翼点、额下-翼点联合入路,采用显微手术方法切除肿瘤。结果SimpsonⅠ级切除8例,Ⅱ级切除24例,Ⅲ级切除3例,无手术死亡。结论显微手术是最佳的治疗方法,选择合适的手术入路能够显著提高肿瘤的全切率和降低并发症。     

鞍结节脑膜瘤的影像学特征及翼点锁孔手术治疗

目的 探讨鞍结节脑膜瘤的影像学特点及翼点锁孔入路显微手术治疗的效果。方法 回顾性分析98例鞍结节脑膜瘤患者的临床资料,均采用翼点锁孔入路开颅显微手术切除肿瘤。结果 本组98例鞍结节脑膜瘤增强MRI呈显著均一强化,84例伴有脑膜尾征。本组肿瘤全切除80例,次全切除18例。本组无手术死亡病例。术后随访2月~10年,10例复发。结论 掌握鞍结节脑膜瘤的特征性影像学表现对于术前正确诊断具有重要价值。翼点锁孔入路显微手术治疗鞍结节脑膜瘤效果良好,具有创伤小、并发症少、病人术后恢复快等优点。     

鞍结节脑膜瘤的显微外科策略与手术技巧

目的探讨显微外科治疗鞍结节脑膜瘤的策略和手术技巧。方法回顾性分析31例鞍结节脑膜瘤的临床表现、影像学资料和显微外科治疗结果。其中行单侧额下入路5例,翼点入路9例,改良翼点入路11例,双额冠状开颅经纵裂入路6例。结果Simpson Ⅰ级切除4例,Ⅱ级切除23例,Ⅲ级切除4例。术后视力改善24例,无变化4例,视力下降3例。死亡1例。结论根据肿瘤不同的生长形态选择恰当的手术入路和计划,应用显微外科技术操作,能够显著提高肿瘤的全切率和降低并发症。     

鞍结节脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 探讨显微外科手术切除鞍结节脑膜瘤的方法及疗效.方法 回顾性分析15例鞍结节脑膜瘤的显微外科手术.结果 所有病例均通过显微外科手术切除,选择单侧额下入路8例,翼点及改良翼点入路5例,经眶上锁孔入路2例.肿瘤全切除(Simpson Ⅰ、Ⅱ级)11例,近全切除(Simpson Ⅲ级)4例.手术后视力改善7例,无改变3例,视力下降加重2例,1例术前双眼完全失明的术后无恢复,死亡1例.结论 全面的解剖知识及熟练的显微外科手术操作技巧是肿瘤全切及良好疗效的关键.     

经单侧额部纵裂入路显微外科切除鞍结节和鞍膈脑膜瘤

目的：探索经单侧额部纵裂入路切除鞍结节和鞍隔脑膜瘤的手术方法和手术效果。方法；11例鞍结节和7例鞍膈脑膜瘤经单侧额部纵裂入路切除；肿瘤大小；最大径小于3cm4例，3－6cm13例,大于6cm1例。结果：肿瘤全切除（Simpson Ⅰ、Ⅱ级切除）16例，近全部切除2例；无手术死亡。术后视力视野改善11例，无变化5例，恶化2例，术后出现不同程度尿崩7例。结论：鞍结节和向前生长的鞍膈脑膜瘤经单侧额部纵裂入路能获得较好暴露和切除，预后良好。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.