磷酸化蛋白酪氨酸激酶及信号转导子和转录激活子在谷氨酸诱导的PC12细胞凋亡中的表达研究

目的探讨谷氨酸诱导PC12细胞凋亡后磷酸化蛋白酪氨酸激酶2（P-JAK2）、磷酸化信号转导子与转录激活子3（P-STAT3）表达的变化及意义。方法采用谷氨酸诱导PC12细胞发生凋亡，实验分为6组，分别为正常对照组、500μmol／L谷氨酸作用5、10、20、30、60min组，应用流式细胞仪观察PC12细胞凋亡．Western blot定量观测PC12细胞P-JAK2与P-STAT3蛋白表达的变化。结果对照组PC12细胞的凋亡率为（2．71±0．32）％；经500μmol／L谷氨酸作用PC12细胞20min，凋亡率增加到（61．20±4．60）％，与对照组相比差异有显著性意义（P=0．000）；Westem blot检测结果表明P-JAK 25 min在胞浆中开始表达，20min达最高峰，是5min组（3．52±0．20）倍（P=0．002）；P-STAT35min表达增强，30min达高峰，为5min组的（4．76±0．17）倍（P=0．000）。结论细胞损伤激活了JAK／STAT信号转导通路，该通路参与了神经细胞凋亡的过程。     

大鼠持续性脑缺血后小胶质细胞变化及其与神经元凋亡的关系

目的 研究成年大鼠持续性局灶脑缺血后小胶质细胞的变化及其与缺血后凋亡的关系。方法 采用单侧大脑中动脉近端民凝术建立成年大鼠持续性局灶脑缺血模型。在手术后3h、6h、12h、24h、48h、72h和120h取材,分别用IsolectinB4凝集素标记小胶质细胞和原位末端TUNEL法标记凋亡细胞。结果 缺血后凝集素阳性小胶质细胞和TUNEL阳性小胶质细胞都分布在梗死灶周边区。缺血12h在梗死灶的边缘密集分布凝集素标记阳性细胞,24－72h凝集素阳性小胶质细胞数量增加（P＜0．05）,120h阳性细胞数量减少（P＜0．01）。脑缺血48h、72h、120h在梗死灶边缘区域分布TUNEL阳性凋亡细胞,TUNEL阳性细胞以神经细胞为主。结论 持续性局灶脑缺血后活化小胶质细胞主要分布在梗死灶周边区,可能对缺血后神经元凋亡产生作用。     

小胶质细胞极化在热损伤介导的早期神经损伤中的相关研究

目的观察小胶质细胞在热损伤介导的早期神经损伤中的极化状态并探讨其可能机制。 方法通过建立Beagle犬热射病动物模型，按随机数字表法将18只Beagle犬分为正常对照组（A组）9只，根据热损伤后不同时间点（1、6、24 h）分为B、C、D组各3只，B~D组置于动物体温维持仪的电热毯上，温度设置为40℃±0.5℃，每5 min监测1次直肠温度直至达到40℃。建模成功后转移到26℃±0.5℃温度和60%±0.5%湿度的环境。4组18只Beagle犬均取下丘脑进行Western blot检测，检测小胶质细胞特异性标志物CD45、iNOS及Arginase、CD206分别在4组小胶质细胞中的表达。进一步免疫组织荧光共定位观察CD45、Arginase表达。 结果A组检测出少许CD45及iNOS蛋白，B、C组两种蛋白标志物均显著高于A组（P<0.05），而D组较A组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；A组检测出少许Arginase及CD206蛋白，B、C、D组两种蛋白标志物均高于A组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。免疫组织荧光共定位CD45、Arginase，分别在热损伤后6 h和24 h荧光光密度显著增强，差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。 结论热射病后Beagle犬脑组织可见小胶质细胞极化活跃，中枢神经系统损伤早期1~6 h小胶质细胞活化主要以M1型为主，6 h后则转化为M2为主，热射病后24 h M2型占优势。M1/M2极化趋势与热射病早期脑损伤的相互关系可能成为热射病中枢神经损伤关键。     

吗替麦考酚酯对大鼠弥漫性轴索损伤后脑干胶质细胞激活及硫酸软骨素表达的影响简

目的探讨吗替麦考酚酯（MMF）对大鼠弥漫性轴索损伤（DAD后脑干胶质细胞激活及硫酸软骨素表达的影响。方法将72只DAI后SD大鼠随机分为3组：空白对照组、生理盐水治疗组（NS组）、吗替麦考酚酯治疗组（MMF组）。MMF组腹腔注射MMF（100mg／kg）干预;NS组腹腔注射等量生理盐水;空白对照组只作针扎刺激,不注射任何药物。伤后7、14、28d处死3组大鼠,取大鼠脑干进行巨噬细胞一小胶质细胞质抗原（ED-1）、胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）和硫酸软骨素（CS）免疫组化染色,检测活化小胶质细胞、活化星形胶质细胞、硫酸软骨素蛋白聚糖,并以累积光密度（IOD）值进行定量评估。结果在伤后不同时间点,MMF组活化小胶质细胞、活化星形胶质细胞、硫酸软骨素蛋白聚糖IOD值均显著低于NS组与空白对照组（P〈0．05）;而Ns组和空白对照组之间无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论MMF可抑制大鼠DAI后脑干小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞激活,还可降低cs表达。     

凝血酶诱导小胶质细胞激活与黑质多巴胺能神经元变性关系的研究

目的探讨凝血酶诱导小胶质细胞激活与黑质多巴胺（DA）能神经元变性的关系。方法采用脑立体定向术将凝血酶注射人大鼠黑质，采用尼氏（Nissl）染色、酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）及特异性小胶质细胞表面补体受体（CR3）单克隆抗体（OX-42）标记免疫组织化学染色，观察凝血酶注射人大鼠黑质后不同时间点TH阳性多巴胺能神经元数量及小胶质细胞的激活情况。结果凝血酶注入黑质4h后小胶质细胞开始呈现“灌木丛样”或少量呈现阿米巴样；12h小胶质细胞数目明显增加且绝大部分呈现阿米巴样；24h已完全激活，“阿米巴样”细胞达高峰；3d维持高峰；14d后小胶质细胞染色变淡，体积变小，阿米巴样细胞数目下降。TH阳性细胞数在第3d开始下降，第7d有大量的TH阳性细胞丢失，与对照侧相比下降达约53％（P〈0．01），高倍镜下可见胞体皱缩、突起明显缩短或减少，14d时细胞数下降至21％，30d时约为12％（P〈0．01）。结论凝血酶对DA能神经元具有一定的损毁作用，小胶质细胞的激活先于DA能神经元变性，其活化可能参与DA能神经元变性。     

光基因技术选择性调控星形胶质细胞对其活化增殖的影响

目的 探讨光敏感通道蛋白Channelrhodopsin2(ChR2)选择性调控星形胶质细胞对其活化增殖的影响。方法 离体培养SD大鼠乳鼠皮层星形胶质细胞,采用慢病毒载体Lenti-GFAP-ChR2-YFP感染星形胶质细胞后以470 nm波长的蓝光特定模式进行光刺激激活ChR2通道,观察在光刺激0、3、6、12、24 h后星形胶质细胞细胞周期的变化。结果 成功将光敏感通道蛋白ChR2表达在星形胶质细胞中; 经光刺激3、6、12、24 h后星形胶质细胞均表现出S期细胞比例增加,且以12及24 h较为显著。结论 激活光敏感通道ChR2可促进星形胶质细胞增殖; 光基因技术可运用于星形胶质细胞活化增殖的研究,它时空精准的特性使星形胶质细胞作为神经系统疾病治疗靶点具有更高的应用前景     

低分子肝素对大鼠脑缺血后活化的小胶质细胞和巨噬细胞及TNF-α仅表达的影响

目的 研究低分子肝素（LMWH）对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后活化的小胶质细胞和巨噬细胞及TNF-α表达的影响。方法 建立大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型，并将大鼠随机分为假手术组、对照组、LMWH治疗组，对照组及LMWH治疗组分别于脑缺血2 h再灌注3、24、48、72 h处死；应用免疫荧光染色检测脑组织中活化的小胶质细胞和巨噬细胞数量变化，应用免疫组化染色观察TNF-α阳性细胞。结果 治疗组与对照组比较24、48、72 h组梗死灶周围活化的小胶质细胞和巨噬细胞及TNF-α 阳性细胞明显减少（P＜0．05）。结论 LMWH对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后梗塞灶周围活化的小胶质细胞和巨噬细胞及TNF-α表达有明显抑制作用。     

脑出血后小胶质细胞活化与神经元DNA损伤的关系

目的　探讨脑出血 (intracerebral hemorrhage,ICH )后小胶质细胞的激活与神经元 DNA损伤 (主要是凋亡 )的关系。方法　应用立体定向技术 ,将自体不凝血注入大鼠尾状核制备 ICH模型 ,将动物随机分为假手术组、ICH组 ,分别在不同时间点断头取脑 ,连续切片作 TUNEL染色和小胶质细胞组化染色。结果　 ICH后 6h血肿周边组织可见 TUNEL 阳性细胞 ,72 h达高峰 ,1周时仍有较多量表达 ;小胶质细胞在 ICH后 6h表达明显增多 ,48h达到高峰 ,2周时仍有少量表达 ,各组与假手术组之间比较差异显著 (P<0 .0 1) ;ICH后的 TUNEL阳性细胞与小胶质细胞的表达呈正相关 (r=0 .718,P<0 .0 5)。结论　 ICH后小胶质细胞的活化可导致大鼠神经细胞 DNA损伤     

阻滞弥漫性脑损伤ERK1/2信号通路对星形胶质细胞反应的作用

目的研究阻滞弥漫性脑损伤急性期ERKI／2信号通路过度激活对星形胶质细胞反应的影响。方法制作大鼠外伤性弥漫性脑损伤模型，打击损伤前30min自尾静脉注射U0126。Westemblot法检测损伤脑皮层pERKl／2表达水平，免疫组化染色法检测pERKl／2和GFAP在损伤脑组织中的表达。结果pERKl／2表达在损伤后迅速、显著升高，5min为表达高峰，其后下降，但直到损伤后72h都有高水平表达，至7d下降至基础水平。损伤后各个时间点，U0126组pERKl／2水平较DBI组明显降低（P〈0．05）。U0126组与DBI组比较，12～72h各时间点GFAP阳性细胞平均光密度值降低（P〈0.05）。结论弥漫性脑损伤诱导了强烈的ERKl／2信号通路激活和星形胶质细胞反应。U0126能够剂量依赖性抑制GFAP的表达，抑制急性期星形胶质细胞反应。     

还原型谷胱甘肽诱导大鼠骨髓基质细胞GFAPmRNA及蛋白表达变化

目的：研究还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）对大鼠骨髓基质细胞（BMSCs）胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）mRNA及蛋白表达的影响。方法：传3代骨髓基质细胞随机分为GSH诱导组和对照组。GSH诱导组加入10mmol·L^-1GSH20μL,对照组加入生理盐水20UL,两组使用的培养基和处理过程相同。于加入GSH和生理盐水后6、12和24h观察记录细胞的生存情况及细胞的形态变化。采用实时荧光定量PCR和Westernblot法检测各组诱导后细胞GFAPmRNA及蛋白表达水平的变化。结果：经GSH诱导后BMSCs形态发生明显改变,GSH诱导组GFAPmRNA及蛋白表达水平显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）,以诱导12h后变化最为明显。结论：BMSCs经GSH诱导后GFAPmRNA及蛋白表达量显著增多。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。