喉全切除环咽吻合喉重建术式的改进

为改进Ａｒｓｌａｎ手术、减轻术后误咽、提高拔管率，总结１９８９年～１９９５年我院行喉全切除环咽吻合喉重建术（Ａｒｓｌａｎ手术）２７例。按ＵＩＣＣ１９８７年标准Ｔ１ｂＮ０８例，Ｔ２Ｎ０１７例，Ｔ３Ｎ０２例。全部病例均为双侧声带病变，病变较轻一侧声带受累在１／２以上。手术要点是：喉全切除只保留会厌和环状软骨，双侧杓状软骨均予切除。常规切除舌骨将环状软骨与舌根及颏下肌肉吻合。术后全部病例保存了发音功能，误咽明显减轻，拔管率为９２．６％（２５／２７）。随访３年以上者１４例，１例死亡，３年生存率９２．８６％（１３／１４）。５年以上者６例，１例失访。５年生存率８３．３３％（５／６）。本术式对减轻误咽提高拔管率有明显效果。     

喉环上部分切除喉腔成形术

目的 探讨提高中晚期喉癌生存率,避免或减轻术后呛咳程度,提高发音质量的方法。方法 40例中晚期喉癌采用次全喉切除术,保留一侧或两侧杓状软骨,用带蒂甲状软骨膜或肌膜,于一侧杓状软骨和环状软骨或第一气管环5点或7点处之间缝合重建声带,并将切除的杓状软骨处加高成形再建杓区。环舌固定。结果 3年、5年生存率分别为85．0％（34／40）和76．2％（16／21）。 吞咽无呛咳36例（90．0％）,轻度呛咳4例;发音良好37例（92．5％）;拔管率为92．5％（37例）。结论 喉次全切除带蒂软骨膜环杓连接喉功能重建术,在不影响生存率和拔管率的同时,有效防止了误吸,提高了发音质量。     

切除杓状软骨的喉垂直部分切除术中的残喉修复

目的探讨切除杓状软骨的喉垂直部分切除术残喉的修复方法。方法总结1991年1月—2000年12月87例(T1、12和，13分别有7、54和26例)声门型喉癌的疗效。因杓区或杓状软骨声带突受累，行切除杓状软骨的喉垂直部分切除术，术中利用局部组织修复残喉，重建喉功能。全部病例均未行填充物加高患侧杓区或利用皮瓣等其他组织重建声门。结果全部病例术后8～19d内恢复正常饮食。全部病例恢复了发音功能。86例患者拔除气管套管，拔管率为98，9％(86／87)。术后无咽瘘和肺部并发症，3例局部感染者7d内治愈。术后局部复发率为8，0％(7／87)，颈部淋巴结转移率为6．9％(6／87)。失访患者均按死亡计算，用直接法计算生存率，术后满3年者87例，3年内死亡5例、失访3例，3年生存率为90，8％(79／87)；术后满5年者63例，5年内死亡10例、失访2例，5年生存率为81．0％(51／63)。结论利用局部组织修复切除杓状软骨的喉垂直部分切除术的残喉，术后无严重误咽，发音效果良好，此修复方法既节约了手术时间，又避免了过度修复可能带来的负面影响。     

中位喉切除术疗效分析

目的 探讨中位喉切除术的疗效。方法 分析我院1995年2月-2004年5月间行中位喉切除术的23例喉鳞状细胞癌患者（其中T1bN0M0 13例,T1bN1M0 4例,T2N0M0 4例,T2N1M0 2例）,手术方式：充分暴露甲状软骨板后,以声带前联合为中点,向上下各0．5cm横行锯开甲状软骨板,切除中份甲状软骨板、双声带、前联合、双侧喉室,切缘距瘤体周边0．5cm以上,保留双侧杓状软骨。切断甲状软骨上角后,对位缝合室带与声门下、甲状软骨板上下断端。N1患者均行颈淋巴清扫,术后2例加行放化疗。结果 术后4周100％（23／23）完全恢复吞咽功能,术后拨管率95．7％（22／23）。拔管后能快跑者81．8％（18／22）,能慢跑者18．2％（4／22）。术后喉腔局部复发率：3年10．5％（2／19）,5年15．4％（2／13）。术后生存率：3年为94．7％（18／19）,5年为84．6％（11／13）。结论 中位喉切除术术后能较好地恢复呼吸及吞咽功能,术后复发率及死亡率低,对T1b、T2级喉癌是可行的。     

喉近全切除术治疗晚期喉癌的临床疗效观察

目的 探讨晚期喉癌患者喉切除术后保留喉发声功能以提高生存质量,方法 对１７例晚期喉癌行喉近全切除术（Ｐｅａｒｓｏｎ手术）手术中,保留一侧杓状软骨及一条宽约１．５ｃｍ的与气管相连的粘膜条形成发声管,Ｎ０期患者规探查颈动脉分叉处淋巴结,根据冰冻病检结果而决定是否行颈淋巴清扫术,结果：术后１２例发声良地,除１例外均无明误吸现象,２年,３年及５年生存率分别为７０．６％,６２．４％,５０％,结论：Ｐｅａｒｓ     

喉部分切除喉功能重建术

目的探讨喉部分切除术治疗声门型、声门上型喉癌的疗效和功能恢复。方法对我院1992年7月--2003年8月间喉癌行喉部分切除喉功能重建术的32例（占同期喉癌手术59．2％）临床资料进行总结和随访。其中声门型喉癌23例，声门上型喉癌9例；行喉裂开声带切除术室带下移修复术5例，垂直喉部分切除带状肌修复14例。垂直喉部分切除会厌修复3例，扩大垂直喉部分切除环舌根会厌吻合术1例，声门上水平部分喉切除术7例，扩大声门上水平部分喉切除术舌根修复2例。结果1、3、5年生存率分别为96．9％（31／32）、87．0％（20／23）、72．2（13118）。总拔管率为90．6（29／32）。全部病例恢复经口进食，一经拔管均能发音。术后复发率为12．5％。结论喉部分切除术不仅是喉癌根治的有效术式，而且同时可以较好地保留喉的生理功能，提高患者术后的生活质量。     

声门癌术后会厌喉成形术改良的经验

为客观评价声门癌的会厌喉成形（Ｋａｍｂｉｃ－Ｓｅｄｌａｃｅｋ－Ｔｕｃｋｅｒｍｅｔｈｏｄ，Ｋ－Ｓ－Ｔ）术的远期根治性及功能性效果，总结１００例会厌喉成形术的十年改良经验。改良要点为：①会厌瓣侧缘与环状软骨杓区缝合，形成代杓状软骨，以缩小过大的声门。②另侧会厌上缘和杓会厌襞与声室带断缘缝合，而不与甲状软骨断缘缝合，这样，两侧会厌的游离缘和杓会厌襞尽可能下移达声门水平，以形成代声带。③纵行切开会厌舌面软骨，但保留会厌喉面粘骨膜完整，以形成一锐角的代前连合。３、５、１０年的生存率分别为８７％、７９．５％及６６．７％。认为会厌瓣是理想的喉成形材料。比较新旧两种术式的效果，显示新术式效果比原Ｋ－Ｓ－Ｔ手术好，保存了喉的全部功能     

保留喉功能的T4声门癌的手术治疗

目的 探讨T4声门癌喉功能保留手术的方法和临床疗效。方法 对1982－1998年间22例T4声门癌患者进行手术治疗，切除肿瘤及受累的软骨和喉外组织，以胸骨舌骨肌筋膜瓣、颈阔肌皮瓣、颈阔肌筋膜瓣、甲状软骨膜瓣、下咽黏膜瓣等修复组织缺损，保留会厌或环状软骨板重建喉功能。全部患者均接受术后放射治疗（5000－6000cGy)。结果 全组病例3年生存率86．4％（19／22），5年生存率75．0％（15／20）。喉功能恢复（吞咽保护、呼吸、发音）为68．2％（15／22），喉功能部分恢复（吞咽保护、发音）31．8％（7／22）。结论 T4声门癌尽管可累及喉软骨和喉外组织，但经仔细选择的病例在彻底切除肿瘤的前提下保留喉功能是可行的。     

喉近全切除喉功能重建术

目的为了减少喉全切除率并重建喉功能。方法自１９９１～１９９６年作喉近全切除喉功能重建术１９例。男８例，女１１例。年龄最大７４岁，最小４０岁，平均５７．６岁。临床分期Ⅱ期２例，Ⅲ期９例，Ⅳ期８例。手术特点是：切除舌骨，保留环状软骨及一侧杓状软骨，将环状软骨前缘与舌根切缘吻合，增强了舌根对新喉口的遮盖作用，减轻了误咽。结果全部病例术后发音功能良好，多数病例误咽不重。５例拔除套管经喉呼吸。１４例新喉腔狭窄经气管造口呼吸，其中１０例气管外孔宽阔不带套管，４例仍带套管。３年生存率７８．６％（１１／１４），５年生存率７５％（３／４）。结论该术式在保存喉功能减少喉全切除率方面有一定作用。     

环状软骨上喉次全切除术后喉功能的临床分析

目的分析喉鳞状细胞癌患者接受环状软骨上喉次全切除(supracricoid partial laryngectomy,SCPL)术后喉功能的情况。方法回顾性分析2000~2006年采用SCPL治疗喉鳞状细胞癌患者38例,其中声门上型17例,声门型21例;术后辅助放射治疗8例,剂量累计为60~65 Gy。对切除(或)保留会厌、保留一侧(或)双侧杓状软骨患者术后呼吸、发音、吞咽功能分别进行评估。所得结果运用统计学方法进行检验。结果所有患者随访至今,无失访;3年生存率81.6%,5年生存率73.7%。其中声门上型喉癌3年生存率76.5%,5年生存率64.7%;声门型喉癌3年生存率85.7%,5年生存率81.0%。所有患者均拔除气管套管,拔管率为100%。切除会厌和一侧杓状软骨患者的误咽评分、平均气管套管拔除时间、平均鼻饲胃管拔除时间和平均住院天数均高于其他组,差异具有统计学意义;而呼吸、发音评估各组之间比较差异无统计学意义。结论 SCPL对喉癌治疗和喉功能保留有积极意义,临床分析表明会厌和一侧杓状软骨切除对于患者远期喉功能恢复无影响。     

Study of mechanisms of lightening aspiration and increasing decannulation rate in anastomosis of cricoid cartilage and base of tongue (epiglottis)]

OBJECTIVE: To study laryngopharyngeal anastomosis and fixing methods of super-cricoid laryngectomy with reconstruction of functions in lightening aspiration and increasing decannulation rate. METHODS: Recovering conditions of laryngeal functions in 66 patients who underwent supracricoid laryngectomy and anastomosis of cricoid cartilage and base of tongue (epiglottis) in recent eight years were summarized. Some relevant caliber distances in 21 residual larynges were measured. RESULTS: All cases restored their phonation. In 36 cases that underwent anastomosis of cricoid cartilage and base of tongue, 15 cases without aspiration, 18 with mild aspiration, 3 moderates. Decannulation rate is 94.4%. In 30 cases who underwent anastomosis of cricoid cartilage and base of tongue, 10 with mild aspiration, 17 moderate, 3 serious. All cases overcame aspiration within 3 weeks. 7 cases were cannulated. 3, 5, 10 year survival rates were 80.3%, 74.4%, and 3/7. The longitudinal and transverse calibers of epiglottis were 1.5-2.0 times longer than that of the entrance of cricoid cartilage. After anastomosis of cricoid cartilage and base of tongue (epiglottis), the epiglottis can exactly cover the entrance of cricoid cartilage to prevent aspiration fully and increase decannulation rate. Previously the cricoid cartilage was anatomized and fixed under the hyoid bone. Because some spaces exist between cricoid cartilage, base of tongue and epiglottis, aspiration is likely to occur. That hyoid bone covers the entrance of cricoid cartilage will bring constriction of the new laryngeal orifice and make decannulation difficult. Hyoidectomy and anastomosis of cricoid cartilage and base of tongue (epiglottis) overcame the two shortcomings and had good effects. CONCLUSION: Cricoid-hyoid-anastomosis was the main reason of severe aspiration and low decannulation rate. The ideal methods to lighten aspiration and increase decannulation rate are hyoidectomy and anastomosis of cricoid cartilage and base of tongue (epiglottis).     

环舌根会厌吻合术对减轻误咽提高拔管率的探讨

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Near total laryngectomy with epiglottic reconstruction. Our experience of 65 cases

From 1980 to 1998, 65 patients whose glottic lesions were classified T1 or T2 were operated with a reconstructive anterior frontal laryngectomy with epiglottoplasty such as described by Tucker (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 115:1341–1344). This procedure consists of resection of the two vocal cords, in some cases one arytenoid, the anterior commissure with a part of the thyroid cartilage, the anterior part of both false vocal cords, and of 1 cm of the subglottis. The epiglottis is grasped downward to close the larynx. There were no per or postoperative deaths. Our functional results confirm those reported in the previous publications. The mean time of removal of the nasogastric tube was about 12 days and the patients were generally satisfied about their residual voice. Decannulation was performed after satisfactory peroral feeding, generally about 2 weeks postoperatively. Three patients only required subsequent procedures which can be considered due to functional failures. There were four recurrences, which means a 5-year actuarial local control rate of 94%. This operation takes place as part of our surgical treatment policy of laryngeal carcinomas, considering that this surgery is like an extensive frontolateral laryngectomy. In case of an infiltrating tumor or in case of invasion to the arytenoid cartilage, we perform a supracricoid partial laryngectomy with crico-hyoido-epiglottopexy (the Majer-Piquet’s procedure). Received: 29 September 2000 / Accepted: 18 May 2001     

CHEP with the total removal of the arytenoid on the tumor-bearing side

A supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (CHEP) consists of the resection of the whole thyroid cartilage and paraglottic space, while preserving the cricoid cartilage, the hyoid bone, most of the epiglottis and the arytenoids. Laryngeal reconstruction is achieved be suturing the cricoid cartilage and the hyoid bone. This procedure is mainly indicated for large T2 glottic carcinomas and provides a complete resection and laryngeal preservation without requiring a permanent tracheostomy. Although bilateral arytenoids are usually preserved to ensure better laryngeal function after CHEP, we unavoidably had to remove the arytenoid on the tumor-bearing side during a complete resection performed in a 56-year-old male with a rT2 tumor who had undergone radiation and demonstrated impaired vocal fold motion. Despite the resection of one arytenoid, the final laryngeal function proved to be satisfactory. CHEP should be utilized as an alternative surgical modality for conventional vertical partial laryngectomies or total laryngectomies. CHEP with the total removal of the arytenoid on the tumor-bearing side may be a useful laryngeal preservation procedure for the treatment of patients with glottic carcinoma associated with an impaired vocal fold motion or a fixed vocal fold.     

环状软骨上喉次全切除术及其疗效

目的 探讨环状软骨上喉次全切除术的可行性及其适应证。方法 选择自１９８８～１９９６年不宜行常规水平或垂直半喉部分切除术的Ｔ２和Ｔ３喉鳞癌患者２１例行环状软骨上喉次全切除术。声门上型９例,声门型１０例,跨声门型２例。临床分级：Ｔ２期１６例,Ｔ３期５例。手术切除范围;舌骨、甲状软骨板、会厌前间隙和声门旁间隙,保留环状软骨和至少一侧杓状骨或部分正常会厌软骨。吹功能重建主要采用环状软骨舌根（会厌舌根）吻合     

正常儿童喉部的超声解剖学研究

目的探讨正常儿童喉部的超声影像学表现。方法对照研究3个儿童离体喉标本相应断面的声像图与组织大切片,确认甲状软骨、杓状软骨、环状软骨、会厌软骨、会厌前间隙、声门旁间隙、室带、声带、喉室、杓肌的超声表现;然后对33名正常儿童进行喉部超声检查,确认各结构声像图表现。结果正常儿童甲状软骨为盾形等回声结构;杓状软骨为低回声结构,横断面为镰刀形,纵切面为类三角形;横断面环状软骨为"n"形低回声结构,纵切面显示环状软骨板为类长方形等回声结构;会厌软骨为细带状等回声结构;会厌前间隙和声门旁间隙是高回声结构;声带为长三角形等回声结构;室带为高回声结构。杓肌表现为双侧杓状软骨后方的等回声。结论超声对儿童喉部甲状软骨、杓状软骨、环状软骨、会厌软骨、会厌前间隙、声门旁间隙、室带、声带和杓肌显示良好。     

保留杓状软骨喉次全切除喉功能重建的体会

目的　探讨应用保留杓状软骨的喉次全切除喉功能重建术治疗T3 喉癌 (声门及声门上型 )的拔管率和 3、5年生存率。方法　对 2 0例T3 级喉癌 ,其中声门型 3例 (T3 N0 M0 )、声门上型 17例(T3 N1 M0 5例 ,T3 N0 M0 12例 ) ,根据病变范围行保留单侧或双侧杓状软骨喉次全切除及功能重建术 ,并设计环咽吻合术式。结果　 3、5年生存率分别为 16/ 17(94 1% )和 11/ 12 (91 8% )。全部患者均恢复了吞咽和发音功能 ,拔管率为 95 0 %。结论　保留杓状软骨喉次全切除及功能重建术是治疗T3 喉癌的一种很好术式。手术的关键是不能损伤杓状软骨及喉返神经 ,设计好环咽吻合方案。     

环甲关节解剖特征及其运动方式分析

对61具尸体喉进行解剖学研究。发现两侧环甲关节均为滑膜关节者30例，占49．2％；均为纤维连结者14例，占23．0％；一侧为滑膜关节，一侧为纤维连结者17例，占27.9％，纤维连结均居于左侧。在被动旋转和促使关节滑行的实验中，两种关节的旋转和滑动的范围类似。环甲关节的运动方式为：①环状软骨绕贯穿两侧关节的冠状轴作背板后仰和复位的转动；②环状软骨沿甲状软骨坏面长径绕环状软骨坏中心轴作滑行旋转运动。前者使声带紧张和松弛，后者能使两侧声带紧张度保持平衡。     

Epiglottic reconstruction after near total laryngectomy

Near total laryngectomy results in large defect of the larynx requiring reconstruction. Pedicled composite epiglottic flap containing cartilage and epithelium is an ideal reconstructive tissue. This paper describes our experiences with 15 cases who underwent epiglottic laryngoplasty after near total laryngectomy since 1983. In order to avoid too wide a glottis leading to aspiration and poor voice, the Tucker technique has been modified in two ways: (1) The posterior edge of the epiglottis was sutured separately to the posterior edge of the cricoid opposing the true and false cords rather than the thyroid alar struts; An arytenoid was reformed. (2) Bilateral edge of the epiglottis was lowered. Anew pseudocord was formed. (3) The anterior epiglottic flap was manipulated to simulate the shape of anterior commissure. These modified reconstructive techniques resulted in decreasing in the transverse diameter and increasing slightly in the anterior-posterior length of the glottis, the functions of deglutition, phonation and respiration were improved significantly None had developed local recurrence and distant metastasis in more than 2-4 years.