CTU在妇科手术后输尿管损伤中的诊断价值

目的:探讨CTU在妇科手术后输尿管损伤中的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析10例经临床及影像检查确诊为妇科手术后输尿管损伤患者的影像学表现,8例行CT平扫、增强及延迟扫描,2例静脉尿路造影后行CT平扫,延迟时间6min～17h,平均3.41h。结果:10例均见输尿管下段损伤(左右各5例)、对比剂外渗;1例可见肾盂输尿管交界处对比剂外溢。阴道内积液、盆腹腔积液及盆腹腔积液并阴道内对比剂积聚各3例;1例肾周、腹膜后积液及对比剂外溢。5例尿性腹膜炎,4例伤侧输尿管扩张,3例(5个肾)肾轻度积水,1例尿性囊肿,1例腹膜后积尿伴炎症。结论:CTU能够清楚显示输尿管损伤的部位、程度、范围及其与周围组织的关系。     

Multi-modality imaging of the leaking ureter: why does detection of traumatic and iatrogenic ureteral injuries remain a challenge?

Ureteral injuries are uncommon in trauma patients, accounting for fewer than 1% of all injuries to the urinary tract. These uncommon, yet problematic, injuries can often be overlooked in the standard search pattern on abdominal and pelvic multi-detector CT (MDCT) images, as radiologists focus on more immediate life-threatening injuries. However, early diagnosis and management are vital to reduce potential morbidity. If there is a high clinical index of suspicion for ureteral injuries with penetrating or blunt trauma, or if there is suspected iatrogenic ureteral injury, delayed-phase/urographic-phase MDCT images are essential for confirming the diagnosis. Moreover, making the distinction between partial and complete ureteral transection is critical, as it will guide management. The aim of this pictorial review is to overview the key imaging findings in blunt and penetrating traumatic and iatrogenic injuries of the ureter, as well as to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different imaging modalities for accurately and rapidly establishing or excluding the diagnosis of ureteral injuries, with an emphasis on MDCT. The potential causes of missed ureteral injuries will also be discussed.     

Percutaneous Management of Ureteral Injuries that are Diagnosed Late After Cesarean Section

OBJECTIVE: We wanted to present the results of percutaneous management of ureteral injuries that were diagnosed late after cesarean sections (CS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two cases with 24 ureteral injuries that were diagnosed late after CS underwent percutaneous nephrostomy (PN), antegrade double J (DJ) catheter placement and balloon dilatation or a combination of these. The time for making the diagnosis was 21 +/- 50.1 days. The injury site was the distal ureter in all cases (the left ureter: 13, the right ureter: 7 and bilateral: 2). Fifteen complete ureteral obstructions were detected in 13 cases. Ureteral leakage due to partial (n = 4) or complete (n = 3) rupture was noted in seven cases. Two cases had ureterovaginal fistula. All the cases were initially confirmed with antegrade pyelography and afterwards they underwent percutaneous nephrostomy. Balloon dilatation was needed in three cases. Antegrade DJ stents were placed in 10 cases, including the three cases with balloon dilatation. Repetititon of percutaneous nephrostomy with balloon dilatation and DJ stent placement was needed in one case with complete obstruction. All the cases were followed-up with US in their first week and then monthly thereafter for up to two years. RESULTS: Eighteen ureters (75%) were managed by percutaneous procedures alone. A total of six ureter injuries had to undergo surgery (25%). CONCLUSION: Percutaneous management is a good alternative for the treatment of post-CS ureteral injuries that are diagnosed late after CS. Percutaneous management is at least preparatory for a quarter of the cases where surgery is unavoidable.     

钬激光治疗输尿管结石术后并发症原因分析

目的分析钬激光治疗输尿管结石术后并发症的原因。方法回顾性分析2008年10月～2009年11月期间成都第二人民医院泌尿外科收治的147例采用输尿管镜下钬激光治疗输尿管结石,13例出现并发症的原因及治疗措施。结果13例中,输尿管损伤8例（包括输尿管撕脱1例,输尿管断裂1例,输尿管穿孔3例,输尿管粘膜下隧道3例）,输尿管结石移位3例,术后感染2例,发生率8．8％,并发症的发生与输尿管开口方向异常、输尿管口水肿、走行迂曲、输尿管狭窄、输尿管息肉阻塞输尿管腔、术者经验缺乏等有关,也与导管或导丝误刺人输尿管壁,激光损伤,甚至击穿输尿管壁等有关。均得到及时处理,最终治愈。结论输尿管损伤和结石移位是手术主要并发症,开展该手术早期经验欠缺．操作不规范等可能导致严重并发症。对其原因正确认识并合理处理,积极改进,规范操作可以取得良好疗效。     

CT imaging of blunt traumatic bowel and mesenteric injuries

Delayed diagnosis of a bowel or mesenteric injury resulting in hollow viscus perforation leads to significant morbidity and mortality from hemorrhage, peritonitis, or abdominal sepsis. The timely diagnosis of bowel and mesenteric injuries requiring operative repair depends almost exclusively on their early detection by the radiologist on computed tomography examination, because the clinical signs and symptoms of these injuries are not specific and usually develop late. Therefore, the radiologist must be familiar with the often-subtle imaging findings of bowel and mesenteric injury that will allow for appropriate triage of a patient who has sustained blunt trauma to the abdomen or pelvis.     

MSCT三期扫描诊断妇科腹腔镜致输尿管下段损伤

目的:评价MSCT三期扫描在妇科腹腔镜致输尿管下段损伤中的诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析经手术证实的12例妇科腹腔镜致输尿管下段损伤的术前MSCT表现.结果:12例中,双侧输尿管损伤2例,左侧输尿管损伤6例,右侧输尿管损伤4例,5例CT平扫显示输尿管中段不同程度扩张、7例未见异常,5例盆腔积液;增强扫描输尿管壁强化期:6例...     

MR尿路成像在医源性输尿管损伤的应用

目的探讨磁共振尿路成像(MRU)在医源性输尿管损伤中的价值。方法对12例因妇科或直肠手术损伤输尿管的患者进行MRU检查。结果12例输尿管损伤的患者均一次MR检查成功,定位及定性准确率均为100%,均为下段梗阻,其中单纯梗阻8例,梗阻合并尿漏4例,均伴有损伤侧输尿管扩张和肾盂积水。结论MRU对医源性输尿管损伤能做出明确诊断。     

The value of99mTc-DTPA renal scintigraphy in the evaluation of post-traumatic abdominal fluid collection

A patient with a post-traumatic retroperitoneal urinoma is presented. On admission, there was a clinical suspicion of retroperitoneal hematoma and ultrasonography (US) was performed which showed a hypoechoic fluid collection suggesting retroperitoneal hematoma. In order to determine the nature of the fluid, radionuclide angiography and renal scan were performed successively with 99mTc-DTPA. Demonstration of urinary leakage into the mass in the delayed renal scintigraphic images suggested a urinoma. At laparotomy, total transection of the left ureter in the uretero-pelvic region was found and the diagnosis of urinoma was confirmed.     

医源性输尿管损伤的诊治（附13例报告）

目的：探讨医源性输尿管损伤的原因、诊断、手术时机和治疗经验。方法：总结分析13例医源性输尿管损伤的临床资料。结果：13例患者中妇产科、普外科、腔内泌尿外科导致输尿管损伤分别为8、2、3例。损伤部位输尿管上段3例,下段10例。损伤方式为缝扎1例,切断切开7例,结扎4例,原因不明1例。3例于术中发现,10例于术后48 h-30 d发现。术式包括松解缝扎线1例,输尿管端端吻合1例,输尿管膀胱再植4例,输尿管膀胱瓣吻合1例,仅放置双J管引流5例。随访6个月-2年,仅1例轻度肾积水,输尿管通畅,尿漏消失,肾功能正常。结论：医源性输尿管损伤只要一般情况良好,均可行一期修复手术。对盆腔手术后有漏尿的输尿管损伤,只要裂伤或瘘口较小,均可行输尿管镜下置入双J管引流,尿瘘可自行愈合。     

Enhanced ascites: CT sign of ureteral fistula

Contrast enhancement of intraperitoneal fluid was observed on CT after intravenous contrast medium injection in a patient who had had a cesarean section 2 weeks earlier. Correct analysis of this finding led to prompt discovery of a clinically unsuspected partial right ureteral disruption by a hemostatic suture. At surgery the diagnosis was confirmed and the ureter repaired.     

输尿管镜手术致输尿管损伤的处理及预防

目的探讨输尿管镜手术致输尿管损伤的原因及治疗和预防措施。方法回顾我院2004年1月～2009年10月所行的1490例输尿管镜手术,对有输尿管损伤的72例进行总结,分析输尿管损伤的原因,总结输尿管损伤的处理经验,提出预防措施。结果1490例输尿管镜手术共有72例(4.83%)发生输尿管损伤,其中,输尿管口严重撕裂25例(1.68%),输尿管穿孔22例(1.48%),假道形成3例(0.20%),输尿管黏膜袖状剥离19例(1.28%),输尿管全层撕脱2例(0.13%),输尿管套叠1例(0.07%)。输尿管损伤患者留置双J管保守治疗68例,开放手术4例。结论正确的输尿管镜操作方法、充分认识输尿管镜手术致输尿管损伤发生的原因、不断提高操作技巧可减少对输尿管的损伤。出现损伤后应及时发现并妥善处理。     

医源性输尿管损伤的诊断和治疗

目的　分析医源性输尿管损伤的特点 ,总结医源性输尿管损伤预防、诊断和治疗经验。　方法　分析 1997～ 2 0 0 3年间收治的 17例医源性输尿管损伤患者的致伤原因、部位、治疗时间、方法以及治疗结果等。　结果　 17例医源性输尿管损伤中 ,妇产科、普通外科、腔内泌尿外科导致输尿管损伤分别为 12例 (71% )、4例 (2 4 % )和 1例 (6 % )。 6 5 % (11/17)出现在输尿管下段 ,18% (3/17)出现在输尿管中段 ,18% (3/17)出现在输尿管上段。损伤方式为结扎、结扎牵拉成角、离断、穿孔 ,分别为 5例 (2 9% )、7例 (4 1% )、4例 (2 4 % )和 1例 (6 % ) ;4例于术中发现 ,9例于术后 2～ 11d发现 ,4例于伤后 3个月～半年诊治。输尿管端端吻合 7例 ,输尿管膀胱再植术 3例 ,输尿管探查取石术 1例 ,单纯输尿管松解术 3例 ,松解后置入双J管 3例。该组手术均获成功 ,随访 6个月～ 3年 ,无一例尿路感染、肾积水加重和肾功能下降。　结论　输尿管损伤的部位和类型决定了治疗的方式 ;全面认识输尿管解剖 ,是防止输尿管损伤的关键 ;当输尿管损伤时 ,掌握诊断步骤、熟悉治疗原则是提高医源性输尿管损伤治愈率的关键。     

多层螺旋CT尿路造影在泌尿系统病变诊断中的价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT尿路造影（MSCTU）对泌尿系病变的诊断价值。方法：收集经KUB、IVU检查单侧输尿管显示欠佳或不显影患者38例，健康志愿者4例，行CT平扫、肾脏增强双期扫描及尿路造影，将平扫及尿路造影资料传送至工作站，进行最大强度投影（MIP）、多平面重建（MPR）及容积重建（volume-rendering），获得完整尿路影像。结果：所有病例在14-2s内完成全尿路扫描。24例输尿管结石，重建图像能清晰显示结石位置及上段积水情况；2例肾肿瘤及1例输尿管切开取石术后患者显示输尿管内多发血块；2例术后输尿管粘连及肿胀至输尿管梗阻；1例结肠癌淋巴结转移侵犯输尿管；3例肾盂输尿管重复畸形清晰显示输尿管汇合部位；1例尿瘘可见尿湖位于输尿管中段，肾盂瘘口与之相连；1例先天性巨输尿管和1例腔静脉后输尿管完整显示其形态和走行。结论：多层螺旋CT具有超高速、大范围、薄层扫描能力，应用于尿路造影有其独特优势，可作为临床一种新的辅助诊断手段。     

Congenital valves of the ureter. Comments on 7 cases studied in childhood]

Ureteral valves are a rare cause of congenital obstructive uropathy in pediatric age. Symptoms onset is variable and depends directly on the degree of valvular obstruction. Seven cases of ureteral valves were studied in the Radiology Department of "Bambino Gesù" Pediatric Hospital in Rome; every type of technique available in the hospital was employed. For each case, the authors carefully describe the clinico-radiological approach which led to the diagnosis of obstruction due to the presence of one or more valvular structures (hydronephrosis). Intravenous urography proved to be the most sensitive examination to confirm the diagnosis of suspected obstruction made on the basis of US findings, and to assess its precise location. Segmental ascending pyelography was also employed, which consists in cystoscopically inserting a ureteral catheter into the renal pelvis, and then administering a contrast medium which allows the fluoroscopic visualization, both above and below the stricture, of the ureteral segments. The technique also allows the detection of other valves of the same ureter not otherwise recognizable. All 7 patients underwent surgery; follow-up at 12 months demonstrated clinical symptoms regression and a good functional and morphological recovery of the involved ureter.     

Acromioclavicular joint injuries and reconstructions: a review of expected imaging findings and potential complications

Shoulder injuries, including acromioclavicular (AC) joint separations, remain a common reason for presentation to the emergency room. Although the diagnosis can be made apparent through proper history and physical examination by the emergency medicine physician, ascertaining the degree of injury can be difficult on the basis of clinical evaluation alone. While there is consensus in the literature that low-grade AC joint injuries can be treated with conservative management, high-grade injuries will generally require surgical intervention. Furthermore, the treatment of grade 3 injuries remains controversial, making it incumbent upon the radiologist to become comfortable with distinguishing this diagnosis from lower or higher grade injuries. Imaging of AC joint injuries after clinical evaluation is generally initiated in the emergency room setting with plain film radiography; however, on occasion, an alternative modality may be presented to the emergency room radiologist for interpretation. As such, it remains important to be familiar with the appearance of AC joint separations on a variety of modalities. Another possible patient presentation in both the emergent and nonemergent setting includes new onset of pain or instability in the postsurgical shoulder. In this scenario, the onus is often placed on the radiologist to determine whether the pain or instability represents the sequelae of reinjury versus a complication of surgery. The purpose of this review is to present an anatomically based discussion of imaging findings associated with AC joint separations as seen on multiple modalities, as well as to describe and elucidate a variety of potential complications which may present to the emergency room radiologist.     

Ureteral neoplasms

The authors review primary and secondary neoplastic lesions of the ureter. Primary ureteral tumors are rare, although when they occur, they usually consist of transitional cell carcinoma. The most frequent symptoms are hematuria, frequency, dysuria, and pain. Secondary ureteral neoplasms are caused by direct extension from an adjacent extraureteral primary tumor or from a site of bulky metastasis and, rarely, by metastasis from a distant primary tumor. The most useful diagnostic modalities are retrograde pyelography for direct visualization of ureteral involvement--particularly in the presence of high-grade obstruction--and computed tomography for evaluation of extraureteral extent of tumors and the presence of lymphadenopathy and distant metastases.     

Urological injuries following trauma

Blunt renal trauma is the third most common injury in abdominal trauma following splenic and hepatic injuries, respectively. In the majority, such injuries are associated with other abdominal organ injuries. As urological injuries are not usually life-threatening, and clinical signs and symptoms are non-specific, diagnosis is often delayed. We present a practical approach to the diagnosis and management of these injuries based on our experience in a busy inner city trauma hospital with a review of the current evidence-based practice. Diagnostic imaging signs are illustrated.     

Ectopia of the right ureter as the cause of a cystic abdominal space-occupying lesion

Ureteral ectopias, which mostly occur in ureteral duplications, become noticeable in women quite early by characteristic clinical signs (dribble, or urinary incontinence). In males, it is usually only a stenosis-conditioned dilatation of the ureter that results in an uncharacter-istic pattern of complaints. The article presents the clinical pattern of signs and the x-ray findings in a man of 42 year of age, who had not reported any complaints until then, with an excessive dilatation of an extopically discharging single ureter.     

多层螺旋CT尿路造影对上尿路梗阻性疾病的诊断价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT尿路造影（MSCTU）在上尿路梗阻性疾病诊断中的价值。资料与方法 搜集经静脉肾盂造影（IVU）或其他影像学检查提示上尿路梗阻而原因不明的患者58例,均行MSCTU检查,在图像工作站对获得图像进行最大密度投影（MIP）、多平面重建（MPR）及容积再现（vRT）等三维后处理,获得泌尿系立体图像。结果 58例中上尿路结石20例,先天性畸形14例,输尿管癌11例,输尿管炎性狭窄3例,输尿管息肉2例,副肾血管压迫肾盂输尿管交接处2例,邻近器官疾病导致上尿路梗阻2例,以上病例均经手术或输尿管镜检查证实。另有4例无法确诊,诊断准确率为93．10％。结论 MSCTU通过MPR、MIP、VRT技术多角度观察能够更加清晰地显示出导致上尿路梗阻的病变及其形态,在上尿路梗阻病变诊断方面有独特的优势。     

Blunt renal and ureteral trauma in childhood: CT patterns of fluid collections

The CT scans of 25 children with blunt renal and ureteral trauma were analyzed to determine the severity of injury, the appearance of retroperitoneal fluid collections, and whether the extent of these collections correlated with the severity of injury. CT showed renal parenchymal injuries in 23 patients and ureteral injuries in two patients. Retroperitoneal fluid was detected in 19 (76%) of 25 patients. Perirenal fluid collections were present in all 19, periureteral fluid in 12, interfascial fluid in eight, anterior pararenal fluid in four, and psoas hemorrhage in three. The presence of perirenal and periureteral fluid was not a good predictor of the extent of renal injury. Fluid collections in the interfascial or anterior pararenal spaces and psoas muscle appeared to correlate with the severity of injury. Patients with these fluid patterns usually had renal fractures, arterial injuries, or ureteral disruptions. The presence of perirenal and periureteral fluid did not correlate with the extent of renal injury, while the presence of interfascial, anterior pararenal, and psoas muscle fluid correlated somewhat with renal fractures and renal pedicle disruption.