农村盆困地区围产保健服务情况及其对孕产妇和新生儿死亡率的影响

目的：探讨农村地区围产保健服务与孕产妇和新生儿死亡的关系。方法：对1997年5省113县有关孕产妇死亡和新生儿死亡的县级资料及相应的人口、经济1围产保健资料进行多因素、多水平分析。结果：平均孕产妇死亡率（MMR）为159．30／10万,平均新生儿死亡率（NMR）为39．76‰;平均产前检查覆盖率60．90％,住院分娩率30．57％,新法接生率58．03％,产后访视率33．77％;住院分娩及新法接生对孕产妇死亡有保护作用,产前检查对新生儿死亡有保护作用。结论：5省农村贫困地区围产保健服务水平较低,提示提高住院分娩率、新法接生率及加强产前检查是降低两个死亡率的重要措施。     

中国贫困地区新生儿死亡率的通径分析

目的：在宏观水平分析影响新生儿死亡率的因素，以便制定降低新生儿死亡率的措施。方法：采用在吉林、新疆、湖南、贵州、海南114个县调查的1997年的全部新生儿死亡的县级加和资料以及相应的县级人口、经济、卫生资源等方面资料，运用通径分析的方法进行分析。结果：调查地区新生儿死亡率为39．76％，直接影响新生儿死亡率的因素是住院分娩率，间接影响新生儿死亡率的因素是每千人口床位数，人均收入，少数民族人口比例。而前检查率，无村医的村的比例，以及人口密度这三个因素对新生儿死亡率既有直接作用又有间接作用。结论：大力提倡住院分娩，产前检查，加强三级保健网网底的建设，加强并调整村医的职能，加强围产保健管理，对少数民族和人口密度低的地区给予更多的关注是降低贫困地区新生儿死亡率的主要措施。     

西安市2010—2021年孕产妇和儿童死亡及保健服务分析

目的 分析西安市2010—2021年孕产妇、新生儿、婴儿和5岁以下儿童死亡及保健服务情况,为制定孕产妇和儿童保健管理措施提供参考。方法 选用西安市卫生健康事业发展统计公报和陕西省卫生健康事业发展统计公报相关数据,分析2010—2021年孕产妇死亡率、新生儿死亡率、婴儿死亡率和5岁以下儿童死亡率变化趋势,孕产妇、儿童保健服务指标变化趋势,以及保健服务指标与死亡率的相关性。结果 2010—2021年西安市新生儿死亡率、婴儿死亡率、5岁以下儿童死亡率均呈下降趋势（均P<0.01）,产前检查率、住院分娩率、7岁以下儿童管理率均呈上升趋势（均P<0.01）。西安市新生儿死亡率与产前检查率、住院分娩率均呈负相关（均P<0.01）,婴儿死亡率、5岁以下儿童死亡率均与住院分娩率、7岁以下儿童管理率均呈负相关（P<0.01或P<0.05）。结论 2010—2021年西安市新生儿死亡率、婴儿死亡率及5岁以下儿童死亡率呈下降趋势,产前检查率、住院分娩率、7岁以下儿童管理率呈上升趋势。     

中国"降低孕产妇死亡率,消除新生儿破伤风"项目县降低孕产妇死亡主要因素分析

目的了解影响孕产妇死亡的主要因素。方法利用2003年全国22个省份和新疆生产建设兵团共1000个“降低孕产妇死亡率，消除新生儿破伤风”项目（降消项目）县相关部门的统计数据与孕产妇死亡人群监测数据进行相关性分析。结果2003年全国“降消项目”县孕产妇死亡率为76．9／10万，住院分娩率为64．9％；人均年收入〈1000元的项目县孕产妇死亡率为100、9／10万，人均年收入≥2000元的项目县孕产妇死亡率为618／10万，人均年收入与孕产妇死亡率存在负相关关系；住院分娩率〈50％的项目县孕产妇死亡率达107．2／10万，住院分娩率≥75％的项目县孕产妇死亡率为54．1／10万，住院分娩率与孕产妇死亡率存在负相关关系；人均年收入〈1000元住院分娩率≥75％的项目县为19．1％，人均年收入≥2000元住院分娩率≥75％的项目县为66．7％，两者存在正相关关系。结论人均年收入水平和住院分娩率对孕产妇死亡率均有影响。     

2004-2013年三门峡市新生儿死亡率变化趋势及孕产妇住院分娩率等关联性分析

目的分析三门峡市2003-2014年新生儿死亡率变化趋势及孕产妇住院分娩率的关联性,进一步探索新生儿死亡原因及影响因素,并提出相应的干预措施。方法对2004-2013年三门峡市6个县(市、区)死亡的新生儿死亡情况和孕产妇住院分娩情况进行回顾性分析研究。结果 2003年、2014年新生儿死亡率分别为8.43‰和2.72‰,定基比分析其下降幅度达51.50%,呈明显下降趋势;孕产妇住院分娩率2003年70.50%,2014年为98.00%,呈上升趋势;新法接生率2003年为99.00%,2014年为100.00%。结论三门峡市新生儿死亡率呈下降趋势;孕产妇住院分娩率和新法接生率的提高对我市新生儿死亡率下降有重要影响,应进一步加强孕产妇保健,巩固提高住院分娩率和新法接生率。     

基于空间模型的我国孕产妇死亡率影响因素分析

目的分析我国孕产妇死亡率的空间分布特点,利用空间模型进行拟合优度检验,探讨我国孕产妇死亡率的影响因素。方法采用2005-2014年中国统计年鉴及中国卫生和计划生育年鉴面板数据,运用空间面板数据模型,对影响我国孕产妇死亡率的因素进行定量分析。结果空间滞后模型在0.1的检验水准上,孕产妇死亡率、住院分娩率、每千人口床位数、文盲率差异有统计学意义;其他条件不变时,以上因素每增加1%,孕产妇死亡率会相应降低0.386 2/10万、0.391 1/10万、0.423 2/10万和升高0.316 5/10万。结论孕产妇系统管理率、住院分娩率、妇幼保健专业机构的床位数是孕产妇死亡率的保护因素;文盲率是孕产妇死亡率的危险因素。     

贵州省惠水县新农合和降消项目实施对孕产妇妊娠结局影响

目的探讨贵州省惠水县实施新农合和降消项目对孕产妇妊娠结局的影响。方法采用回顾性调查分析方法,基于惠水县医疗机构、户籍档案、新型农村合作医疗（新农合）工作组、降低孕产妇死亡率和消除新生儿破伤风项目（降消）工作小组工作成果报告,对数据进行统计分析。结果未开展项目（1996—1999年）、降消项目开展中（2000—2003年）、新农合联合降消项目开展中（2004—2007年）,孕妇死亡率、住院分娩率、新生儿破伤风率、新法接生率、高危孕妇住院分娩率、产检覆盖率显著提高,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;开展降消项目后农村住院分娩率、农村低保家庭产妇产检率显著提高,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;开展新农合后,农村住院生产率显著提高,农村城镇产检覆盖、住院分娩率均显著提高,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论降消项目执行后,惠水县孕产妇接受医疗保健情况显著好转,孕产妇死亡率及新生儿破伤风率显著降低,农村低保家庭产妇产检率改善效果显著;新农合开展后,农村产妇住院分娩率显著提高,但城镇低保家庭孕产妇其产检率未见显著提高;惠水县两项医疗制度成效显著,但惠及城镇低保家庭不足,应予以重视;新农合政策与降消项目存在一定重叠,新农合执行后,接受降消产妇比例显著下降,两个项目同时开展效果显著。     

空间面板数据模型在传染病监测数据分析中的应用

目的探讨空间面板数据模型在传染病监测数据分析中的的适用性和应用价值。方法以2009—2011年广东省手足口病发病与气象因素的关系问题为例,建立空间面板数据模型。结果在校正了空间个体效应和空间相关效应后,平均温度、平均降水量和平均温差均具有统计学意义（均有P〈0．05）,变量回归系数分别为0．0288、0．0003和-0．0357。与传统的时间序列分析和横断面分析相比,空间面板数据模型更充分利用监测数据的时空信息,可以分析数据中的空间差异性和空间相关性。结论空间面板数据模型在传染病监测数据分析中具有独特优势和较好的应用价值。     

贵州省孕产妇住院分娩率及其影响因素分析

目的:了解贵州省孕产妇住院分娩率变化情况及其影响因素。方法:贵州省降低孕产妇死亡率消除新生儿破伤风项目信息与妇幼卫生年报及项目督导问卷分析。结果:随着时间的推移,贵州省住院分娩率在不断提高,特别是从2000年(降低孕产妇死亡消除新生儿破伤风项目实施)开始增加,近3年增加迅速。2009年全省孕产妇住院分娩率已达到77.5%,但与我国其他中西部地区的住院分娩率仍有差距,孕产妇的家庭经济收入、产前检查情况,孕产妇受教育程度对住院分娩有重要影响。结论:贵州省住院分娩率有一定提高,但必须加大项目实施力度,提高住院分娩率。     

汕头市2000-2004年新生儿死亡监测结果分析及对策

目的根据监测结果进行分析、研究，为降低汕头市新生儿死亡率提供科学依据。方法依据2000-2004年汕头市新生儿死亡监测资料进行综合分析。结果期间活产数共283797例，新生儿死亡2136例，新生儿死亡率为7．5‰；死亡的前4住死因依次为：早产儿和低出生体重儿、新生儿窒息、新生儿肺炎及出生缺陷。结论做好孕产妇系统管理．提高新法接生率和住院分娩率，加强产、儿科协作，提高产前诊断水平，加强围产期及新生儿期医疗保健知识的宣传，提高基层妇幼卫生人员的业务技术水平，建立完善的新生儿转运系统，是降低新生儿死亡率的根本措施。     

Age at neonatal death in Ontario, 1979–1987: implications for the interpretation of mortality markers

Summary. Recent evidence concerning time trends in infant mortality rates suggests faster falls in early compared with late deaths. This may be due to rapid advances in neonatal care. This study was undertaken to examine the timing of neonatal death in Ontario between 1979 and 1987. Trends with time, gestational age and type of birth hospital were examined. Evidence suggests that, controlling for level of birth hospital and gestational age, there was a time trend of an increasing proportion of late neonatal deaths. This suggests that early neonatal mortality was decreasing more rapidly than late neonatal mortality. Controlling for year of birth and gestational age, it was observed that the proportion of late neonatal deaths was higher for those born in a tertiary rather than community hospital. In combination, these findings suggest that, due to advances in neonatal care, a disproportionately high number of early neonatal deaths are increasingly being prevented. The findings have implications for the interpretation of routinely available mortality markers. The authors conclude that early neonatal death rate may be becoming a less useful marker and that a measure of perinatal mortality which includes late neonatal deaths would be a useful addition to the currently collected mortality markers.     

Monitoring fetal and infant survival using regional birth notification data in north east London

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the use of aggregated, locally collected birth notification data to examine trends in birth-weight specific survival for singleton and multiple births. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of 171,527 notified births and subsequent infant survival data derived from computerised community child health records. Validation of data completeness and quality was undertaken by comparison with birth and death registration records for the same period. SETTING: Notifications of births in 1989-1991 to residents of the North Thames (East) Region (formerly North East Thames Regional Health Authority). OUTCOME MEASURES: Birthweight specific stillbirth, neonatal, and postneonatal death rates. RESULTS: There was close correspondence between the notification and registration data. For 96% of the registered deaths a birth notification record was identified and for the majority of these the death was already known to the Community Child Health Computer. Completeness of birth-weight data, particularly at the lower end of the range, was substantially better in birth notification data. Comparison with the most recent published national data relating to birthweight specific survival of very low birthweight singleton and multiple births suggests that the downward trend of mortality is continuing, at least in this Region. CONCLUSIONS: The use of routinely collected aggregated birth notification data provides a valuable adjunct to existing sources of information about perinatal and infant survival, as well as other information regarding process and outcome of maternity services. Such data are required for comparative audit and may be more complete than that obtained from registration or hospital generated data.

 

     

Maternal characteristics associated with place of delivery and neonatal mortality rates among very-low-birthweight infants,Georgia

To determine whether the Healthy People 2000 objective to deliver very-low-birthweight (VLBW) infants at subspecialty perinatal care centres was met, and if improvements in the regional perinatal care system could reduce neonatal mortality further for 2010, we examined place of delivery for VLBW infants, associated maternal characteristics and the potential impact on neonatal mortality. We used linked birth and death records for the 1994-96 Georgia VLBW (i.e. 500-1499 g) birth cohorts. Among 4770 VLBW infants, 77% were delivered at hospitals providing subspecialty perinatal care. The strongest predictor of birth hospital level was the mother's county of residence, defined using three levels: residence in a county with a subspecialty hospital, residence in a county adjacent to one with such a hospital or residence in a non-adjacent county. Eighty-nine per cent of infants born to women who resided in counties with subspecialty care hospitals delivered at such hospitals, compared with 53% of infants born to women who resided in a non-adjacent county. Women were also more likely to deliver outside subspecialty care if they had less than adequate prenatal care [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.5, P-value = 0.0001]. The neonatal mortality rate varied by level of perinatal care at the birth hospital from 132.1/1000 to 283/1000 live births, with the highest death rate for infants born at hospitals offering the lowest level of care. Assuming that the differences in mortality were due to care level of the birth hospital, potentially 16-23% of neonatal deaths among VLBW infants could have been prevented if 90% of infants born outside subspecialty care were delivered at the recommended level. These findings suggest that a state's support of strong, collaborative, regional perinatal care networks is required to ensure that high-risk women and infants receive optimal health care. Improved access to recommended care levels should further reduce neonatal mortality until interventions are identified to prevent VLBW births.     

Perinatal mortality according to 2 information sources

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate differences in the number of cases of perinatal mortality in Catalonia (Spain) recorded in 2 health information systems, as well as trends in this phenomenon. METHODS: Data were obtained from the mortality statistics (Health Department and the Catalan Institute of Statistics) and the minimum data set (MDS) for hospital discharges of the Catalan Health Service from 2000-2003. The frequencies are given for the cases reported and for cases following the legal criteria for reporting. RESULTS: The mortality statistics registered 27.2% fewer perinatal deaths, 44.77% fewer fetal deaths and 13.5% more early neonatal deaths than the MDS. These percentages were lower when only the cases following the legal criteria for reporting were considered. CONCLUSION: The differences between the two sources were related to low birth weight, prematurity, and the place of occurrence. Use of hospital data might improve the quality of perinatal mortality statistics.     

Neonatal mortality: description and effect of hospital of birth after risk adjustment

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of hospital of birth on neonatal mortality. METHODS: A birth cohort study was carried out in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in 2004. All hospital births were assessed by daily visits to all maternity hospitals and 4558 deliveries were included in the study. Mothers were interviewed regarding potential risk factors. Deaths were monitored through regular visits to hospitals, cemeteries and register offices. Two independent pediatricians established the underlying cause of death based on information obtained from medical records and home visits to parents. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effect of hospital of birth, controlling for confounders related to maternal and newborn characteristics, according to a conceptual model. RESULTS: Neonatal mortality rate was 12.7 and it was highly influenced by birthweight, gestational age, and socioeconomic variables. Immaturity was responsible for 65% of neonatal deaths, followed by congenital anomalies, infections and intrapartum asphyxia. Adjusting for maternal characteristics, a three-fold increase in neonatal mortality was seen between similar complexity hospitals. The effect of hospital remained, though lower, after controlling for newborn characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Neonatal mortality was high, mainly related to immaturity, and varied significantly across maternity hospitals. Further investigations comparing delivery care practices across hospitals are needed to better understand NMR variation and to develop strategies for neonatal mortality reduction.     

Perinatal Mortality and Associated Risk Factors: A Case Control Study

Background

Perinatal mortality is reported to be five times higher in developing than in developed nations. Little is known about the commonly associated risk factors for perinatal mortality in Southern Nations National Regional State of Ethiopia.

Methods

A case control study for perinatal mortality was conducted in University hospital between 2008 and 2010. Cases were stillbirths and early neonatal deaths. Controls were those live newborns till discharged from the hospital. Subgroup binary logistic regression analyses were done to identify associated risk factors for perinatal mortality, stillbirths and early neonatal deaths.

Results

A total of 1356 newborns (452 cases and 904 controls) were included in this analysis. The adjusted perinatal mortality rate was 85/1000 total delivery. Stillbirths accounted for 87% of total perinatal mortality. The proportion of hospital perinatal deaths was 26%. Obstructed labor was responsible for more than one third of perinatal deaths. Adjusted odds ratios revealed that obstructed labor, malpresentation, preterm birth, antepartum hemmorrhage and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were independent predictors for high perinatal mortality. In the subgroup analysis, among others, obstructed labor and antepartum hemorrhage found to have independent association with both stillbirths and early neonatal deaths.

Conclusion

The perinatal mortality rate was more than two fold higher than the estimated national perinatal mortality;and obstructed labor, malpresentation, preterm birth, antepartum hemmorrhage and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were independent predictors. The reason for the poor progress of labor and developing obstructed labor is an area of further investigation.     

新生儿死亡死因调查

目的了解本院新生儿死亡率及死亡原因,加强防治对策。方法对１９８６～１９９５年在我院出生的新生儿死亡情况进行回顾性调查,对死因分前五年和后五年两期进行对比分析。结果１０年间新生儿死亡率为５．６‰,早产儿、低出生体重儿分别占总死亡数的５５．１％及５６．３％。前期死因依次为新生儿窒息、早产、呼吸道疾患、先天畸形和败血症。后期则为呼吸道疾患、先天畸形、早产和新生儿窒息。１周内死亡占总死亡数的８５．６％。结论要降低新生儿死亡率必须继续建立健全围产保健制度,减少畸形儿出生,防止早产,预防新生儿窒息,普及新法复苏,并要加强呼吸管理及治疗。     

The risk of low birth weight. Alternative models of neonatal mortality

The authors examine the use of the infant's weight at birth to estimate its risk of mortality by the 28th day of life. The performance of several commonly employed statistical models is compared for the population of single births to resident South Carolina mothers in 1975-1980. A log-linear function, fitting the natural logarithm of the probability of neonatal mortality to birth weight, performs far better in this analysis than a quadratic or a logistic model or a model using the logarithm of the probability of survival. The parsimonious log-linear model also appears preferable to more complex models with additional parameters. The authors use the model in an analysis of data in two-year periods to demonstrate its value as an indicator of underlying changes in neonatal prospects and its easily interpreted parameters. The results highlight the importance of changes in neonatal mortality affecting low birth weight infants, which produce a noticeable shift in the range in which low birth weight is associated with the risk of mortality. These have proven more important in accounting for the decline in mortality rates than have changes affecting only neonates with more typical birth weights in South Carolina in 1975-1980.     

新生儿出生体重变化趋势及与分娩结局的关系

目的:分析新生儿出生体重变化趋势,探讨其与分娩结局的关系。方法:以海南某医院2005～2009年全部产科分娩病历为样本,分析新生儿体重变化及新生儿结局。结果:近5年新生儿出生体重平均值为(3 144.36 g±516.47)g,足月单胎出生体重平均值为(3 222.1 3 g±411.74)g,5年间不同年份相比较,出生体重平均值无统计学差异(F=1.321,P=0.26),5年低出生体重儿总数195例(8.1%),正常体重儿2 125例(87.8%),巨大胎儿99例(4.1%)。5年来低出生体重儿、正常体重儿、巨大胎儿的发生率保持平衡,无统计学差异(2χ=13.34,P=0.10)。低出生体重儿的1 m in窒息率与5 m in窒息率、新生儿死亡率均高于正常体重儿与巨大胎儿(2χ=26.45,P<0.05),正常体重儿与巨大胎儿之间1 m in窒息发生率无统计学差异(2χ=2.79,P=0.10),5 m in新生儿窒息发生率无统计学差异(2χ=2.39,P=0.15),新生儿死亡发生率无统计学差异(2χ=0.42,P=0.50)。结论:新生儿出生体重变化趋势平衡,低出生体重是导致新生儿窒息和死亡的主要危险因素。应着力于提高孕周,防止早产,提高新生儿存活率。     

CRIB score, birth weight and gestational age in neonatal mortality risk evaluation

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the mortality rate of very low birth weight babies born at a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) during a specified period of time according to variations in CRIB (Clinical Risk Index for Babies) score, birth weight and gestational age. METHODS: From January 1997 to December 2000, the CRIB score was prospectively applied to all newborn infants admitted to the NICU of an university hospital of Londrina, Brazil, with birthweight under 1,500 g and/or gestational age of less than 31 weeks. The exclusion criteria were: death before 12 hours of life, presence of lethal congenital malformations and newborns who had been referred from other hospital. RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty-four infants met the inclusion criteria. Mean birth weight was 1,148 +/- 248 g (median=1,180), mean gestational age was 30.2 +/- 2.4 weeks (median=30.0) and mean CRIB score was 3.8 +/- 4.4 (median=2.0). The neonatal mortality rate was 23.2%, varying according to mean birthweight <750 g (72.7%), gestational age <29 weeks (57.1%) and CRIB score >10 (79.4%). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were composed for CRIB score, birth weight and gestational age to assess the ability of each to predict hospital mortality and the areas under the curve were respectively 0.88, 0.76 and 0.81. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were evaluated and all variables were considered predictors of mortality (p<0.0001). The optimal cut off point based on the ROC curve for the CRIB score was 4 with sensitivity 75.8%, specificity 86.7, positive predictive value 63.3% and negative predictive value 92.2%. CONCLUSIONS: In this study infants with birthweight of less than 750 grams, less than 29 weeks gestational age and CRIB scores above 10 had higher mortality rates. However, a CRIB score higher than 4 proved to be a better predictor of mortality when compared to birthweight and gestational age.