重组人肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体的药代动力学和组织分布

目的研究重组人肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(rhTRAIL)的药代动力学和组织分布。方法恒河猴单次静脉滴注rhTRAIL1,5和25mg.kg-1及iv5mg·kg-1后,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定rhTRAIL在恒河猴体内的血药浓度,并采用放射性核素示踪技术结合三氯乙酸(TCA)沉淀和分子排阻高效液相色谱法测定[125I]rhTRAIL在荷瘤裸鼠组织内的含量。结果恒河猴单次静脉滴注rhTRAIL1,5和25mg·kg-1后,各剂量组的药代参数除cmax和AUC以外,均无显著差异,表现出线性动力学性质。恒河猴每天给药1次,连续7d,药物在体内没有蓄积。恒河猴静脉滴注和iv给药对药物的体内清除过程无明显影响。[125I]标记rhTRAIL后的放化纯度大于98%。荷瘤裸鼠iv给予[125I]rhTRAIL后,在各组织广泛分布,总放射性在肿瘤组织中于给药后2h达到高峰,在其他大部分组织中于给药后10min达高峰。给药后10min及2,8和24h,肿瘤/血清的酸沉放射性比值分别为0.07±0.01,0.62±0.17,0.78±0.57和1.66±0.50;给药后24h,肿瘤组织的放射性浓度高于其他组织和血清。结论在研究剂量范围内,rhTRAIL在恒河猴体内表现为线性动力学。[125I]rhTRAIL给药后在荷瘤裸鼠中广泛分布,在肿瘤组织中分布浓度较高,并主要经肾脏排泄。     

重组修饰人肿瘤坏死因子突变体在小鼠体内的药代动力学(英文)

采用酶联免疫吸附测定法 ,检测血浆中新型重组人肿瘤坏死因子 (rhTNF NC)的含量 ,研究rhTNF NC在小鼠体内的药代动力学 .rhTNF NCiv后 ,血药浓度时间曲线符合非线性药代动力学特征 ,t1/2 β平均为 37.4min ,3个剂量的AUC分别为 4 .0 8,10 .3和57.3mg·min·L- 1,而Cls则分别为 0 .38,0 .18和0 .0 7mL·min- 1.     

Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of human urinary tumor necrosis factor binding protein in mice.

Iodinated natural human urinary tumor necrosis factor binding protein I (125I-uTBP) was iv injected into BALB/c mice, and its pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution were assessed during a short-term (0-1 hr) and for a long-term (0-24 hr) period. The blood 125I-uTBP concentration displayed a biphasic pattern that was adequately described by a biexponential function with estimated half-lives of 0.1 and 3.8 hr. The apparent volume of distribution (Vc) of the central compartment was 3 ml, which approximated the mouse blood volume. The clearance (CL) derived either from a model-dependent or a model-independent method of analysis was 2.5 and 2.9 ml/hr, respectively. One hr after the iv administration of 125I-uTBP, the radioactivity accumulated in the major organs and tissues. The highest concentrations in terms of pg per organ were seen in the skin and in the liver. When expressed as pg 125I-uTBP per mg organ, the distribution was the highest in the gallbladder, bladder, kidneys, and lungs. At 24 hr, the distribution of 125I-uTBP represented about 10% of the amount measured at 1 hr. The rank order of accumulation of the radiolabeled uTBP in the major organs, expressed as pg per organ at 24 hr was skin greater than liver greater than kidneys greater than lungs greater than gut greater than spleen greater than gallbladder.     

基因重组人白细胞介素-2在小鼠的药物动力学和分布(英文)

lodogen法制备~(125)I-rlL-2,放射纯度95％,ⅳ后快速、慢速分布和消除T_(1/2)分别为<2,30—120和6—15h,AUC与剂量呈正比,血尿原药占81±13％,im生物利用度0.57,ⅳ后15min浓度顺序为肝>胆汁>肾>血>肾上腺>>血浆>肺>甲状腺>脾>小肠>肠系膜淋巴结>肠内容>卵巢>心>膀胱>胸腺>粪>肌肉>>睾丸>脑>脂肪,24 h排出80％第2天5％。     

重组人白细胞介素－3在小鼠体内的药代动力学及组织分布

用Ｉｏｄｏｇｅｎ法制备１２５Ｉ－γｈＩＬ－３。产品用ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－５０凝胶过滤纯化。流出的组分用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ测定纯度。选取放化纯度高于９５％的进行药代动力学研究。在ｉＶ剂量为５００、１０００及２５００ｎｇ·ｍｏｕｓｅ－１的１２５Ｉ－γｈＩＬ－３后，浓度－时间曲线按三房室模型拟合，其快分布相约为２ｍｉｎ。慢分布相约为５０ｍｉｎ。终末消除相为８ｈ左右。ＡＵＣ与剂量呈较好的线性关系（ｒ＝０．９９７０）。ｉｍ１２５Ｉ－γｈＩＬ－３１０００ｎｇ·ｍｏｕｓｅ－１后浓度一时间曲线符合一室一级吸收，绝对生物利用度为０．８８，达峰浓度，时间分别为４２．７６μｇ·Ｌ－１和０．５０ｈ。ｉｖ１５ｍｉｎ后，在肾脏中的浓度最高，２４ｈ内排出约８６％的标记药物。     

基因重组人肿瘤坏死因子α衍生物在小鼠组织中的分布(英文)

目的:研究基因重组人肿瘤坏死因子衍生物α(rhTNFαDa)的组织分布及其机制。方法:用Iodogen法制备~(125)I-rhTNFαDa,测定在小鼠全身组织的分布;用离体心肺灌流研究~(125)I-rhTNFαDa在肺组织的分布机制。结果:除甲状腺组织外,~(125)I-rhTNFαDa的组织浓度-时间曲线下面积在肺组织中最高,为血清的12.2倍;离体心肺灌流显示~(125)I-rhTNFαDa在肺中的浓度高于灌流液3.7-7.4倍,而心脏组织低于灌流液.~(125)I-rhTNFαDa在肺中分布具有时间依赖性,剂量依赖性,可竞争性,和高亲和性特征,K_d为47.6 pmol·L~(-1),B_(max)为348 fmol·g~(-1)(肺组织),结论:~(125)I-rhTNFαDa在肺组织中有特异性的高分布,此过程可能有受体介导。     

Pharmacokinetics of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha in rats. Effects of size and number of doses and nephrectomy

The serum pharmacokinetics of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rHuTNF) were determined in male and female rats under various conditions. The clearance of rHuTNF after iv administration was determined to be saturable over the dose range of 10-63 micrograms/kg. Multiple iv administration did not significantly change the clearance of rHuTNF. Nephrectomy significantly reduced but did not eliminate the clearance of rHuTNF. The data suggest that sites other than the kidney also contribute to the elimination of rHuTNF. Female rats showed significantly reduced clearance of rHuTNF compared to male rats at all doses after single and multiple iv administration in control and nephrectomized animals.     

基因重组人肿瘤坏死因子α衍生物在小鼠组织中的分布

AIM: To study the tissue distribution and its mechanism of a new recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha derivative (rhTNF alpha Da) in mice. METHODS: 125I-rhTNF alpha Da was prepared by Iodogen method. Tissue distribution of 125I-rhTNF alpha Da in mice was studied by determining radioactivity of tetrachloroacetic acid (TCA)- precipitable fraction in tissues. The isolated heart-lung perfusion study using 125I-rhTNF alpha Da perfusate was carried out to study the distribution characteristics of 125I-rhTNF alpha Da in lung. RESULTS: Except for thyroid, AUC of the TCA-precipitable 125I-rhTNF alpha Da in tissues was highest in lung, which was 12.2-fold of that in serum, while concentrations in other tissues were all lower than that in serum. Perfusion study in vitro revealed that the concentration of radio-labeled peptide in lung was higher than that in perfusate. On the contrary, level in heart was much lower than that in perfusate. The overall distribution of 125I-rhTNF alpha Da in lungs showed rapidly equilibratory, dose-dependent, saturable, competitive, and highly affinitive, with Kd 47.6 pmol.L-1 and Bmax 348 fmol.g-1 (lung tissue). CONCLUSION: The specific distribution of rhTNF alpha Da in lungs was its distinctive characteristics.     

聚乙二醇化重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子的药代动力学与组织分布研究

目的研究聚乙二醇化重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子（PEG-rhG-CSF）在动物体内的药代动力学与组织分布。方法猕猴给予不同剂量（30、100和300μg/kg）的PEG-rhG-CSF,酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定猕猴血浆中PEG-rhG-CSF浓度;[125I]标记示踪法结合分子排阻色潽法观察PEG-rhG-CSF在Wistar大鼠各组织中的分布情况。结果猕猴单次sc PEG-rhG-CSF后血药浓度及系统暴露随给药剂量呈非线性增加。低、中、高剂量组达峰时间（Tmax）为6.67～12.00h,全身清除率（CL）顺序减小,药-时曲线下面积（AUC）与给药剂量不成正比。sc给药的绝对生物利用度为47.5%。与临床使用剂量的rhG-CSF（10μg/kg）相比,猕猴sc中剂量PEG-rhG-CSF后Cmax、AUC分别为（1671±357）μg/L和（45 156±9407（μg.h）/L,均明显高于rhG-CSF组（P〈0.05）;PEG-rhG-CSF组的T1/2β为（13±3）h,较rhG-CSF组的T1/2β（1.52±0.08）h显著增加（P〈0.05）;而CL为（2.3±0.5）ml/（h.kg）,较rhG-CSF组的CL（19.6±2.4）ml/（h.kg）显著降低（P〈0.01）。大鼠sc[125I]PEG-rhG-CSF后血清、肾、肺等组织放射性较高,2 h血清原形药物浓度达峰,肺、肠道、膀胱等组织在给药后分布较慢,8 h放射性达峰值。尿液中主要为小分子[125I]降解代谢产物;未观察到药物与血浆蛋白的结合。结论将rhG-CSF进行PEG化修饰可以显著降低系统清除率,延长体内半衰期,增加药物暴露,可达到长效目的。药物主要分布于血管床,并代谢为小分子从泌尿系统排泄,不易透过血脑屏障。     

头孢呋辛钠在小鼠体内的药代动力学及组织分布研究

目的：通过HPLC探讨注射用头孢呋辛钠在小鼠体内的药代动力学和组织分布。方法：小鼠单剂量背部推注头孢呋辛钠1000mg/kg,在不同时间取其血浆及各组织匀浆液经离心沉淀蛋白后,采用HPLC法测定其药代动力学及组织中药物浓度。结果：背部给药后血浆药—时曲线符合一室开放模型,头孢呋辛钠体内分布迅速,分布半衰期为0.6179h,消除半衰期为2.2098h,AUC为76.3199h.mg/mL,肺、肝脏及肾脏中药物浓度较高。结论：头孢呋辛钠在体内分布广、组织浓度高、消除半衰期。     

Antiviral effects of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha in combination with natural interferon-beta in mice infected with herpes simplex virus type 1.

The protective effects of combination therapy utilizing recombinant human TNF-alpha (rTNF-alpha) and natural murine interferon-beta (IFN-beta) in mice infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was investigated. Mice treated with rTNF-alpha alone at all of the doses tested (a single i.v. administration, 2.3-2,300 micrograms/kg; multiple i.p. administrations 0.4-250 micrograms/kg) as well as mice that received IFN-beta alone at doses of 16 x 10(4) U/kg or less resulted in a 0% survival rate. Combination therapy consisting of a single administration of rTNF-alpha (230 and 23 micrograms/kg) and multiple administrations of IFN-beta (4 x 10(4) U/kg) resulted in a 40% and 60% survival rate. Multiple treatments of infected mice with rTNF-alpha (50 and 10 micrograms/kg) in combination with IFN-beta (4 x 10(4) U/kg) resulted in 50% and 70% survival rates, respectively. These results suggest that the combination therapy of rTNF and natural murine IFN-beta produce synergistic protective effects in mice infected with a lethal amount of HSV-1.     

重组人白细胞介素-11在肿瘤病人体内的药代动力学

目的 研究重组人白细胞介素-11(rmhlL-11,血小板生长因子)在肿瘤病人体内的药代动力学.方法 用开放、单组试验设计.7例肿瘤患者单次及连续10次皮下注射rmhIL-11后,定时采血,ELISA法测定不同时间点血浆rmhIL-11的浓度,求算药代动力学参数.结果 7名受试者单次皮下注射rmhIL-11 7.5 μg·kg-1后,主要药代动力学参数:Cmax为(10.53±4.10) μg·L-1;t1/2为(5.19±1.66)h;tmax为(2.29±0.91)h;平均AUC0-tn和AUC0-∞分别为(91.51±37.29)和(92.11±37.33) μg·h·L-1.多次皮下注射rmhIL-11 7.5μg·kg-1后,主要药代动力学参数分别为:Cmax为(9.39±2.76) μg·L-1;t1/2为(3.96±1.42) h;tmax为(2.71±0.81) h;平均AUC0-tn和AUC0-∞分别为(76.24±34.21)和(76.62±34.27) μg·h·L-1;Css_av为(3.10±1.30) μg·L-1;AUCss为(74.42±31.13) μg·h·L-1;DF为(307.42±57.52)%.结论 ELISA法测定血浆nnhIL-11浓度,方法稳定可靠,特异性好,可满足药代动力学研究的需要.     

Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in endotoxin-induced lung parenchymal hyporesponsiveness in mice

Although changes in airway responsiveness in pulmonary inflammation are commonly related to the action of infiltrated leukocytes, our previous report suggested a direct role of inflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced lung hyporesponsiveness. The aim of this study was to define if cytokines detected in the BALF (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) of intratracheal LPS-treated mice could be, at least in part, responsible for 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine) lung hyporeactivity. Our results show that intratracheal instillation of LPS induced a time-dependent increase in IL-(interleukin-)1beta, IL-6, and TNF (tumor necrosis factor)alpha in the BALF. Cytokine production was paralleled by 5-HT lung hyporesponsiveness, and intratracheal administration of TNFalpha proved to be very efficient in inhibiting 5-HT responsiveness. In addition, systemic treatment with rolipram, an inhibitor of TNFalpha production, was paralleled by a significant recovery of lung responsiveness. On the contrary, IL-1beta and IL-6 were not demonstrated to play a relevant role in 5-HT hyporesponsiveness. It is concluded that TNFalpha could be a crucial mediator of LPS-induced lung hyporesponsiveness.     

Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the sesquiterpene alpha-humulene in mice

A quantitative study was undertaken to assess the plasma and tissue levels, tissue distribution and skin (ear) absorption of the sesquiterpene alpha-humulene, the main active constituent isolated from the plant Cordia verbenacea (Boraginaceae ), after oral, intravenous and topical administration in mice. The alpha-humulene levels were quantified by GC-MS analysis. The peak alpha-humulene concentration was achieved 15 min following its oral administration (150 mg/kg). Then, the alpha-humulene plasma concentration gradually decreased and it was almost undetectable at 2 hours after intravenous administration and 12 hours after oral administration. When the oil of C. verbenacea was given orally (1 g/kg), the peak alpha-humulene plasma concentration was observed after 30 min, being detectable only up to 2 h. The oral bioavailability of alpha-humulene was found to be 18 %. The half-lives of alpha-humulene were very short, 16.8 min after oral administration and 1.8 min after intravenous administration. However, the elimination half-lives were longer, 118.2 min and 55 min, for oral and intravenous routes, respectively. We also assessed the amount of alpha-humulene in some selected tissues at 0.5 and at 4 h after oral administration. We found a high amount of the compound in the liver, followed by the kidneys, heart, lungs, spleen and brain, 0.5 h after oral administration. Notably, the yield of alpha-humulene decreased significantly in all analyzed tissues, especially in the liver, 4 h after oral administration. Of note, 30 minutes after topical administration of Acheflan formulations (cream and aerosol) containing 0.5 % of C. verbenacea essential oil, a schedule of treatment that produces marked and similar topical anti-inflammatory activity, the amount of alpha-humulene absorbed in the ear was very similar (about 2 microg/ear). It is concluded that alpha-humulene exhibited a rapid onset and relatively good absorption following oral and topical administration. Taken together, these findings further contribute to an explanation of the topical and systemic anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties previously reported for the essential oil and for alpha-humulene obtained from Cordia verbenacea, they also provide support for the clinical studies conducted with the phytomedicine Acheflan.     

维甲酸脂质体在小鼠体内的药物动力学及组织分布

目的考察2种全反式维甲酸(ATRA)脂质体静脉给药后在小鼠体内的药物动力学和组织分布。方法分别采用不饱和豆磷脂(SPC),以及SPC与聚乙二醇-磷脂酰乙醇胺(PEG-PE)以一定比例混合的混合物为膜材,利用乙醇注入法制备全反式维甲酸普通脂质体和长循环脂质体,静脉注射后采用HPLC法测定小鼠血浆及各组织中的药物浓度。结果普通脂质体和长循环脂质体的AUC分别是以游离药物给药组的2.58倍和5.00倍,t1/2分别由2.66 h延长至3.74 h和6.39 h,脂质体在肝中分布显著增加。结论2种ATRA脂质体能够延缓药物释放,增强药物靶向性。     

乳糖化重组人生长激素在小鼠体内的药物动力学(英文)

目的:研究乳糖化基因重组人生长激素(hGH-L)在小鼠体内的药代动力学特征。方法:用放射性核素体内示踪技术研究体内分布。建立hGH-L放射免疫分析(RIA)方法,研究其药代动力学特征,并对比研究基因重组人生长激素(hGH)。结果:~(125)I-hGH-L具有明显的趋势肝性。hGH-L的血药时曲线下面积和在血清的平均驻留时间均小于hGH,P<0.01;而靶器官肝脏的hGH-L分布半衰期、消除半衰期小于hGH,P<0.05,其药时曲线下面积大于hGH,P<0.05。结论:hGH-L的药代动力学特征明显优于hGH。     

The immunoregulatory properties of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-beta in mice opposite-reacting to antigen]

The effect of 10(3)-10(5) E/20 g doses of the recombinant factor of human beta tumor necrosis (rFNT-beta) on formation of the immune response and macrophage functional activity was studied in CBA and C57Bl/6 mice that differ in genetically determined level of the immune response to an antigen (sheep erythrocytes). The rFNT-beta was found to cause a modulating effect on the cell and humoral links of the immune response. The effect of the agent depended on the dose and the genotype of the experimental animals. It is suggested that the interlinear differences in the intensity of the humoral immune response in rFNT-beta administration may be connected with the different sensitivity to the agent of the peritoneal macrophages of mice of the used lines.     

Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of betulinic acid in CD-1 mice

Betulinic acid is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid. Betulinic acid has recently been selected by the National Cancer Institute for addition into the RAID (Rapid Access to Intervention in Development) programme. The agent exhibits potential anti-tumour activity and functions in this regard via apoptosis. The objective of the present study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of betulinic acid in CD-1 mice. Serum samples were obtained at designed times after a single 250 or 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal (IP) dose of betulinic acid. Tissue samples (skin, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, lung, brain, colon, caecum, ovary, uterus, thymus, lymph node, bladder, perirenal fat, mammary gland and small intestine) were collected after betulinic acid administration (500 mg/kg). Betulinic acid was extracted with methylene chloride and quantitatively analysed by HPLC/MS. Oleanolic acid and madecassic acid were used as internal standards. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the WinNonlin pharmacokinetic software package. A two-compartment, first-order model was selected for pharmacokinetic modelling. The results showed that after IP 250 and 500 mg/kg betulinic acid, the serum concentrations reached peaks at 0.15 and 0.23 h, respectively. The 250 and 500 mg/kg above betulinic acid IP doses were found to have elimination half-lives of 11.5 and 11.8 h and total clearances of 13.6 and 13.5 L/kg/h, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters observed for IP betulinic acid 500 mg/kg in the skin of mice were as follows: k(a) (h(-1)) 0.257, k(10) (h(-1)) 0.234, t(1/2(alpha)) (h) 2.63, t(1/2(beta)) (h) 20.2, V (L/kg) 0.61, AUC (microg/h/mL) 3504, T(max) (h) 3.90 and C(max) (microg/mL) 300.9. The distribution of betulinic acid in tissues at 24 h post-IP administration in a descending order was as follows: perirenal fat, ovary, spleen, mammary gland, uterus, bladder, lymph node, liver, small intestine, caecum, lung, thymus, colon, kidney, skin, heart and brain.     

Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha in pre eclampsia

Cytokines are major contributors in pathogenesis of pre eclampsia. Serum TNF-alpha was determined in 10 normal and 30 pre-eclamptic pregnant females with special reference to maternal age, parity and levels of mean arterial blood pressure. TNF-alpha was determined using sandwich ELISA technique. Serum TNF-alpha level in normal pregnant females was 9.3 +/- 0.56 pg/ml, while in pre-eclamptic pregnant females it was 67.66 +/- 61.83 pg/ml. This increase TNF-alpha was highly significant (P < 0.001). There was no significant changes in serum TNF-alpha with respect to maternal age, parity and mean arterial pressure in both normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies.