前列腺癌的早期诊断

目的分析目前前列腺癌诊断和治疗现状,认识前列腺癌早期诊断的不足。方法回顾性分析2004年7月至2008年12月我科收治的137例确诊前列腺癌的患者,分为手术治疗组（21例）和非手术治疗组（116例）,计算各年龄组的前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）水平,与同期来我院进行健康体检的16233例无泌尿外科症状男性（健康体检组）的血液PSA水平相比较,结果进行统计学分析。结果手术治疗组占前列腺癌确诊患者总数的15．3％,总PSA均数为19．235ng／ml;非手术治疗组占前列腺癌确诊患者总数的84．7％,总PSA均数为171．29ng／ml;健康体检组的PSA均数为0．9864ng／ml,标准差1．1901,按统计学方法计算得出健康体检组的PSA95％位数为2．3748ng／ml;低于2．5ng／ml的15498例,占95．47％;三组间PSA均数差别有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论①目前健康人群的PSA正常参考值应设在2．5ng／ml;②目前前列腺癌患者确诊时大部分（84．7％）已为晚期,失去了手术根治的时机,适宜手术治疗的患者低15．3％,并且手术治疗组的总的PSA均数为19．235ng／ml,明显高于健康人群的PSA正常参考值2．5ng／ml,说明在2．5ng／ml到19．235ng／ml这个区间内仍有非常大范围的前列腺癌患者未能得到早期诊断和有效的监测。     

超声引导细针活检对甲胎蛋白阴性亚临床肝癌的诊断价值

目的探讨超声引导肝内结节细针穿刺抽吸活检对AFP阴性亚临床肝癌早期诊断价值。方法对超声检出肝内≤5cm结节、血清AFP阴性的患者90例行超声引导下肝内结节穿刺活检,同时行细胞学涂片和组织学切片检查以及临床随访。结果90例穿刺活检病理诊断为肝细胞癌57例,转移性肝癌14例,良性结节者18例,未定性者1例。肝细胞癌57例中,结节≤2cm13例(22.8%),2~3cm37例(64.9%),3~5cm7例(12.3%)。52.6%(30/57)为复发性肝癌,其中6例原发癌术前AFP阳性,19.3%(11/57)在治疗和随访2~18个月后AFP逐渐升高呈阳性;3.5%(2/57)有胃肠道恶性肿瘤手术史。结论超声引导细针穿刺活检对亚临床肝癌早期诊断、早期治疗以及疗效监测具有重要价值,是AFP阴性患者肝内结节的最佳鉴别诊断方法。     

Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate gland: value of 12 versus 6 cores

We investigated the effect on prostate carcinoma detection of 12 versus 6 core biopsies at transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), when all biopsies are taken from the lateral peripheral zone. This was a prospective study of 202 consecutive men, ages 51 to 81 years, referred for TRUS-guided biopsy of the prostate gland. All patients had prostate serum antigen levels higher than 4.0 ng/mL and/or abnormal digital rectal examination. In each case three biopsies were taken from the peripheral zones of the right and left lobes of the prostate. Biopsies were taken at the apex, midway between the apex and the base, and at the base. A second set of biopsies was taken from the same regions and analyzed separately. In total, twelve biopsies were taken. Note was subsequently made of additional carcinoma diagnosis increase in Gleason grade, and new diagnoses of carcinoma in the opposite side of the gland diagnosed on the second set of biopsies alone. Seventy-eight of the 202 men (38.6%) had prostatic carcinoma diagnosed on TRUS-guided biopsy. Of these 78 patients, six were diagnosed with malignancy based on the second set of biopsies alone, a 2.9% increase in the 202 patients, representing an increased yield of 8.3% (95% confidence interval, 5.3â€28.6%). In nine cases (12.5%; 95% confidence interval, 6.2â€22.9%), the Gleason tumor grade was increased on the second set of sextant biopsies; in an additional nine cases, carcinoma was detected in the opposite side of the gland. There were two complications (1%). A 12- versus six-core biopsy strategy for TRUS-guided biopsy of the prostate gland improves detection and histologic grading of prostate carcinoma. The added benefit of additional biopsies was lower in this series than in some prior studies using extensive biopsy protocols.     

经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺特异抗原小于4 ng/ml前列腺癌的诊断

目的探讨经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺特异抗原(PSA)<4ng/ml前列腺癌诊断的临床价值。方法59例PSA<4ng/ml疑为前列腺癌的患者行经直肠超声引导下前列腺多点穿刺活检,观察前列腺内结节声像图特点,并病理分级,对照分析活检术式的检出情况。结果59例患者中经病理证实前列腺癌16例,检出率为27%,其中12例声像图显示前列腺结节性病变,均分布于外腺,且血流增加较良性病变及癌前病变高。结节区域定点穿刺的检出率较六点系统穿刺活检术高(P<0.05);活检阳性点数占所有活检点数比率为51.2%,病理分级中分化程度占56.25%,低分化程度占31.25%。结论结合经直肠超声声像图和前列腺多点穿刺活检可提高PSA<4ng/ml的前列腺癌检出率,对前列腺癌的早期诊断非常必要。     

Nurse practitioner led prostate biopsy: an audit to determine effectiveness and safety for patients

Prostate cancer has become the most commonly diagnosed cancer amongst men and its detection rate continues to increase. The Department of Health in the UK has made great efforts to reduce the waiting time for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients leading to new and innovative ways being sought in order to meet these demands and maintain an efficient, effective and seamless service to the patients. This article presents an audit of a nurse practitioner led rapid-access one-stop prostate biopsy clinic and also discusses the complications involved. The audit has shown the service to be effective and safe and has demonstrated an improvement in waiting times for cancer patients.     

An evaluation of current prostate cancer diagnostic approaches with emphasis on liquid biopsies and prostate cancer

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Knowledge of the complex biology of prostate cancer is constantly growing, opening the field up to new therapeutic advances. The selection of patients on the basis of prognostic and predictive biomarkers is a challenging and emerging clinical need, not yet completely fulfilled. In this scenario, liquid biopsy offers a noninvasive and attractive approach to give important information about tumor biology and eventual resistance to treatments.

Areas covered: The aim of this review of the literature is to evaluate the current knowledge and the promising value of liquid biopsy in prostate cancer. Circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA identified by liquid biopsies are currently under evaluation to guide therapeutic decisions in prostate cancer management, even though practical applications of these approaches are still very limited. We examined the current areas of interest in which circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA are being investigated, such as their prognostic and predictive role in response to chemotherapy or androgen receptor signaling inhibition, especially in the castration-resistant setting.

Expert opinion: As the body of knowledge on liquid biopsy rapidly grows, we need to identify which can be the real applications of this technique in clinical practice and to overcome the problems that are limiting its routinely use.     

Living with prostate cancer: a critical review of relatives' experiences

The aim was to review the existing qualitative research literature on the perspectives of the spouse, sons and daughters on life in a family where the male partner/father has prostate cancer. PubMed and CINAHL were searched using the MESH words: prostatic neoplasm, spouse, family, adult children, son, daughter and qualitative research. The search was limited from December 1960 to January 2008. The search returned 560 papers; only six qualitative research papers were relevant and included in the study. The main results of the perspectives of spouses, daughters and sons are presented in relation to the following four stages: diagnosis, pretreatment decision-making, awaiting treatment and treatment/post-treatment. The studies reviewed indicate that the spouse, sons and daughters were all markedly affected by the man's serious diagnosis. Some studies highlights the methodological problem of non-independent informants: in a couple or focus group interview, the different individuals interviewed will always be influenced by the statements or presence of others, or the couple will act as a system and their individual views cannot be identified. This paper concludes that there is a lack of European research through all stages of the illness. In order to learn about the individual, perspective studies should only include either the spouse or the son or daughter as informants. Further research on all stages of the illness is needed. The studies should have a longitudinal design.     

经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺10点穿刺活检术对前列腺癌的临床应用

目的探讨经直肠超声（TRUS）引导下经会阴前列腺10点穿刺活检术对前列腺癌的诊断价值。方法对105例前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）〉4 ng/mL、直肠指检异常或TRUS检查发现异常回声的患者行经会阴前列腺10点穿刺活检术,并与病理结果对照分析。结果穿刺活检病理结果证实为前列腺癌42例,阳性率40.0%;前列腺增生50例,占51.4%;不典型增生9例,占8.6%。结论 TRUS引导下经会阴前列腺10点穿刺准确率高,并发症少而轻,是诊断前列腺癌的重要方法之一。     

Computer-aided diagnosis based on speckle patterns in ultrasound images

For breast ultrasound, the scatterer number density from backscattered echo was demonstrated in previous research to be a useful feature for tumor characterization. To take advantage of the scatterer number density in B-mode images, spatial compound imaging was obtained, and the statistical properties of speckle patterns were analyzed in this study for use in distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions. A total of 137 breast masses (95 benign cases and 42 malignant cases) were used in the proposed computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system. For each mass, the average number of speckle pixels in a region of interest (ROI) was calculated to use the concept of scatterer number density. In addition, the first-order and second-order statistics of the speckle pixels were quantified to obtain the distributions of the pixel values and the spatial relations among the pixels. The performance of the speckle features extracted from each ROI was compared with the performance of the segmentation features extracted from each segmented tumor. As a result, the proposed CAD system using the speckle features achieved an accuracy of 89.1% (122/137); a sensitivity of 81.0% (34/42); and a specificity of 92.6% (88/95). All of the differences between the speckle features and the segmentation features are not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the Az value, area under ROC curve, of the speckle features was significantly better than the Az value of the segmentation features (0.93 vs. 0.86, p = 0.0359). The performance of this approach supports the notion that the speckle patterns induced by the scatterers in tissues can provide information for classifying tumors. The proposed speckle features, which were extracted readily from drawing an ROI without any preprocessing, also provide a more efficient classification approach than tumor segmentation.     

Acupuncture for treating hot flushes in men with prostate cancer: a systematic review

Goals of work  The goal of the study was to assess the effects of acupuncture as a treatment for hot flushes in prostate cancer (PC) patients. Materials and methods  The literature was searched using 14 databases with dates ranging from their inceptions to December 2008 and without language restrictions. All clinical studies of any type of acupuncture in PC patients were included. Their main outcome measures had to be vasomotor symptoms. Their methodological quality was assessed using the modified Jadad score. Results  Six studies met all the inclusion criteria. One randomised clinical trial compared the effects of manual acupuncture with acupuncture plus electro-acupuncture. The other five studies were uncontrolled observational studies and therefore had limitations. Conclusion  The evidence is not convincing to suggest acupuncture is an effective treatment for hot flush in patients with PC. Further research is required to investigate whether acupuncture has hot-flush-specific effects.     

复合前列腺特异性抗原、总前列腺特异性抗原及其比值在前列腺癌诊断中的应用

目的:研究复合前列腺特异性抗原、总前列腺特异性抗原及其比值在鉴别前列腺癌和良性前列腺增生中的应用价值。方法:采用化学发光法检测30例前列腺癌患者、40例良性前列腺增生患者和30例对照组患者复合前列腺特异性抗原、总前列腺特异性抗原,计算并比较其比值。结果:前列腺癌患者的复合前列腺特异性抗原、总前列腺特异性抗原均高于对照组和良性前列腺增生患者,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);其比值前列腺癌患者高于良性前列腺增生患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);其相关性和共线性均不如前列腺癌组病例。结论:前列腺癌患者总前列腺特异性抗原的升高以复合前列腺特异性抗原升高为主,测定复合前列腺特异性抗原更有意义,结合其比值进行综合分析可以有效区分良性前列腺增生和前列腺癌。     

前列腺特异抗原和经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺癌的诊断价值

目的 探讨前列腺声像图特点、血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA)水平在前列腺癌诊断中的价值.方法 分析47例经直肠超声引导系统6点加目的 性穿刺患者前列腺声像图特点及临床资料,其中前列腺癌组17例,前列腺增生组30例.结果 前列腺癌组与前列腺增生组异常血流信号发现率分别为88.2%、36.7%,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);两组异常回声结节发生率和前列腺体积的差异无统计学意义(P >0.05).游离前列腺特导性抗原(FPSA )、前列腺特导性抗原密度(PSAD)、FPSA/总前列腺特异抗原(TPSA)对前列腺癌诊断的ROC曲线面积分别为0.692、0.739、0.214.以PSAD≥0.15 μg/ml·cm3诊断前列腺癌的阳性预测值为50%,敏感性为76.5%,特异性为56.7%.结论 异常血流分布较低回声结节更具有特征性的前列腺癌超声表现,其指导目的 性穿刺的准确率较高,PSAD是较TPSA及FPSA/TPSA更有价值的前列腺癌预测指标.     

Imaging of prostate cancer

Prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment is fast emerging as a major health care issue in the United States. However, there are great uncertainties about the value of specific tests and therapies. Imaging modalities play a major role in the current management of patients with prostate cancer and this role is likely to expand in the future. Transrectal ultrasound is used to identify non-palpable lesions, direct systematic biopsies, determine gland volume and stage prostate cancers. For staging skeletal metastases, the bone scan is acknowledged as the best method, however controversy surrounds its routine use in patients with low prostate specific antigen (PSA) values. Computed tomography (CT) and transrectal ultrasound have limited value in detecting extracapsular disease but CT can be used in conjunction with percutaneous biopsy to identify nodal metastases. The role of Endorectal coil MRI is currently evolving in the wake of a disappointing multiinstitutional trial but MRI still holds the most promise for accurately detecting local extent of prostate cancer. New radiolabeled techniques with monoclonal antibodies and peptide imaging are also having early but promising results. The role of imaging in prostate cancer is continuing to evolve as technology and knowledge about prostate cancer biology improves and health care economics force a more judicious use of imaging resources.     

前列腺癌并阴茎转移综合治疗一例报告并文献复习

目的探讨前列腺癌并阴茎转移的发病机制、临床特征及诊疗预后。 方法回顾性分析1例前列腺癌并阴茎转移患者的临床资料。 结果患者68岁,因排尿困难在我院行经尿道前列腺电切术,术后病理检查报告为前列腺腺癌。术后行外放射治疗及内分泌治疗,15个月后发生阴茎转移,予以个体化的治疗方案后前列腺癌特异性抗原下降,阴茎肿块缩小,不适症状缓解。 结论前列腺癌阴茎转移发生罕见且预后差,有多种转移机制参与;手术及放化疗虽为姑息性治疗,但个体化的治疗方案可延缓疾病进展,改善患者生活质量。     

PSAD、F／T在tPSA低水平异常的前列腺癌诊断价值

目的：比较前列腺特异性抗原密度（PSAD）、游离PSA （fPSA）与总PSA （tPSA）比值（F/T）在tPSA 4～10、10～20μg/L水平的前列腺癌诊断价值。方法选取tPSA 4～20μg/L、经直肠B超前列腺穿刺活组织检查（活检）的449例患者,对PSAD、F/T和前列腺活检结果的关系进行研究。结果449例中前列腺癌78例（17.4％）,tPSA 4～10、10～20μg/L 阳性率分别为10.4％、23.1％（P＜0.001）,F/T和PSAD在穿刺前列腺癌组和非前列腺癌组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,受试者工作特征曲线下面积（AUC） PSAD＞F/T＞tPSA,PSAD与tPSA间AUC比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,F/T和tPSA间AUC比较差异无统计学意义。当诊断敏感度为100％时,在PSA 4～10、10～20μg/L水平,PSAD特异度分别为5.0％和2.1％,可分别避免不必要前列腺穿刺4.9％和2.4％。结论在PSA 4～20μg/L水平上,PSAD和F/T对预测是否行前列腺穿刺有帮助,在诊断敏感度和特异度上,PSAD优于F/T。     

The utility of transrectal real-time elastography in the diagnosis of prostate cancer

The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of transrectal real-time elastography (TRTE) to differentiate benign from malignant prostatic lesions, with pathologic diagnosis obtained by prostatic needle biopsy. Conventional gray scale transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) and power Doppler ultrasonography (PDUS) were performed in 107 men who had elevated serum prostate-specific antigen level >4 ng/mL or abnormal findings on digital rectal examination. For baseline TRUS and PDUS imaging, the suspicion of carcinoma was scored using previously proposed five-point subjective scale. For TRTE imaging, we used newly adopted five-point subjective scale based on the degree and distribution of strain in relation to hypoechoic area, which simultaneously displayed on B-mode image. All patients underwent transperineal systematic 8-cores biopsies, as well as up to four cores of targeted biopsy from suspicious area by TRUS, PDUS and/or TRTE. The samples were diagnosed pathologically and compared with the findings of TRUS, PDUS and TRTE. Prostate cancer was detected in 40 (37%) of 107 patients. When a cutoff point of 3 (displaying focal asymmetric lesion without strain not related to hypoechoic lesion) was used, TRTE had 68% sensitivity, 81% specificity and 76% accuracy. TRTE was comparable with PDUS (70% sensitivity, 75% specificity and 73% accuracy) and had significantly higher sensitivity than TRUS (68% vs. 50%, p = 0.027). Combination of TRTE with PDUS increased sensitivity to 78%. The detection rate of directed biopsy from suspicious area in either TRTE or PDUS (TRTE+PDUS-directed biopsy) was 29% (31/107) by patient and was comparable with systematic biopsy (31%, 33/107, p = 0.86), whereas the detection rate of TRTE+PDUS-directed biopsy by core (55/111, 50%) was significantly higher than systematic biopsy (132/856, 15%, p < 0.0001). For assessing prostatic lesions, TRTE with B-mode image-based scoring had almost the same diagnostic performance as PDUS. Although TRTE+PDUS-directed biopsy detected comparable number of cancers with systematic biopsy, both techniques should be used supplementarily for minimizing the number of missing cancers.     

Adaptation of wives to prostate cancer following diagnosis and 3 months after treatment: a test of family adaptation theory

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer challenges not only the men with the disease, but also their partners. Existing studies have focused on the relationship between type of treatment and sexual and urinary function in men, with recent qualitative work suggesting that men and their spouses have differing responses to the illness. Factors predicting women's adaptation to prostate cancer have not been examined. OBJECTIVES: Using a model derived from family stress and adaptation theory, this study examined (1) the contribution of urinary and sexual symptoms, sense of coherence, marital resources and situational appraisal to wives' global adaptation (PAIS) and emotional adaptation (POMS), and (2) the role of situational appraisal as a mediator between the set of independent variables and PAIS and POMS. DESIGN: In a prospective, correlational design, data were collected from 70 women following their partners' diagnosis and again 3 months later. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using a path analysis approach, between 30% and 62.7% of the variance in global adjustment and mood disturbance was explained across model tests. Sense of coherence was a strong and consistent predictor. Appraisal acted as a mediator only at time 2, mediating the effect of symptom distress on global adaptation. Change in sense of coherence and change in family resources predicted global adaptation and emotional adaptation at time 2, and predicted the change between time 1 and 2 in those variables. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest nursing interventions that mobilize and build wives' sense of the manageability, meaningfulness and comprehensibility of life events, and that foster cohesion and flexibility within the marital relationship. Interventions that mitigate the impact of urinary symptoms and the appraisal of threat in the illness event are also indicated. Additional model-testing studies based on family adaptation theory with patients and family members in other types of cancer would help build nursing knowledge for interventions in cancer.     

经直肠多模态超声联合应用在前列腺癌诊断中的临床价值

目的探讨多模态超声联合应用在前列腺癌（PCa）诊断中的临床价值。 方法选取2017年7月至2018年12月在温州医科大学附属第一医院就诊的临床疑似前列腺癌的患者202例,所有患者均行实验室检查及经直肠多模态超声检查,根据手术病理结果分为前列腺癌组和非前列腺癌组,应用Logistic回归单因素及多因素分析分别建立多模态超声诊断前列腺癌的模型及多模态超声联合实验室检查和临床资料诊断前列腺癌的模型,应用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）曲线下面积比较新建两个模型、实验室检查、临床资料对前列腺癌的诊断效能。 结果单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示二维超声、彩色多普勒、弹性成像、造影剂到达时间、峰值强度、强度差以及单位时间增强强度诊断前列腺癌,差异均有统计学意义（χ²=5.89、13.81、44.15,Z=1.55、2.16、2.81、2.43,P均<0.05）,多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：弹性成像和强度差是诊断前列腺癌的独立预测因子,建立模型多模态超声（MUS）评分。联合MUS评分、实验室检查和临床资料,进行单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示,MUS评分、前列腺特异抗原密度（PSAD）和年龄是诊断前列腺癌的独立预测因子,建立模型MPA（MUS-PSAD-AGE）评分。MPA评分诊断PCa的ROC曲线下面积0.906,敏感度78.50%,特异度91.49%,阳性预测值91.30%,阴性预测值78.90%,MUS评分诊断PCa的ROC曲线下面积0.773,敏感度53.27%,特异度92.55%,阳性预测值89.10%,阴性预测值63.50%,PSAD诊断PCa的ROC曲线下面积0.847,敏感度76.64%,特异度89.36%,阳性预测值89.10%,阴性预测值77.10%,年龄诊断PCa的ROC曲线下面积0.675,敏感度77.57%,特异度48.94%,阳性预测值63.40%,阴性预测值65.70%。MPA评分对前列腺癌的诊断效能最高,且与MUS评分、PSAD及年龄比较,差异均有统计学意义（Z=8.48,t=-4.45,P均<0.05）。 结论多模态超声联合PSAD及年龄诊断前列腺癌具有较高的临床应用价值。     

Gallbladder adenoma: report of a case with emphasis on contrast-enhanced US findings

There is a marked paucity of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (US) findings of gallbladder disease in the literature, and there is only one previous case of gallbladder adenoma. We report such a case. US showed a 2-cm polypoid lesion at the gallbladder body. Color Doppler US showed the hypervascular nature of the lesion, and contrast-enhanced US revealed the lesion to be homogeneously enhanced, suggesting that the lesion was composed of the same pathology. The lesion was surgically resected, and was found to be an adenoma without cancer foci. This case suggests that contrast-enhanced US is an effective tool in diagnosing a gallbladder adenoma.     

超声造影诊断前列腺癌的应用进展

超声造影通过对肿瘤病灶微血管的实时显像和血流灌注定位,为前列腺良恶性病灶鉴别以及靶向前列腺穿刺提供了新的方法。现就其在前列腺癌诊断中的临床应用现状及发展前景做一综述。