CES－D量表对运动员抑郁症状的测查

采用ＣＥＳ－Ｄ量表（中译本）对３２２名运动员进行测查，结果表明：ＣＥＳ－Ｄ量表对运动员被试抑郁症状的测查具有较好的信度和效度；一级运动员抑郁症状得分高于健将级运动员，亦明显高于二级运动员，性别和年龄对运动员抑郁症状得分影响不显著；ＣＥＳ－Ｄ量表可用作运动员抑郁症状的筛选工具。     

CES—D量表对运动员抑郁症状的测查

采用ＣＥＳ－Ｄ量表（中译本）对３２２名运动员进行测查，结果表明：ＣＥＳ－Ｄ量表对运动员被试抑郁症状的测查具有较好的信度和效度；一级运动员抑郁症状得分高于健将级运动员、亦明显高于二级运动员，性能和年龄对运动员抑郁状得分影响不显著；ＣＥＳ－Ｄ量表可用作运动员抑郁症状的筛选工具。     

SDS和CES—D对大学生抑郁症状评定结果的比较

为了比较ＳＤＳ和ＣＥＳ－Ｄ两个抑郁自评量表的评定结果，作者调查了５６０名１６－２５岁的大学生，分析表明ＳＤＳ和ＣＥＳ－Ｄ的两测、分半及同质信度系数均为０．８以上。ＳＤＳ和ＣＥＳ－Ｄ间的相关系数为０．５９７４。符合ＳＤＳ（≥５０）和ＣＥＳ－Ｄ（≥２０）抑郁判断标准的学生分别为１７．３２％和２６．７９％，有显著性差异（ｘ＾２＝１４．５９，ｐ〈０．０１）。提示ＳＤＳ和ＣＥＳ－Ｄ有较高的信度，但对正常人群     

SDS和CES－D对大学生抑郁症状评定结果的比较

为了比较ＳＤＳ和ＣＦＳ－Ｄ两个抑郁自评量表的评定结果，作者调查了５６０名１６－２５岁的大学生，分析表明ＳＤＳ和ＣＥＳ－Ｄ的再测、分半及同质信度系数均为０．８以上。ＳＤＳ和ＣＥＳ－Ｄ间的相关系数为０．５９７４。符合ＳＤＳ（≥５０）和ＣＥＳ－Ｄ（≥２０）抑郁判断标准的学生分别为１７．３２％和２６．７９％，有显著性差异（ｘ￣２＝１４．５９，ｐ＜０．０１）。提示ＳＤＳ和ＣＥＳ－Ｄ有较高的信度，但对正常人群评定结果的差异较大。     

北京老年人的抑郁状况调查及CES—D的结构分析

本文报告在北京市一个有代表性的老年人群中用ＣＥＳ－Ｄ进行的抑郁症状的调查结果。发现样本平均分为６．７１±９．７８，以≥１６分为标准，１３．７％的老人有明确的抑郁症状，标化的抑郁症状发生率１２．９％。ＣＥＳ－Ｄ总分及各分量表均随增龄而增高，女性得分高于男性，山区农民分数明显高于郊区及城区老人。因子分析显示在中国老人中ＣＥＳ－Ｄ的四个因子结构同样存在，各分量表的项目负荷与国外的结果基本相同。正性情感缺乏分量表分的年龄差异最为明显，躯体症状分量表分没有明确的随龄变化，提示老年人的抑郁情绪加重并非由躯体症状增多引起。     

产后抑郁症状与产时相关因素的分析

本文对１６８例产妇应用流调抑郁自评量表（ＣＥＳ－Ｄ）进行产后抑郁的筛查，结果显示：有抑郁症状的９例（占５．３６％），其ＣＥＳ－Ｄ总分在１６～４９之间（均值为２２．２３±６．５１）。分娩方式中产钳助产产妇抑郁症状的发生率明显高于剖宫产组和自然分娩组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；产时有并发症的产妇抑郁症状发生率高于正常组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示产科工作者应加强围产期的心理卫生保健，对预防产后抑郁有积极意义。     

RADS抑郁量表的修订

本文报导应用ＲｅｙｎｏｌｄｓＡｄｏｌｅｓｃｅｎｔＤｅｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｓｃａｌｅ（ＲＡＤＳ）抑郁量表在全国７省市对３９０５名中学生测量的结果，量表重测相关系数为０．７９、Ｃｒｏｎｂｅｃｈα系数为０．８８、分半信度相关系数为０．８８；与流调中心用抑郁量表（ＣＥＳ－Ｄ）的相关系数为０．８４；因子分析结果表明该量表有较好的结构效度。     

儿童感觉统合评定量表的测试报告

本文首次在大陆选用感觉统合评定量表对北京市普通小学１９９４名学龄儿童进行评定。结果表明：此量表有较好的一致性信度（重测信度为０．４７－０．７３，分半信度０．６８～０．７７，同质信度０．４４－０．６３，Ｐ＜０．０１）。量表结构效度及因子分析所得因子与单项目有较好的相关（０．４９～０．９４）证明该量表有较好的效度。     

无望抑郁症状问卷(HDSQ)的中文版修订

目的：翻译和修订无望抑郁症状问卷，并测试中文版的信效度。方法：用翻译的无望抑郁症状问卷和Beck抑郁量表对大学生进行两次测试。结果：①修订的无望抑郁症状问卷中文版的探索性主成分分析显示，无望抑郁症状问卷由8个因子组成，累计贡献率为62．733％，因素负荷为0．548～0．937；②验证性因素分析显示，本问卷的8个因子可以合并成一个高阶因子，二阶因子模型是拟合度最优的模型；③各分量表与问卷总分的相关系数在0．524-0．810之间（P〈0.01），各分量表之间的相关系数在0．328～0．660之间（P〈0．01）；④本问卷内部一致性系数为0．8724，分半系数为0．7223，重测信度为0．8322。结论：修订的中文版无望抑郁症状问卷的信度和效度指标符合心理测量学的要求。可作为大学生的无望抑郁测量工具。     

用认知行为疗法治疗精神分裂症的继发抑郁

目的：探讨认知行为疗法治疗精神分裂症的继发抑郁的疗效。方法：使用“旧金山预防抑郁研究”教材录制的录像带，对２３例伴有抑郁症状，且符合ＤＳＭ－Ⅳ有关精神分裂症和分裂样精神障碍诊断标准患者，通过看录像进行认知行为疗法，每周一次，８周为一疗程。治疗前后用ＨＡＭＤ、ＣＥＳ－Ｄ、ＨＡＭＡ、ＢＰＲＳ、ＧＡＳ量表评定。结果：认知行为治疗后ＨＡＭＤ、ＣＥＳ－Ｄ、ＨＡＭＡ评分均有逐渐下降趋势、ＧＡＳ评分有逐渐上升趋势（Ｐ＜０．０５），而ＢＰＲＳ评分无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；治疗６周及８周ＨＡＭＤ减分率与ＢＰＲＳ减分率、ＧＡＳ变化值之间均呈密切相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：认知行为疗法能改善精神分裂症的抑郁和焦虑症状，能提高患者临床总体情况和功能水平     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.