武汉市室内装修后甲醛浓度动态变化规律研究

目的 了解武汉市新装修居室空气中甲醛的污染情况及其动态变化规律和室内装修装饰材料的构成.方法 于2005年4月,选择武汉市新装修的66户住户,连续6个月监测室内空气中的甲醛浓度,同时对室内装饰材料的构成做相关调查.结果 武汉市新装修居室空气中甲醛浓度在第4次监测(7月)时达到峰值,其平均浓度为0.272 mg/m,超过国家卫生标准(0.1 mg/m3)1.72倍,此后甲醛浓度随时间的延长而逐渐降低.6个月后,仍有近30%的住户室内空气甲醛浓度超标.人造板材占家具和门窗、墙面等装修材料构成的81.48%,成为室内空气甲醛污染的主要来源.结论 新装修居室空气中甲醛浓度的降低是一个长期缓慢的过程.大量使用易挥发甲醛的装饰材料(人造板材)造成新装修居室空气中甲醛污染严重.     

北京某城区居室内空气污染现状及其影响因素

目的调查北京市某城区居室内空气污染现状,初步探讨影响室内空气中甲醛和氮氧化物(NOx)浓度的室内因素。方法在北京市西城区随机抽取463位居民进行室内环境状况问卷调查,从被调查者中随机抽取91户家庭,入户监测其室内空气中甲醛和NOx浓度。采用多元线性模型进行回归分析,筛选出与室内空气中甲醛、NOx浓度密切相关的室内因素。结果室内空气中甲醛日平均浓度为0.049mg/m3,超标率为13%,装修过的家庭卧室空气中甲醛浓度(0.058mg/m3)明显高于未装修家庭(0.034mg/m3),差异具有高度显著性(P<0.001);卧室和厨房空气中NOx日平均浓度分别为0.053和0.090mg/m3,超标率分别为9%和48%,其浓度差异具有高度显著性(P<0.001);装修与否、每月天然气用量、排烟渠道通向入选卧室空气中甲醛浓度回归方程;居室净高、吸烟与否入选卧室空气中NOx浓度回归方程;使用面积、居室净高、采样时间内开火做饭次数入选厨房空气中NOx浓度回归方程。结论该城区居民室内空气中甲醛和NOx污染较严重,家庭装修与卧室空气中甲醛浓度关系最密切,天然气燃烧是厨房空气中NOx和卧室空气中甲醛的重要来源,吸烟是卧室空气中NOx的重要来源之一。     

北京市朝阳区公共场所室内甲醛污染情况

目的 了解北京市朝阳区公共场所室内甲醛污染随装修后时间和季节的变化趋势。方法 2012—2013年抽取辖区内3类公共场所,包括文化娱乐、商场超市及住宿类场所;利用大气采样器采集室内空气进行甲醛项目的检测。结果 公共场所室内空气中甲醛存在超标情况,装修后半年到1年的公共场所室内甲醛浓度要高于装修后小于半年时间的,如2012年分别为(0.095 09±0.033 57)和(0.051 94±0.032 40)mg/m3,2013年分别为(0.063 56±0.043 50)和(0.045 13±0.033 49)mg/m3,2年间差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为7.145、3.096,P<0.05);夏季甲醛浓度高于其他季节。结论 北京市朝阳区公共场所室内空气中甲醛污染,在春夏季释放增加。     

家庭室内装修后空气中甲醛污染调查及防治措施初探

目的：为全面了解家庭室内装修后空气中甲醛污染现状、探索室内空气污染防制措施。方法：2005年1～6月随机对36家家庭室内装修后6个月内空气中甲醛浓度进行测定，按国家标准GB50325-2001进行。结果：各场所空气中甲醛浓度超标率为77．8％-92．9％，空气中甲醛浓度最高超标倍数为12．6倍，装修6个月内空气甲醛浓度为0．07～0．11mg／m^3。衣柜、电视柜、床头柜、储蓄室内空气中甲醛平均浓度为0．60～0．78mg／m^3。结论：家庭室内装修空气中甲醛污染严重，装修后6个月空气中甲醛浓度基本接近国家卫生标准。     

中山市2007—2009年新装修场所空气中甲醛和苯污染状况分析

目的了解中山市室内新装修场所的污染状况。方法对中山市2007—2009年委托监测的室内新装修场所(装修后3个月内)进行监测,场所类型包括家居、旅业、办公场所、商场和文化娱乐场所,监测指标包括甲醛、苯、甲苯和二甲苯。结果家居、旅业、办公场所、商场和文化娱乐场所的监测间数分别为43、89、5、29和51间,监测点数分别为155、456、39、159和265个,所有场所的间数合格率平均为59.45%;各个点的全项次平均合格率为72.81%;甲醛、苯、甲苯和二甲苯的平均浓度分别为(0.063±0.04)、(0.053±0.12)、(0.167±0.57)、(0.180±0.12)mg/m3。5类场所的甲醛、甲苯、二甲苯和全项目的监测合格率差异均有统计学意义(均P0.01),家居的合格率最低(分别为73.55%、76.77%、87.10%和54.84%);5类场所的甲醛及苯浓度差异有统计学意义(P0.01或P0.05),以家居场所及商场浓度最高,分别为(0.094±0.07)、(0.077±0.23)mg/m3。结论中山市部分新装修场所的空气中甲醛和苯污染状况较严重,尤其家居场所,应加强对新装修家居场所室内空气污染的监测。     

新装修居室内甲醛污染检测结果分析

[目的 ]分析新装修居室内甲醛污染状况及特点 ,探讨室内甲醛浓度随装修完工后时间长短的变化规律。 [方法 ]检测分析厦门市区 10 1套居室的 3 91个采样点装修后室内空气中的甲醛浓度。[结果 ]在这些采样点中 ,空气甲醛浓度>0 10mg/m3 的超标者占 68 0 %,超标 2倍以上者 3 1 2 %;套房内空气甲醛浓度均值为书房 >卧室 >客厅 ;空气甲醛浓度的峰值不是出现在装修完工后的初期 ( 1个月内 ) ,而是出现在更后些时间段 ( 2～ 3个月 )。[结论 ]新装修居室的室内甲醛污染状况较为严重 (尤其是头 3个月 ) ,装修完 1年内都应注意室内的通风换气 ,以降低室内空气中的甲醛浓度     

郑州市装修后室内空气中甲醛污染调查

目的调查装修后居室空气中甲醛的污染现状并探讨其影响因素。方法选择54户装修时间为1个月至2a的居室为研究对象,选择52栋毛坯楼房为对照,利用化学光度法监测室内空气中甲醛含量。结果装修后相同时间内,高温期的甲醛浓度和低温期的甲醛浓度差异存在显著性(P<0.05),高温期甲醛浓度平均为低温期的6.8倍,复杂装修带来甲醛污染较简单装修严重,经过近2a的通风换气,两个跟踪家庭的甲醛平均浓度分别由2.03、0.46mg/m3降至0.21、0.18mg/m3。结论装修后室内空气中的甲醛污染相当严重,正常通风条件下,影响室内甲醛含量的因素主要是装修材料的质量、用量、装修时间和室内温度,保持良好的通风有利于甲醛的释放,可有效地减轻居室内甲醛的污染程度。     

某部营区室内空气中甲醛污染状况调查

目的通过对驻济部队的招待所、办公室和家庭居所内空气中甲醛浓度的调查,掌握营区室内空气中甲醛污染的情况,为保障工作人员和居住人员身体健康而采取相应措施提供依据。方法采用4160-2型便携直读式甲醛分析仪,按GB/T18883-2002中的《室内空气监测技术导则》要求对驻济部队招待所、办公室和家庭居所内空气中甲醛浓度进行检测,并按照GB/T18883-2002中的《室内空气质量标准》进行评价。结果295个场所空气中甲醛质量浓度为0.01～2.74mg/m3,合格场所187个,合格率63.3%。空气中甲醛质量浓度超标的居室和办公场所,大都有胶合板材料做的衣柜或书橱。招待所客房内各采样点间的甲醛质量浓度相差很大,其合格率由高至低依次为客房卫生间>客房壁橱>客房低柜>客房桑拿间,各点间相互比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。办公室、会议室及家庭居所内空气中甲醛质量浓度合格率分别为71.4%、79.4%和76.7%。结论驻济部队营区部分室内的甲醛超标率较高,应引起重视,要注意室内的通风换气;甲醛超标与其装修材料及家具板材的环保质量有关。     

苏州市部分居室空气甲醛污染调查与防治技术探讨

目的通过调查居室空气中甲醛污染水平,分析污染来源,探讨其防治技术。方法随机选择一定数量不同类型的居室,现场检测室内空气中甲醛含量,调查装修情况及使用材料。结果①共检测39套居室,甲醛平均浓度0.088 mg/m3,检测点超标率为33.33%,最高达0.679 mg/m3。②夏秋季超标率较高,分别为46.15%和55.56%,而冬季无超标现象。③主卧室甲醛浓度最高,次卧次之。④甲醛污染程度与装修材料和家具选择存在一定的关系。结论苏州市居民室内空气中甲醛污染比较严重,其污染水平与装修材料、房间通风情况及季节有关。     

银川市部分新装修住宅甲醛污染及变化规律分析

目的了解居民住宅新装修后不同时间段室内甲醛浓度动态变化规律。方法选取银川市装修水平相近、装修规格相近且档次相近的居民住宅83户,按照装修后0～1、3、6、12个月各时间段进行室内空气甲醛浓度追踪调查。结果甲醛浓度在装修后4个时间段的超标率分别为95%,73%,41%,28%。装修12个月后,每天通风4 h以上的居室甲醛浓度为(0.11±0.07)mg/m3,通风不足4 h的居室甲醛浓度为(0.16±0.09)mg/m3,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。装修后各时间段不同功能房间甲醛超标率不同,装修12个月后主卧超标率为37%,次卧为24%,厨房为21%,客厅为17%。结论居民新装修住宅室内甲醛污染较严重。装修后随时间的延长,超标率呈下降趋势。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.