Long-term prognosis of Kawasaki disease patients with coronary artery obstruction

Summary The prognosis of coronary artery obstruction was studied in patients with Kawasaki disease. Between May 1973 and December 1987, coronary artery obstruction was diagnosed by coronary angiography in 30 patients (21 males, 9 females), of whom, only 8 (26.7%) had clinical symptoms. One patient died after 9 years of illness. Two complained of frequent chest pain, which disappeared after bypass surgery in one case and spontaneously in the other. Five had symptomatic myocardial infarction. Myocardial ischemia was diagnosed in 31.8% by treadmill stress testing, but was well demonstrated in 85.7% by thallium-201 myocardial tomography. Frequent ventricular premature beats, Wenckebachtype atrioventricular block, and ST-segment depression accompanied by chest pain were recognized by 24-h Holter monitoring. In the past, the methods used to determine the prognosis of Kawasaki disease patients with coronary artery obstruction were not adequate. However, the examinations used in this study revealed an improved ability to determine the prognosis in this disease. Myocardial tomography, in particular, provided a more accurate evaluation of myocardial damage. Ventricular arrhythmias seem to be a serious problem in these patients. Therefore, careful observation using these tests, especially myocardial tomography and Holter monitoring, should be done even if the patients are free of symptoms.     

冠心病预后与冠状动脉侧支循环的关系

目的：研究冠心病（CHD）预后与冠状动脉侧支循环的关系。方法：依据冠状动脉造影结果98例患者被分为CHD无侧支循环组（62例）、CHD有侧支循环组（20例）、正常对照组（16例）,分析各组患者的临床资料。结果：CHD组（无论有无侧支循环）与正常对照组相比,除糖尿病发病率较高外（P〈0.01）,其他CHD易患因素差异均无显著性（P〉0.05）;有侧支循环与无侧支循环CHD患者相比,主要CHD易患因素、不稳定型心绞痛的发生率差异均无显著性（P〉0.05）;但无侧支循环患者左室射血分数〈50%患者比率（29.0%比10.0%）,心肌梗死（61.3%比30.0%）、室壁瘤（22.6%比0）的发生率较有侧支循环患者显著增加（P〈0.01）。结论：侧支循环存在与否与冠心病患者预后有关。     

合并结缔组织病的冠心病患者冠状动脉病变特点及冠状动脉介入治疗术预后分析

目的探讨合并结缔组织病(CTD)的冠状动脉性心脏病(CAD)患者的冠状动脉病变特点,以及接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术(PCI)的长期预后。方法收集106例自2009年1月至2012年12月在北京友谊医院接受PCI治疗CTD患者的临床资料,回顾性分析CTD患者的临床表现和冠状动脉病变特点等,并对CTD患者进行长期随访。结果 106例患者中有92例(86.8%)具有≥1个传统冠心病危险因素。78例(73.6%)的患者冠状动脉为多支血管病变,以前降支受累为主(65.1%)。共植入5枚金属裸支架和202枚药物涂层支架。对CTD患者进行了平均时间长达3年的随访,期间共发生主要不良心血管事件(MACE)24例(22.6%),其中心源性死亡13例(12.3%)、支架内血栓形成(ST)10例(9.4%)、靶血管再次血运重建(TVR)15例(14.2%)。结论合并CTD的CAD患者冠状动脉病变以多支病变为主。此类患者接受PCI术后不良事件以ST及TVR多见。     

Chronic kidney disease predicts poor prognosis in patients with stable premature coronary artery disease

ObjectiveThis study was performed to determine the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as well as its association with mid-term prognosis in patients with stable premature coronary artery disease (CAD) in a Chinese population.MethodsFive hundred and twelve patients from Jiangsu Province, China with stable, premature CAD were enrolled using an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to determine the presence of CKD. The patients were then monitored over a two-year follow up during which major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) were recorded and analyzed.ResultsOne hundred and eighty-three patients (35.74%) were determined to have CKD. Having CKD was associated with a higher ratio of type 2 diabetes mellitus, multi-vessel disease, higher levels of fasting blood sugar and lower levels of left ventricular ejection fraction (all P < 0.05). Patients with CKD had significantly higher incidences of composite MACEs than the non-CKD group at the end of the two- (45.35% vs 30.72%, P = 0.001) but not one-year follow up (30.64% vs 25.32%, P = 0.209). Furthermore, as eGFR decreased, more MACEs occurred (all P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis confirmed that both CKD (P < 0.001) and multi-vessel disease (P < 0.001) are independent risk factors for MACEs.ConclusionChinese patients diagnosed with stable, premature CAD and CKD have more risk factors and worse two-year outcomes than those with only CAD.     

An improving prognosis over time in medically treated patients with coronary artery disease

The national mortality rate from coronary heart disease has decreased during the past decade, for reasons that are not yet clear. The mortality rate and the total number of cardiovascular events both decreased during the last 10 years in 1,911 medically treated patients with significant coronary artery disease. This decrease cannot be explained by less sick patients being referred for evaluation. This study suggests that at least part of the decrease in coronary heart disease mortality observed nationally is occurring in patients with established coronary disease.     

80岁及以上老年人冠状动脉内支架术疗效和安全性的观察

目的　评价年龄因素对冠心病患者选择性冠状动脉 (冠脉 )内支架术疗效和安全性的影响。　方法　连续 5 0 2例冠心病患者行选择性冠脉内支架术 ,根据年龄分组 :80～ 87岁 48例 ,70～ 79岁 143例 ,60～ 69岁 169例 ,3 5～ 5 9岁 142例。比较 4组支架术成功率及随访结果。　结果　 4组支架术成功率分别为 97 9%、97 2 %、97 6%和 96 5 % ,并发症率为 6 3 %、9 8%、7 1%、2 1% ,差异无显著性 (均为P >0 0 5 )。随访 1～ 3 0个月 ,平均 (12 0± 4 8)个月 ,随访率为 92 3 %。 4组的心绞痛复发分别为 2 7 9%、41 4%、5 0 3 %和 48 4% ,80～ 87岁组心绞痛复发显著少于 60～ 69岁组和 3 5～ 5 9岁组(均为P <0 0 5 ) ,但硝酸酯药物停用率 (4 1 9%、3 4 6%、3 0 7%和 3 5 5 % )、再入院率 (2 7 9%、3 6 8%、3 0 7%和 3 4 7% )、心功能改善率 (5 5 8%、44 4%、48 4%和 5 7 3 % )、心脏事件发生率 (18 6%、2 1 1%、2 4 8%和 2 1 0 % )和病死率 (7 0 %、3 8%、2 6%和 1 6% )差异无显著性 (均为P >0 0 5 )。　结论　年龄因素对冠脉内支架术的疗效和安全性无显著影响 ,80岁以上患者选择性冠脉内支架术安全、成功率高 ,近期疗效好     

Plasma adiponectin levels in relation to prognosis in patients with angiographic coronary artery disease

ObjectiveThe objective was to study the associations between adiponectin levels and cardiovascular adverse clinical outcomes in patients with angiographic coronary artery disease (CAD) within the Han Chinese population in Beijing.Materials/methodsA total of 449 hospitalized patients with angiographic CAD who were Han Chinese in Beijing participated in the study. Plasma adiponectin levels were examined from blood samples using a type of unique enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that was developed by our laboratory. All of the patients' clinical data, including previously identified cardiovascular risk factors, creatinine clearance and left ventricle ejection fraction, were recorded after admission, and patients were followed up for 19 ± 8 months. The primary end-point was marked by the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), which included death, targeted vascular revascularization, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, and transient ischemic attack (TIA) / stroke.ResultsA total of 109 cases of MACE occurred: 15 cases of death, 66 cases of acute coronary syndrome, 4 cases of TIA/stroke, 6 cases of targeted vessel revascularization, and 18 cases of heart failure. Among all the patients, 173 were assigned to the high adiponectin group and 276 were assigned to the low adiponectin group according to their baseline plasma adiponectin levels. The incidence of MACE was significantly higher in the low adiponectin group (P = .037). In a multivariate Cox regression analysis for adiponectin levels, previously documented risk factors, coronary artery stenosis scores, and low adiponectin levels were indicated as independent predictors of MACE in patients with CAD (RR 1.75; 95% CI, 1.066–2.865; P = .027). Further adjustment for hsCRP, Ccr, LVEF, fasting glucose and lipid profile did not attenuate this association (RR = 2.36; 95% CI 1.338–4.167; P = .003). The relative risk for low adiponectin levels after additional adjustment for the coronary score was 2.42 (95% CI 1.367–4.279; P = .002). The Kaplan–Meier survival analysis curve suggested that patients with lower adiponectin concentrations had a decreased event-free survival ratio (log-rank χ² = 4.592, P = .032).ConclusionsThe results indicate a potential association between plasma adiponectin levels and cardiovascular prognosis in patients with CAD.     

Occult aorto-iliac disease in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis may affect the entire cardiovascular system despite absence of symptoms. Early changes in the wall of the carotid artery have been related to a higher morbidity and mortality from coronary artery disease (CAD). This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the presence of occult aorto-iliac disease (OAID) and certain risk factors with the severity of CAD. METHODS: Two hundred and eighty-four consecutive patients subjected to coronary angiography (CA) were studied. Additional images of the aorto-iliac arterial segment were taken. Patients with negative CA or symptomatic lower limb arterial disease (LLAD) were excluded from further analysis. In the remaining patients, the risk factors (age, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and positive family history for atherosclerosis) and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) were analyzed in relation to the presence or absence of OAID. RESULTS: Twelve patients with impaired renal function were excluded from the study. Negative CA was found in 12% (32/272) and symptomatic LLAD was present in 14% (37/272). Eligible for further analysis were 203 patients with positive CA and no LLAD. A hundred and ten of them had a positive CA and the presence of OAID whereas the remaining 93 patients had only a positive CA. The patients with OAID had more severe CAD on CA (p=0.003). There was no difference between the two groups concerning age and gender. The most common risk factors in both groups were hypercholesterolemia and a positive family history but with a significantly higher prevalence in the patients with OAID (p=0.008 and p<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of OAID in coronary patients was associated with more severe CAD and with a significantly higher prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and positive family history for atherosclerosis. This subset of patients may represent those with more aggressive atherosclerosis.     

高血红蛋白水平与冠心病患者的不良预后相关分析

目的:研究冠心病患者中高血红蛋白(HGB)水平对预测不良心血管事件的作用。方法:在经冠状动脉造影明确诊断为冠心病的住院患者677例中,其中584例患者纳入本项研究,记录纳入样本的临床资料,检测患者HGB水平,白细胞及肌酐水平等,包括hs-CRP水平、心血管病危险因素,测量左心室射血分数。并对这些患者进行随访,记录终点事件发生情况。终点事件定义为:不良心血管事件(MACCE),包括全因死亡、靶血管病变重建、随访期间发生的心肌梗死、脑卒中或者一过性脑缺血、需要住院治疗的不稳定心绞痛和心功能衰竭。结果:平均随访时间为(14.3±8.4)个月,所有的样本根据HGB水平均分为4组,HGB水平随着年龄升高而逐渐下降;男性及吸烟患者HGB水平分别高于女性和非吸烟患者。随访期间共124例患者发生MACCE。单因素及多因素COX回归分析,显示:高HGB水平是冠心病患者将来MACCE的独立预测因素(RR=1.02,95%CI 1.002,1.029,P=0.023)及(RR=1.03,95%CI 1.009,1.041,P=0.003)。结论:高HGB水平与年龄、性别及吸烟相关并且与冠心病患者的不良预后连续相关。     

Heart rate recovery after exercise and long-term prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease

Background

The long-term prognostic value of heart rate recovery (HRR) has been incompletely documented in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). We sought to confirm the prognostic value of HRR in a large cohort with stable CAD.

Methods

From the Coronary Artery Surgery Study registry, a database of 24,958 patients with CAD who underwent cardiac catheterization between 1974 and 1979, we identified 4097 patients with baseline exercise stress testing data. HRR was measured at 3 minutes post exercise during a passive recovery. Clinical outcomes were evaluated according to HRR in both threshold and continuous models.

Results

Median long-term follow-up was 14.7 years (interquartile range, 9.8-16.2). HRR < 46 beats per minute (Bpm) most appropriately differentiated nonsurvivors from survivors (area under receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.613) and was associated with an increased risk of all-cause death (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.15; P = 0.011). Increasing HRR was associated with a lower risk of all-cause (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.94 per 10 Bpm; 95% confidence interval, 0.91-0.97; P = 0.0005) and cardiovascular (CV) mortality (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.94 per 10 Bpm; 95% confidence interval, 0.90-0.98; P = 0.003).

Conclusions

HRR at 3 minutes independently predicts long-term all-cause and CV mortality in patients with stable CAD. Measurement of HRR at 3 minutes during passive recovery can be used as a complementary tool to identify patients with a higher total and CV risk.     

代谢综合征对冠心病血运重建患者预后的影响

目的 探讨集中了5个心血管病危险因素(肥胖、糖代谢异常、高血压、高甘油三酯血症、低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症)的代谢综合征在冠心病患者中的流行趋势和预后意义.方法 研究对象来自单中心注册研究DESIRE(drug-eluting stent impact on revascularization),入选2003年7月1日至2004年9月30日在首都医科大学附属安贞医院接受血运重建治疗[经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)或冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)]的2368例患者,选择其中身高、体重、血压、血糖和血脂等记录完整的患者共1911例,平均年龄(60±10)岁,记录其临床资料及随访期间临床不良事件,患者死亡为随访终止,记录死亡时间.代谢综合征定义采用2005年美国胆固醇教育计划成人治疗专家组修订(NCEP ATP Ⅲ)的定义,以体重指数(BMI)≥25 kg/m2代替腹围指标.计量资料均值应用-x±s表示,两组间比较采用t检验,多组间比较采用方差分析,计数资料采用x2检验,不良事件与代谢综合征患者的相关性应用Logistic和Cox回归分析.结果 相应临床资料记录完整的患者1911例,其中男性1458例占76.3%.截至2007年底随访时间中位数为3.5年(293～1855 d).按照是否合并代谢综合征将患者分为2组,发现合并代谢综合征对住院期间和随访期间的死亡率没有影响,但明显增加随访期间主要不良心脑血管事件(MACCE)的发生率(P＜0.05).随访3.5年,合并代谢综合征患者增加的MACCE事件主要表现在:再次血运重建事件、脑卒中事件和再入院事件(P＜0.05);把性别、年龄、血脂等心血管危险因素放入Logistic模型中,比较影响总MACCE发生的危险因素,仅发现合并代谢综合征是影响总MACCE发生的惟一因素(OR 1.319,95%CI 1.020～1.706,P＜0.05).应用Logistic回归分析代谢综合征5个组成成分对随访MACCE的影响,发现糖代谢异常(OR 1.047,95% CI 1.005～1.091,P＜0.05)和低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症(OR 0.777,95%CI0.610～0.989,P＜0.05     

老年人慢性肾功能不全对冠心病预后的影响

目的探讨慢性肾功能不全对冠心病临床表现及预后的影响。方法收集2006年6月至2007年12月明确诊断冠心病的老年患者142例,根据是否合并慢性肾功能不全分组,对比临床特点和冠状动脉病变情况,随访心血管事件发生情况。结果 (1)慢性肾功能不全的冠心病患者与对照组比较,高血压发病率高(79.6%vs59.1%,P0.05)、左室射血分数低〔(50.6%±9.5%)vs(54.8%±6.2%),P0.01〕、室间隔厚度增加〔(12.2±0.9)mmvs(11.5±0.6)mm,P0.001〕。(2)慢性肾功能不全组与对照组比较,三支病变多(69.4%vs31.8%,P0.001),多处钙化病变多(57.1%vs29.5%,P0.01),接受介入治疗比例低(24.5%vs52.3%,P0.001),药物治疗多(70.4%vs34.1%,P0.001)。(3)肾功能不全组发生急性冠脉综合征(53.1%vs27.3%,P0.05)、急性左心衰竭(27.6%vs11.4%,P0.05)的比例明显高于对照组。(4)Logistic分析显示,收缩压水平(β=0.65,P0.001)和肾小球滤过率(β=-0.49,P0.001)是随访期内冠心病患者发生不良心血管事件重要的独立危险因素。结论肾功能不全的冠心病患者冠脉病变广泛,钙化明显,接受再血管化治疗的比例低;随访期心血管事件的发生率高但症状不典型。慢性肾功能不全是冠心病病情发生发展的重要预测指标。