顽固性不稳定性心绞痛的介入治疗

目的　探讨介入治疗顽固性不稳定性心绞痛的近、远期疗效。方法　回顾性分析连续 48例顽固性不稳定性心绞痛患者 ,入院后 (5 .2± 3.4)d介入治疗患者的临床资料。抗血栓治疗为 :阿司匹林、噻氯匹啶、皮下注射低分子量肝素。 48例患者中 ,有 46例 (95 .8% )植入支架。结果　介入治疗的病例、病变成功率分别为 95 .8% (4 6 48)和93.8% (75 80 )。无 1例发生死亡、急性心肌梗死、急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术。 46例介入治疗均获成功 ,心绞痛完全消失或明显缓解。随诊 2～ 2 4(12 .5± 8.0 )个月 ,8例 (17.4% )发生心脏事件 ,其中 2例 (4 .3% )发生心肌梗死 ,6例(13.0 % )再次行血管重建治疗 (介入治疗 5例 ,冠状动脉旁路移植术 1例 )。结论　在使用阿司匹林、噻氯匹啶、皮下注射低分子量肝素抗血栓疗法和广泛应用支架的前提下 ,介入治疗顽固性不稳定性心绞痛成功率高 ,近期疗效明显 ,远期疗效满意     

Short- and long-term outcome after PTCA in patients with stable and unstable angina

Acute results and follow-up data over a period of 36 months after attempted PTCA in 406 patients with stable angina and 202 patients with unstable angina are reported. The rate of acute complications (death, myocardial infarction and bypass grafting (CABG) amounted to 1.5% in stable and 6.4% in unstable patients (P less than 0.005). Within the first week after PTCA a significantly lower percentage (1.7% vs 10.4%) of cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction, CABG and repeat PTCA) was observed in the stable group (P less than 0.001). During a 12-month follow-up period, another 16.3% of the patients in the stable group and 30.7% of unstable patients suffered a new cardiac event (P less than 0.001). The long-term follow-up of 36 months revealed no significant difference in the event rate between stable and unstable patients (5.4% in both groups). The cumulative rate of myocardial infarction within 3 years after PTCA was significantly lower (3.7% vs 9.4%) in the stable group (P less than 0.005). The cumulative mortality amounted to 3.0% in stable and 6.4% in unstable patients (P less than 0.05) and the incidence of repeated PTCA was 8.1% and 19.3% respectively (P less than 0.001). The crossover rate to CABG was 10.1% in stable and 17.8% in unstable patients (P less than 0.01). The total rate of any cardiac event thus amounted to 24.9% in stable and 53.0% in unstable patients (P less than 0.001) within a 3-year follow-up period. At the end of follow-up, 74% of the stable patients were asymptomatic, compared with 60% of unstable patients (P less than 0.01). 45% of the stable group patients and 28% of the unstable patients were not on antianginal treatment (P less than 0.01). We conclude that PTCA in unstable angina carries a markedly enhanced risk of acute complications and cardiac events in the early phase after PTCA. In the long run, patients with stable angina have a better quality of life with regard to medical treatment and angina symptoms.     

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of the left main coronary artery in patients with rest angina

Left main coronary angioplasty may be a therapeutic revascularization procedure for a subset of patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease. The purpose of this study is to report procedural outcomes and long-term clinical follow-up of 15 patients who underwent either protected or unprotected left main angioplasty for rest angina. These patients represent a cohort of unstable angina patients who were considered high risk for coronary artery bypass surgery. Ten of 15 patients had Canadian Heart Class IV angina, and three patients were hemodynamically unstable. Balloon angioplasty was successful in 14 patients, and one patient was treated with directional atherectomy. Initial angiographic success was achieved in 14 of 15 patients (93%). Major complications (myocardial infarction, emergent coronary artery bypass graft, death) occurred in one patient (6%); 73% of the patients were asymptomatic or had stable exertional angina at 6 months follow-up. One year survival was 87% (13 of 15). During the follow-up period six patients had repeat catheterization for recurrent angina. Four of these patients had left main restenosis and underwent successful repeat left main angioplasty. No patient had coronary bypass surgery during follow-up. This report suggests that left main angioplasty can be a safe and effective revascularization procedure for critically ill patients with unstable angina who are at high risk for coronary bypass surgery. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Contained rupture following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: Long-term outcome

Coronary artery aneurysm formation can occur as a complication of balloon angioplasty. We present a case of a contained rupture of the left circumflex artery following angioplasty which resulted in an unusual pseudoaneurysm on angiography at 3-year follow-up. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Role of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in patients with variant angina and coexistent coronary stenosis refractory to maximal medical therapy

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) was performed with initial success in 7 patients with variant angina and significant (greater than 60%) coronary stenosis. The mean degree of stenosis was reduced from 77 +/- 12% to 29 +/- 15% and the mean systolic pressure gradient from 78 +/- 18 to 25 +/- 9 mmHg. Apart from a reversible spasm in one patient, PTCA was free of acute complications. Despite long-term treatment with nifedipine, nitrates, and warfarin (patients 1 to 5) or aspirin (patients 6 and 7) restenoses occurred in 4 of 7 patients. An aortocoronary bypass was necessary in 2 patients, 3 respectively 6 weeks after PTCA because of tighter restenoses than before PTCA. Another patient underwent successful repeat angioplasty after 6 weeks and remained improved. During a mean follow-up observation of 21 months (6 to 30 months), 4 patients were asymptomatic, even without medication. In one of these patients, the follow-up angiography (6 months after PTCA) demonstrated a restenosis. These results suggest that PTCA demonstrated a restenosis. These results suggest that PTCA can be performed without a higher risk of acute complications in patients with variant angina. Although the recurrence rate is high in these patients, sustained clinical improvement was achieved in a substantial percentage of patients in our study.     

The postcardiac injury syndrome following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

A 57-year-old man, who had suffered an anterior Q-wave myocardial infarction complicated with typical postcardiac injury syndrome (PCIS) 9 years earlier, underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) without any immediate clinical, laboratory, or radiological signs of complications. After 4 days he recognized the recurrence of the earlier symptoms of PCIS. The diagnosis was supported by slight fever, elevated inflammatory parameters, and improvement when oral corticosteroids were given. The observations suggest that milder cardiac injury than previously considered, that is, without demonstrated structural damage to pericardium or myocardium, may precipitate PCIS in predisposed individuals. The case adds a differential diagnosis to chest pain and malaise following PTCA.     

冠状动脉造影后即刻PTCA与择期PTCA的比较

目的　研究冠状动脉造影后即刻冠状动脉成形术的成功率及并发症率进而探讨其临床应用价值。方法　对冠状动脉造影后即刻冠脉成形术及靶病变特点与其相似的择期冠脉成形术各７０ 例进行对比分析。结果　Ａ 和Ｂ型病变的成功率和并发症率两组间差异无显著性,Ｃ型病变的成功率即刻组低于择期组（５７．１４％ 对９２．８６％ ,Ｐ＜ ０．０５）而并发症率高于择期组（５７．１４％ 对１４．２９％ ,Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,闭塞性病变的成功率及并发症率两组间差异无显著性。结论　Ｃ型病变不宜于造影后即刻行冠脉成形术。闭塞性病变可于造影后即刻试行冠脉成形以避免次全闭塞进展为完全闭塞后才进行手术。造影后即刻冠脉成形有一定的临床应用价值     

Recombinant hirudin as a periprocedural antithrombotic in coronary angioplasty for unstable angina pectoris

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is often complicatedby thrombotic abrupt vessel closure in patients with unstableangina pectoris. The present multicentre trial was performedto determine the feasibility of two-dose regimens of recombinanthirudin (r-hirudin) compared to standard heparin in patientsundergoing coronary angioplasty for unstable angina, and toinvestigate the effects of the different treatment regimen onmarkers of coagulation activation. At five participating centres,61 patients were randomly enrolled in one of two sequentialgroups of r-hirudin (group 1: 0-3mg.kg^–1 i.v. bolus, 0·12mg. kg^–1 h^–1 i.v. infusion; 21 patients; group 2:0·5 mg. kg^–1 i.v. bolus, 0·24 mg. kg^–1h^–1 i.v. infusion; 19 patients) or in a heparin controlgroup (150 IU . kg^–1 i.v. bolus, 20 IU . kg^–1. h^–1i.v. infusion; 21 patients). Antithrombotic therapy was startedimmediately before coronary angioplasty and continued for 24h. This was followed by a low-dose anticoagulant infusion foranother 24 h (r-hirudin: 004 mg . kg^–1. h^–1; heparin:7 IU . kg^–1. h^–1). Activated partial thromboplastintime, r-hirudin plasma concentrations by both immunologicaland functional assay, thrombin-hirudin complex, thrombin-antithrombinIII complex, soluble fibrin, and prothrombin fragment 1+2 wereclosely monitored. The median partial thromboplastin time prolongationsat 24 h vs baseline were found to be 1·9-fold and 2·3-foldin r-hirudin group 1 and dose group 2, respectively, and 3·0-foldin the heparin group. There was a dose-dependent correlationbetween partial thromboplastin time and the r-hirudin plasmalevels (r=0·61). In five of 21 patients of dose group1, three of 19 patients of dose group 2, and 10/21 patientsof the heparin group, partial thromboplastin time values exceedingthe predefined target range prompted an interruption of theinfusion. One major bleeding complication occurred in dose group2. The functional assay for the estimation of r-hirudin plasmaconcentrations showed excellent correlations to the immunologicaltechnique (r=0·99). Differences between the thrombin-hirudincomplex levels could not be observed. Increased concentrationsof thrombin-antithrombin III complex, soluble fibrin, and prothrombinfragment 1+2 were seen 4–8 h after coronary angioplastyand after reduction of the high-dose therapy in dose group 1when compared with dose group 2 and the heparin group, respectively.Based on coagulation tests the present study showed the feasibilityof a periprocedural antithrombotic regimen with r-hirudin forpatients undergoing coronary angioplasty for unstable angina.In addition to the partial thromboplastin time the determinationof r-hirudin plasma levels by a chromogenic substrate assayconsiderably improves the monitoring of therapy. The lower doser-hirudin regimen seems to be suboptimal as periprocedural anticoagulationin coronary angioplasty patients as indicated by markers ofthrombin generation and thrombin activity.     

Recurrence of coronary artery spasm after successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

A 47-year-old man presented with angina, and coronary angiograms showed a significant organic stenosis with spasm in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was successfully performed for the organic lesion in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Symptom of angina due to coronary artery spasm recurred, even without restenosis at the site of successful angioplasty.     

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: state of the art and future directions

Summary Current developments in the practice of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty concern increasing the safety of the procedure and reducing the incidence of lesion recurrence. Technical improvements and increased operator experience have greatly expanded the indications for the procedure. With experience, success in dilating proximal discrete lesions is now almost absolute. Old, calcified lesions and chronic total occlusions remain the barriers to total success. Careful case selection and expert anaesthesiology and surgical support are paramount in maintaining low complication rates. The largely unpredictable occurrence of acute vessel reclosure in approximately 2% of patients remains the major problem. This complication is usually the result of uncontrolled intimai dissection. These risks are considerably increased in patients with multivessel and diffuse disease and long lesions. Randomized trials are required to determine if such patients are best managed with bypass graft surgery. Early detection of less advanced coronary disease will ultimately lead to the most effective application of PTCA. Lesion recurrence mav be reduced, in part, by careful attention to achieving an optimal, initial arteriographic and haemodynamic result. Otherwise, the solution to restenosis will depend on the development of pharmacological agents which prevent the rapid regrowth of atheromatous plaque.     

Percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation in haemophilic A patient with unstable angina

The prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and acute coronary syndromes in patients with haemophilia is much lower than in general population and there is a lack of information regarding safe interventional or surgical treatment of CAD in haemophiliacs. This report presents a case of patient with moderate haemophilia A and unstable angina pectoris, who underwent successful coronary angioplasty. The patient was pretreated with factor VIII (before and after the procedure) and the incision site was sealed with vessel closure device. Additionally, the article discusses the issue of the safety of standard, postpercutaneous coronary intervention antiplatelet therapy in patients with haemophilia.     

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of the left internal thoracic artery graft: a case report in a child

A 9-year-old girl who had undergone previous coronary artery bypass surgery at the age of 3.5 years for stenoses of the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries resulting from Kawasaki disease presented with recurrent exertional angina. Stenosis was found at the anastomosis of the left internal thoracic artery to the left anterior descending artery. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was successfully performed. This is the first reported case of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of an internal thoracic artery graft in a child. © 1994 Wiley-Liss,Inc..     

不稳定性心绞痛病人的介入治疗及随访

目的　观察 18例不稳定性心绞痛病人的经皮冠状动脉内成形术 (PTCA)后的即刻疗效及随访结果。方法　 18例不稳定心绞痛病人中 15例内科药物治疗平稳后二周行冠脉造影及PTCA ,3例因内科药物治疗效果不佳而行紧急的PTCA。成功 17例 ;病变共 33处 ,2 3处被治疗 ,置入支架 18支。结果　术后所有病人心绞痛症状缓解。术后随访平均 9个月 ,病人心功能 ,运动耐量 ,心律失常等均有明显改善。 14例病人心绞痛症状基本消失。 3例病人有心绞痛发作 ,但药物可以控制。 1例病人前降支完全闭塞导丝未能通过病变处而失败。 17例中无一例发生心肌梗塞或猝死。结论　不稳定心绞痛病人尽早进行冠脉造影及PTCA治疗是有必要的 ,成功率是高的     

Increase of Initial Success and Safety of Single-Vessel Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty in 1371 Patients: A Seven-Year Experience

Three successive time periods were compared to study the impact of evolving techniques and new equipment on the immediate results of single-vessel percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), the initial success rate and major complication rate (death, myocardial infarction, and urgent surgery). The three periods were selected on the basis of a significant advance in either PTCA technique or equipment. In period I from 1980 to 1983 a nonsteerable catheter system was used. In period II from 1983 to 1986 a steer-able catheter was used. In period HI from 1986 to 1987 the long guidewire technique and/or monorail system was used. A total of 1,371 successive patients underwent single-vessel dilatation for stable angina (848 patients) or for unstable angina (523 patients). Initial success was defined as a reduction of the stenosis to less than 50% with no major complications (myocardial infarction or death, or the necessity of proceeding to coronary artery bypass surgery). The initial success rate increased from 68% (period I) to 88% (period II) and to 91% (period III) for all attempts. When attempts of dilatation of totally occluded vessels were excluded these figures were 71%, 91%, and 95%, respectively. The overall major complication rate decreased from 16% (period I) to 8% (period II) to 3.5% (period III). Thus, increase in investigator experience, technical improvements of balloon catheter systems, and introduction of new PTCA techniques have resulted in an increase in success and safety of PTCA procedures. (J Inter-ven Cardiol 1988:1:1)     

犬脑血管痉挛经皮腔内血管成形术治疗

目的　探讨经皮腔内血管成形术 (PTA)治疗顽固性脑血管痉挛的可行性和效果。方法　成年杂种犬 2 0只 ,采用枕大池两次注血模型。应用扩张后直径为 1.5mm的硅胶球囊 ,扩张压力为 2个大气压、持续时间 10s,在痉挛的基底动脉近、远端分别扩张 1次。结果　 2 0只犬的基底动脉均发生痉挛 ,为其中的 14只进行了PTA治疗 ,成功13只、死亡 1只 ;另外的 6只犬 ,由于血管解剖原因 ,无法进行PTA操作。PTA治疗后 ,痉挛的基底动脉明显扩张 ,犬神经功能恢复明显加快。 2 0d后复查脑血管造影 ,接受PTA治疗犬的基底动脉显影基本正常 ,而未进行PTA治疗犬的基底动脉仍有明显的痉挛。结论　PTA是治疗顽固性脑血管痉挛的一种有效方法     

补救性经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术治疗急性心肌梗塞

目的探讨补救性经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）在治疗急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）中的作用。方法对溶栓治疗失败的３６例患者进行补救性ＰＴＣＡ治疗。患者心功能Ｋｉｌｐ分级：Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级４例，Ⅱ级和Ⅰ级３２例。冠状动脉造影显示梗塞相关动脉：前降支１７例，右冠状动脉１４例，回旋支４例，中间动脉１例。ＰＴＣＡ前ＴＩＭＩⅠ级和Ⅰ～Ⅱ级血流各２例，余３２例均为ＴＩＭＩ０级。３６例均进行ＰＴＣＡ治疗，其中１３例患者置入了支架。结果术中除３例失败外，３１例患者病变血管血流达到ＴＩＭＩⅢ级，２例ＴＩＭＩⅡⅢ级，残余狭窄≤５０％，成功率为９１．７％。院内并发症：１例在ＰＴＣＡ成功后当天因顽固性休克和心室纤颤死亡；１例于第３天死于心脏破裂，住院病死率为５．６％。１４例患者在术后１～２个月内复查冠状动脉造影，２例发生再狭窄。结论ＡＭＩ患者在溶栓治疗失败后，在有条件的医院可施行补救性ＰＴＣＡ治疗，成功率高，对改善患者的近期和远期预后可能有利     

Coronary angioplasty of the unstable angina related vessel in patients with multivessel disease

This study is a retrospective analysis of the efficacy of percutaneoustransluminal coronary angioplasty of the ischaemia-related vesselin patients with unstable angina. Forty-three patients had multivesseldisease with dilatation of the ischaemia-related vessel only(group I; partial revascularization) while 111 patients hadsingle vessel disease only (group II; total revascularization).The initial success rate in both groups was identical (88 versus88%). The need for emergency coronary artery bypass surgerywas similar in the two groups (group 112% versus group II 9%;NS). The total post PTC A myocardial infarction rate (despiteurgent CABG) was also similar in the two groups (group 19% versusgroup II 10%; NS). The results of electrocardiographic exercise testing and Thallium-201scintigraphy provide objective evidence for incomplete revascularizationin group I. The maximum workload achieved was lower, and thefrequency of exercise induced angina, ST-segment depressionand reversible perfusion defect was higher than in group II.Moreover, at 6 months follow-up the recurrence rate of anginapectoris rate was higher in group I than in group II (29% versus16% P<0.05). It is concluded that dilatation of the ischaemia related vesselonly in patients with unstable angina and multivessel diseaseis as effective in the management of the acute phase of unstableangina as is dilatation of the ischaemia related vessel in patientswith single vessel disease. However, due to only partial revascularizationthe recurrence rate of angina pectoris is higher.     

Outcomes following coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in the stent era: a prospective study of all 9890 consecutive patients operated on in Scotland over a two year period

OBJECTIVE—To determine current outcomes of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).
DESIGN—The Scottish coronary revascularisation register provided prospectively collected data on case mix and in-hospital complications for all revascularisation procedures between April 1997 and March 1999 (4775 PTCA; 5115 CABG). Linkage to routine hospital discharge and death data provided follow up information on survival and repeat revascularisation.
RESULTS—Stents were used in 51% of PTCA procedures. CABG patients were older, had more severe coronary disease, and had greater comorbidity. PTCA was more likely to be undertaken as an urgent or emergency procedure. Perioperative death and urgent surgery followed 0.3% and 0.6% of PTCA procedures, respectively. Case fatality rates were higher following CABG, with 6.7% dead within two years compared with 3.4% following PTCA. PTCA was more often followed by readmission for ischaemic heart disease, repeat angiography, or revascularisation: 22.8% of patients had repeat revascularisation within two years, compared with 1.8% following CABG.
CONCLUSIONS—The severity of coronary heart disease was greater than in previously published registry studies and randomised trials. Despite this, overall survival figures were comparable and repeat revascularisation rates lower, particularly following PTCA. Perioperative death and urgent surgery following PTCA were also lower. These favourable outcomes may be attributable, in part, to increased use of bail out and elective stenting.


Keywords: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; coronary artery bypass grafting; survival; outcome     

老年冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉腔内血管成形术的临床评价

目的评价老年冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉（冠脉）腔内血管成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）的临床疗效。方法将２３６例老年（共２９７支冠脉血管）和３６０例非老年（共４５１支冠脉血管）冠心病患者接受ＰＴＣＡ的结果作对比分析。结果老年患者的冠脉病变特点和发病血管支数与非老年患者差异无显著性;老年组血管扩张病例成功率为９５．４％,随着近年冠脉内支架置入率的增加,主要的ＰＴＣＡ并发症较前降低;以上结果与非老年组比较差异均无显著性。结论对于老年冠心病患者,ＰＴＣＡ是一种有效而安全的冠脉血运重建方法。