股骨颈疝窝的影像学表现及临床价值研究

目的：探讨股骨颈疝窝的影像学表现及临床价值。方法：回顾性分析1例经手术病理证实及20例符合Pitt等描述典型影像学征像的股骨颈疝窝患者的影像学表现,男17例,女4例;年龄30-85岁,平均53岁。所有病例均行X线和CT检查,其中13例行MRI检查。结果：21例发现股骨颈疝窝病灶29个,累及右侧9例,左侧8例,双侧4例,病灶均位于股骨头基底部或股骨颈前外侧皮质下,病灶多呈圆形或卵圆形,最大直径约16mm,X线表现为透亮区或硬化环,CT表现为骨质缺损区,密度因成分不同而呈软组织密度、脂肪密度或混杂密度,边缘伴有薄层清晰硬化缘,临近骨皮质见局限性裂隙样缺损与骨质缺损灶相通,MRI信号不定,多数表现为T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高信号。结论：股骨颈疝窝的影像学表现较有特异性,CT检查对诊断及鉴别诊断有重要意义,基本可以确诊,X线及MRI检查具有辅助诊断作用。     

狼疮性肾炎膝关节骨梗死的X线、CT与MR影像表现及其病理分析

目的：探讨狼疮性肾炎合并坏死性小血管炎引起膝关节骨梗死的X线、CT与MR影像学表现及其相应的病理基础。方法：对14例狼疮性肾炎累及膝关节患者行X线、CT及MRI检查,分析其影像学表现,根据病理学改变,影像学将骨梗死分为急性期（6例）、亚急性期（3例）和慢性期（5例）,并观察其病理改变。结果：骨梗死病变急性期：X线、CT扫描除表现为斑片状骨质疏松,余无阳性所见;MRI于T1WI病灶中央见等至高信号,T2WI压脂像呈以高信号为主的混杂信号,示梗死灶内出血骨髓水肿;病灶边缘呈＂三环征＂,对应的病理为含再生血管肉芽组织、残留正常骨髓、周围炎性水肿带。亚急性期：X线、CT扫描表现为小的虫噬样改变,伴有斑点状硬化;T1WI梗死灶中央呈等或稍低信号,T2WI压脂像呈等或稍高信号,内部信号不均匀,是死骨块,病灶边缘可见＂双环征＂,对应的病理为肉芽组织死骨吸收带、反应性新骨形成。慢性期：X线、CT扫描呈不规则状、蜿蜒状硬化斑块,T1WI与压脂T2WI均呈低信号,环绕低信号＂单环＂,示坏死组织被肉芽组织和纤维组织替代而发生纤维化和营养不良性钙化或骨化。结论：狼疮性肾炎骨梗死各期有不同的影像学表现和相应的病理学基础,在急性和亚急性期,MRI优于X线平片和CT,在慢性期,X线平片、CT和MRI,均具有特征性表现。     

肾脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的CT诊断(附24例分析)

目的探讨肾脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤（RAML）的CT征象及CT检查在其诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析总结了24例经手术病理及随访证实的RAML的临床及CT资料，其中男8例，女16例，年龄23—73岁，病程3个月-2年。结果24例RAML中，双侧发病6例，单侧发病18例，病灶大小1—15cm不等。CT表现为肾脏内单发或多发圆形混杂密度肿块影，其内并见脂肪征、蜂窝征和线样征。2例合并病灶周围环形钙化，3例病灶合并出血。增强检查表现为病灶内软组织成分强化。结论典型的RAML有其特征性的CT征象，确诊的依据足病灶内是否含有脂肪组织。CT检查在RAML的诊断中具有重要价值。     

骨梗死影像学表现与鉴别诊断

目的探讨骨梗死不同时期的影像学特点及其鉴别诊断,以提高对骨梗死的诊断水平。方法对15例骨梗死患者行X线、CT及MRI检查,将骨梗死分为早、中、晚三期,总结其影像学特征。结果 15例患者病变累及双侧者6例,单侧者9例;病变共累及23个部位。早期4例,X线未见明显异常或仅骨小梁模糊,MRI表现为病变区中央T_1WI呈等或稍低信号,T_2WI呈等或稍高信号,病变区边缘为蜿蜒迂曲的T_1WI低信号、T_2WI高信号带。中期7例,X线、CT表现为阴性和局部的斑片状钙化,MRI表现为病变中央T_1WI呈等或稍低信号,T_2WI呈等或稍高信号,病灶边缘清楚呈典型的地图样改变,在压脂T_2WI序列上可见明显的"双线征"。晚期4例,X线及CT表现为不规则、蜿蜒状骨质硬化,MRI T_1WI及T_2WI上均呈低信号。结论骨梗死各期有不同的影像学表现,MRI发现早、中期病变较X线和CT敏感,晚期X线、CT和MRI均具有特征性表现。MRI是骨梗死最好的检查手段。     

骨盆软骨肉瘤的影像学表现

[目的]探讨骨盆软骨肉瘤的影像学特点,提高影像诊断的准确性.[方法]回顾分析17例经病理证实骨盆软骨肉瘤的影像学资料,其中15例行DR(digital radiography)拍片,14例行CT检查,12例患者行MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)检查.[结果]15例DR检查中13例DR片清晰显示不规则骨质破坏,11例DR片清晰显示病灶内有大小不一钙化.14例CT表现骨质呈溶骨性或膨胀性破坏,周围不均匀密度软组织肿块,可见不规则钙化或骨化.12例MRI表现为骨质破坏,周围软组织肿块,边界不清;T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高、低混杂信号,脂肪抑制序列T2WI呈混杂高信号,增强扫描呈周边强化或分隔样强化.[结论]软骨肉瘤影像学特征表现为骨质不规则破坏,伴软组织肿块内钙化.DR、CT、MRI三者相结合有助于骨盆软骨肉瘤的诊断.     

儿童系统性红斑狼疮骨梗死的影像表现

目的 :探讨MRI、X线片、CT检查在儿童系统性红斑狼疮(juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus,JSLE)骨梗死中的诊断价值。方法:自2015年1月至2017年1月,对行MRI、X线片、CT检查的11例SLE骨梗死儿童的影像学资料进行回顾性分析,其中男1例,女10例;年龄6~16岁,平均13岁。11例行MRI检查,9例行X线片检查,3例行CT检查,对其影像表现进行描述和分析。结果:骨梗死共计累及60个部位,30个骨干-干骺端,8个髌骨,21个骨骺,1个距骨。11例MRI检查均检出病灶,典型表现是地图样改变,病灶边缘可呈长T1长T2信号,"双环征""三环征"。9例X线片检查中5例检出病灶;3例行CT检查中2例检出病灶;X线片及CT早期常无明显异常,慢性期表现为硬化边环绕低密度灶。结论:MRI能显示早期骨梗死,X线及CT只能显示慢性期改变,MRI是诊断骨梗死的最有效方法。     

肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤的CT和MRI表现

目的 分析肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤的CT、MRI表现,提高其影像诊断的准确性。 方法 回顾性分析手术病理证实的12例肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤的CT、MRI表现。 结果 12例肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤,右侧7例,左侧4例,双侧1例,共13个病灶。肿瘤最大径为2～9cm,边界清楚,呈圆形、分叶状或不规则形。肿瘤的CT和MRI表现与瘤内脂肪组织和类骨髓组织所占的比例相关;脂肪组织在CT表现为低密度,CT值为-120Hu~-30Hu,MRI T1WI和T2WI上都呈高信号,脂肪抑制序列上信号下降;类骨髓组织CT值为20Hu~45Hu,在M RI与肝脏的信号强度相似;增强扫描,瘤内脂肪组织不强化,类骨髓组织可呈轻度至中度强化。1例肿块见出血灶,3例肿块见钙化灶,4例肿块见坏死灶。1例肿块伴发于左侧肾上腺腺瘤上。 结论 肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤的CT、MRI表现具有一定的特征性,有助于诊断。     

单椎体结核的CT及MRI影像表现

目的探讨单椎体结核的CT、MRI影像表现及鉴别诊断,从而提高对该病的认识及诊断水平。方法回顾性分析自2005-01—2015-12确诊的6例单椎体结核的CT及MRI影像表现,6例均行CT平扫及薄层后处理,行MRI平扫及增强等常规序列。结果 CT表现为病变椎体内单发类圆形或斑片样稍低密度灶,其中5例破坏区内可见斑点小片状骨密度影。2例骨质破坏区边缘无硬化带,4例破坏区周围骨质轻度增生硬化。MRI显示6例椎体破坏区信号不均匀,T1WI上呈低、等信号,T2WI上呈等、高信号,其中2例靠近椎体边缘者邻近终板亦见破坏。结论单椎体结核CT及MRI表现有一定特征性,胸腰段好发,溶骨性破坏中心可出现死骨,破坏边缘可有硬化带,周围可形成不同程度软组织肿胀,部分可伴钙化及脓肿,椎体边缘容易破坏终板,软组织受累时MRI表现可提供重要依据。     

胸腰椎骨纤维结构不良的影像学诊断

[目的]总结胸腰椎骨纤维结构不良的影像学特征,提高对本病的影像学诊断水平。[方法]回顾性分析5例胸腰椎骨纤维结构不良的X线、CT与MR I资料,总结其影像学特征。[结果]胸腰椎骨纤维结构不良X线表现为圆形或椭圆形囊状低密度影,有清晰的硬化带与周围正常骨组织间隔。CT表现为类圆形低密度影,边界清晰,边缘有完整骨质硬化带,骨皮质略微变薄但连续性未有破坏。MR I表现为T1W I中均匀长T1信号,T2W I中病灶呈混杂偏低信号,在T1W I、T2W I及质子像中病灶周围均有较完整的低或极低信号环状带;增强扫描时病灶信号明显强化。[结论]胸腰椎骨纤维结构不良具有独特的影像学特征,完全不同于骨纤维结构不良发生在脊柱以外的影像学表现,掌握这些特征是正确地做出影像学诊断的关键。     

胰腺腺泡细胞癌的CT及MRI影像学分析

目的 分析胰腺腺泡细胞癌（ACC）的CT和MRI特征,提高对该病影像学表现的认识。方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2016年1月在我院经手术病理或穿刺活检证实的7例ACC患者的CT及MRI影像学资料,其中3例行CT平扫及增强扫描,4例行MRI平扫及增强扫描,观察其影像学表现。结果 男4例,女3例,平均年龄51岁;7例均为单发,病灶位于胰体尾部5例,胰头2例;最大直径约2~13 cm,平均直径5.2 cm,边界较清楚;CT平扫为略低密度,病灶内见不规则更低密度区,未见明显钙化。MRI扫描示病灶T1WI上为混杂稍低信号、T2WI上为混杂稍高信号。CT、MRI增强扫描均见瘤内实性成分动脉期轻度强化,门脉期呈渐进性强化,强化程度低于正常胰腺组织。7例中1例肝转移,1例侵犯临近脾脏,2例显示胰管侵犯并扩张,3例出现腹膜后淋巴结转移。结论 胰腺腺泡细胞癌CT、MRI表现具有一定特征性。     

Involuted intraosseous lipoma of the sacrum showing high signal intensity on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Involuted intraosseous lipoma with extensive fat necrosis resulting in cyst formation (Milgram stage III) is distinguishable from lesions without necrosis (stage I) or lesions with focal fat necrosis (stage II), based on differences in signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Fat tissue has a high signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted MR images, whereas the extensive fat necrosis that results in cyst formation shows high signal intensity on T2-weighted images and low intensity on T1-weighted images. We report a patient in whom an intraosseous lipoma with high signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted MRI was found to be extensively involuted on histopathologic examination. Intraosseous lipoma appears to undergo spontaneous involution. In some patients, therefore, surgical excision may not be necessary. A correct preoperative diagnosis should reduce the necessity for a biopsy or surgery. Although lesions classified as stage I or II are easily identified by MRI, those of stage III are difficult to diagnose preoperatively by this method. Received: May 12, 1998 / Accepted: November 7, 2000     

Osseous lipoma: eleven new cases and review of the literature

This study describes the clinical features, radiological appearance, and treatment of 11 new cases of osseous lipoma and reviews 301 other cases in the literature. Osseous lipomas are classified by the site of origin: either within bone (intraosseous lipoma) or on the surface of bone (juxtacortical). Intraosseous lipomas include intramedullary and intracortical lesions. Surface lipomas include subperiosteal and parosteal lesions. The authors added their cases to those found in the literature. Intramedullary osseous lipoma (n=262) : the most common presenting symptoms were pain and swelling (69%). The most frequent localisations were the calcaneus (24%) and the femur (22%). On plain radiographs, these lesions consisted of a well-circumscribed radiolucent area with central calcification and a sclerotic rim, occasionally with cortical expansion. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed that the lesions had attenuation values and a signal intensity identical to that of adipose tissue. In symptomatic lesions and in cases with impending fracture, operative treatment was indicated. Parosteal lipoma (n=47): the most common presenting symptoms were local swelling and pain (58%). This lesion was most frequent in the radius (31%) and in the femur (23%). The classic radiographic appearance of parosteal lipoma was that of an exostosis-like bony prominence capped with a radiolucent layer of fat. CT-scan and MRI showed similar features. Intracortical (n=2) and subperiosteal lipomas (n=11): only a few cases were found in the literature. Their localisation differs from that of the other osseous lipomas. The differential diagnosis of osseous lipoma in general is extensive and should include benign and malignant tumours. Combination of radiological and histological data is essential to determine whether an osseous lipoma is actually present.     

骨内脂肪瘤19例回顾分析

目的 :探讨骨内脂肪瘤的诊断和治疗策略。方法 :回顾性分析自1986年6月至2016年1月收治的骨脂肪瘤患者19例,男12例,女7例;年龄24~76岁,其中13例年龄为40~50岁。因疼痛、肿胀就诊15例,体检偶然发现3例,另1例为骨囊肿刮除术后4年发生骨缺损脂肪瘤替代。X线片表现为边界清楚的溶骨性破坏,CT或MRI显示脂肪当量的病损,能术前确诊。其中16例采用手术治疗,3例采用保守治疗。结果:19例患者均获得随访,时间9~42个月,平均15个月。手术治疗的16例患者无临床或放射学信号复发,3例保守观察的患者病变无扩大。结论:对确诊而无临床症状的骨内脂肪瘤应采取保守观察,有明确症状的患者应积极手术病灶刮除植骨。     

Intraosseous lipomatosis. A case report

We report a case of systemic intraosseous lipomatosis involving the proximal femur, both ends of the tibia, and the tarsal and metatarsal bones. The lesions progressed during a five-year follow-up with a pathological fracture of the tibial plateau. CT scans were characteristic and helpful in diagnosis but MR imaging added little information. Intraosseous lipomatosis is a hamartomatous malformation due to hyperplasia of adipose tissue, and is fundamentally different from solitary benign intraosseous lipoma. Management involves reconstruction of any pathological fracture. Large progressive lesions should be treated by curettage and grafting in an attempt to prevent such fractures.     

膝关节髌下脂肪垫区肿瘤的MRI诊断

目的:研究发生于膝关节髌下脂肪垫区肿瘤或肿瘤样病变及其MRI表现。方法:回顾性研究14例经手术病理证实的膝关节髌下脂肪垫区的肿瘤或肿瘤样病变的MRI表现。分析病变的MRI形态、平扫与增强的信号特点。结果:14例15个病灶,滑膜腱鞘巨细胞瘤7例,肿块T1WI呈等信号或稍高信号,T2WI呈等信号5例,高信号肿块内有含铁血黄素低信号灶2例,轻度或不强化。髌下脂肪垫内海绵状血管瘤2例,T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈显著高信号,明显强化。囊肿4例,T1WI低信号,T2WI呈高信号,无强化。滑膜纤维脂肪瘤2例,T1WI呈等或高信号,T2WI呈高信号。结论:膝关节髌下脂肪垫区可发生多种肿瘤或肿瘤样病变,以滑膜腱鞘巨细胞瘤、海绵状血管瘤及滑膜囊肿多见。MRI表现具有一定的特征性,不失为术前定性诊断的有效方法。     

Sphenoclival intraosseus lipoma: case report and literature review.

Objective: To present the case of a rare tumor in the sphenoidoclival area and discuss potential pitfalls in diagnosis and management. Design: Case report with literature review. Setting: Tertiary referral center. Case Summary: Our patient presented with headache, vertigo, vision problems, and feeling of pressure in the central segment of the face. MR and CT showed a lesion in the body of the sphenoid, with signs of bone destruction and irregular borders. Differential diagnosis included intraosseous meningioma, chordoma, and inflammatory process. Results: Endoscopic/microscopic transnasal approach was performed to reach clival bone and to biopsy the tumor. Histopathological examination showed intraosseous lipoma. Conclusion: Intraosseous lipoma is a rare tumor, or more accurately a hamartoma, and is usually found in the calcaneus or in the proximal femur. It is even rarer in the skull base. Usually it does not present any symptoms and is an incidental finding during imaging for other symptoms. As a rule it runs an indolent course and does not require any treatment. Since no definitive diagnosis can be made only on the basis of imaging (CT and MRI), it requires an open biopsy that if possible should be made in accordance with the principles of minimally invasive surgery.     

Intraosseous lipoma. A clinicopathologic study of nine cases.

Intraosseous lipoma is one of the rarest benign primary tumors of the bone. The clinicopathologic features of nine cases of intraosseous lipoma, including one with multiple lesions of the lumbar spinous processes, were studied and analyzed. They represented 2.5% of all primary bone tumors seen in our institutions. They were subdivided into three groups according to their histologic appearances: Group 1, tumors consisting predominantly of viable fat cells; Group 2, tumors showing, in addition, areas of fat necrosis and calcification; and Group 3, lesions with extensive reactive ischemic bone formation and calcification, viable lipocytes and fat necrosis may or may not be visible. Since the tumor is located within the rigid confines of the bony trabeculae, the internal pressure created as it enlarges is believed to be most significant in the morphogenesis of the tumor. The recognition of this spectrum of morphologic features is important, since the secondary changes may predominate and overshadow the original lipomatous component, leading to the possibility of confusing it with other benign bone tumors, cysts, and bone infarction. A combined clinical, radiologic, and pathologic approach should be adopted in the diagnosis of this tumor.     

Intraosseous lipomas. A clinicopathologic study of 66 cases

Sixty-one cases of histologically confirmed solitary intraosseous lipomas were analyzed with respect to clinical, roentgenographic, gross, and histologic features. Two additional cases with multiple intraosseous sites and three additional cases not treated with surgery are also described. Intraosseous lipomas may be subdivided into three groups depending on the degree of involution: I, solid tumors of viable lipocytes; II, transitional cases with partial fat necrosis and focal calcification but also regions of viable lipocytes; and III, late cases in which the fat cells have died with variable degree of cyst formation, calcification, and reactive new bone formation of a characteristic morphology. The tumor is a well-defined entity that may present with varying features due to its stage of evolution. Thus, lipomas have been confused with other benign tumors, cysts, and cases of bone infarction. Intraosseous lipoma is not as rare as the literature suggests, but has been rarely diagnosed. The lesion appears to undergo spontaneous involution, so that surgical excision may not be necessary in some cases.     

Intracortical lipoma of the femur

The authors report on a rare case of intracortical lipoma of the right femur in a 74-year-old woman. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the femur demonstrated an intracortical lesion in the lateral diaphysis. No medullary involvement by the lesion was noted. Both imaging methods revealed the presence of fat in the lesion. Histologically, the tumor consisted of a large area of mature adipose tissues, admixed with foci of fat necrosis, calcification, and myxoid degeneration. Total excision of the tumor was curative. This is the second reported case of intracortical lipoma.     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后的临床表现及对影像诊断的影响

目的分析聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后的临床及影像表现，总结其对影像诊断的影响，探讨适合此类乳房的最佳影像检查方法。方法对37例经临床检查，全部行X线摄片，其中15例、5例、6例分别另行超声、CT、MRI检查。结果聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶影响X线，表现为肿块或结节的病变的辨认及定性，对于病变钙化灶的显示影响不大，但干扰超声对囊性病变的判断；其在CT、MRI上的密度或信号类似水样，对观察病变影响较小，但CT存在放射线量大的缺点；超声、MRI对凝胶的分布、逸漏情况及内部结构显示清晰。结论聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后对乳房病变的影像诊断造成不同程度的影响，对此类乳房病变的影像检查以X线与MRI同时进行为最好，对凝胶情况的观察则以超声或MRI为佳。