HPLC法测定山楂麦曲颗粒中金丝桃苷的含量

目的：建立测定山楂麦曲颗粒中金丝桃苷的方法。方法：采用HPLC法,色谱柱：Agilent ZORBAX SBC18柱（4．6mm×250mm,5μm）,流动相：甲醇-四氢呋喃-0．5％磷酸溶液（0．9：17．6：81．5）,流速：1．0mL／min．检测波长：360nm,柱温：室温;进样量：20μL。结果：金丝桃苷在0．018624～0．4656μg范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=0．9999）;平均回收率为96．097％,RSD为0．82％（n=5）。10批山楂麦曲颗粒中金丝桃苷的含量测定结果在每袋含49～65μg。结论：该方法操作简单、重现性好、可用于山楂麦曲颗粒的质量控制。     

贯叶连翘提取物中金丝桃苷的HPLC测定

建立了HPLC法测定贯叶连翘提取物中金丝桃苷的含量。采用C18柱，以甲醇-0．025mol／L磷酸溶液（50：50）为流动相，检测波长363nm。金丝桃苷在0．25～2．5μg／ml范围内线性关系良好。平均同收率为101．4％，RSD为0．66％。     

不同产地白花败酱草中异荭草苷和异牡荆苷的含量测定

目的建立白花败酱草中异荭苹苷和异牡荆苷含量的高效液相色谱（HPLC）法。方法药材经甲醇超声提取后进行色谱分析，色谱柱为YWG C18柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为乙腈-水-乙酸（22：78：1），流速1．0mL／min，检测波长270nm。结果异荭草苷和异牡荆苷分离良好，含量分别在0．012～0．037mg／mL和0．026—0．082mg／mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好，平均加样回收率分别为96．1％（RSD=0．89％）和98．1％（RSD=1．43％）。结论HPLC法简便、快速，可用于白花败酱草的质量控制。     

HPLC测定山楂中金丝桃苷的含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定山楂中金丝桃苷含量的方法.方法:色谱柱SinoChrom ODS-BP(4.6mm×250mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈(A)-0.05％磷酸水(B)梯度洗脱(0～55min,11％～20％A;55～60min,20％～40％A;60～80min,40％～50％A);流速1.0mL·min-1;检测波长355nm;柱温35℃.结果:金丝桃苷在0.10～2.00μg范围内线性关系良好(r=1),平均回收率为98.61％,RSD为2.08％;山楂中金丝桃苷的平均含量为17.73mg·.结论:本方法操作简便,重现性好,结果准确,可用于山楂中金丝桃苷的含量测定.     

不同方法除鞣质后贯叶金丝桃提取物中金丝桃素的含量变化

目的 考察用不同方法检测除鞣质后金丝桃素的含量变化和收率,建立贯叶金丝桃良好的除鞣质方法。方法采用明胶沉淀法、改良明胶沉淀法及碱性醇沉法除鞣质后,用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定贯叶金丝桃提取物中金丝桃素含量变化和收率;色谱柱为Phenomenex—C18柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-0．006mol／LNa214PO4（7：1V／V,H3P04调至pH=6．5）,流速为1．0mL／min,柱温30℃,检测波长590nm,外标法计算。结果金丝桃素的进样量线性范围为0．0194～0．7760μg（r=0．9999）,平均回收率为100．25％。RSD：1．29％（n=5）;明胶沉淀法、改良明胶沉淀法和碱性醇沉法除鞣质后金丝桃素含量分别为0．092％,0．098％和0．093％,收率分别为70．15％,85．21％和89．16％。结论改良明胶沉淀法具有鞣质去除完全、金丝桃素含量较高、损失较少的优点,且方法简便易行．可应用于贯叶金丝桃提取物除鞣质处理。     

高效液相色谱法测定去氧氟尿苷含量及其有关物质

目的 用高效液相色谱法（HPLC法）测定去氧氟尿苷的含量及其有关物质。方法 采用Diamonsil C—粒（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为乙腈-水（1：1），检测波长为269nm，流速为0．8mL／min。结果 去氧氟尿苷质量浓度在10．0～200．4μg／mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好，r：0．9999（n：5），平均回收率为100．2％，RSD=0．14％。结论 HPLC法简便、准确，专属性好，灵敏度高，可用于去氧氟尿苷含量及有关物质的测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定牛黄消炎灵胶囊中黄芩苷含量

目的探讨牛黄消炎灵胶囊的黄芩苷含量测定方法。方法采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法，色谱柱为Allteeh C18（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸（43：56：1），流速为1．0mL／min，检测波长为276nm。结果黄芩苷质量浓度在20．01～100．05μg／mL范围内与峰面积有良好的线性关系（r=0．9999），平均加样回收率为101．25％，RSD为0．92％（n=6）。结论HPLC法准确、可靠、重现性好．可用于牛黄消炎灵胶囊的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定益肾生发丸中二苯乙烯苷含量

目的探讨益肾生发丸中二苯乙烯苷含量的测定方法。方法高效液相色谱法(HPLC法)。采用大连依利特C18柱(200 mm×4．6 mm, 5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(20:80),流速为1 mL／min,检测波长为319 nm,柱温为常温。结果二苯乙烯苷浓度在0．030 4-0．152μg／mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=1．000 0),平均回收率为99．25％,RSD为1．48％。结论HPLC法准确、快速,可用于该制剂的质量控剥。     

高效液相色谱法测定刺玫果中金丝桃苷的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定刺玫果中金丝桃苷的含量,为刺玫果的进一步开发和利用提供科学依据。方法：采用Dionex—C18柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,以乙腈-0．1％磷酸溶液（15：85）为流动相,流速1．0mL/min,柱温30℃,检测波长360nm。结果：金丝桃苷在0．008-0．160mg／mL浓度范围内与峰面积有良好的线性关系（r=0．9999）,平均加样回收率为97．9％,RSD小于2．0％。结论：本文所建立的方法简便、快速、准确、重复性好,可用于刺玫果中金丝桃苷的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定熊胆黄芩滴眼液中黄芩苷含量

目的建立熊胆黄芩滴眼液的黄芩苷含量测定方法。方法采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法，色谱柱为Kromasil C18柱（250mm×4，6mm，5μm），流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸（47：53：0、2），流速为1mL／min，检测波长280nm。结果黄芩苷质量浓度的线性范围是0.081-0、81μg／mL，平均加样回收率为99．73％，RSD为1.4％（n=6）。结论HPLC法简便快速、重现性好，适用于熊胆黄芩滴眼液的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.