Hemiplegic shoulder pain: implications for occupational therapy treatment

BACKGROUND: Hemiplegic shoulder pain is common after stroke causing hemiplegia. It adversely affects the recovery of arm function and independence in activities of daily living. Subluxation, abnormal tone and limited range of motion or capsular constrictions have been reported as potential causes. Other factors such as rotator cuff tears, brachial plexus injury, shoulder-hand syndrome and other pre-existing pathological conditions may also be associated with hemiplegic shoulder pain. The etiology remains unclear, but hemiplegic shoulder pain may result from a combination of the above factors. SCOPE: This literature review examines the possible causes of hemiplegic shoulder pain and discusses the implications for occupational therapy treatment. Occupational therapy interventions include proper positioning, facilitation of movement through purposeful therapeutic activities, increasing passive range of motion, implementation of external supports and treatment of shoulder-hand syndrome. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Understanding the processes involved will assist with effective assessment, treatment and prevention of hemiplegic shoulder pain. This will facilitate clients' participation in rehabilitation programs and move them towards attainment of optimal function.     

Shoulder pain in hemiplegia: results from a national rehabilitation hospital in Turkey

OBJECTIVE: Shoulder pain is a common complication after stroke that can limit the patients' ability to reach their maximum functional potential and impede rehabilitation. The aim of our study was to examine the occurrence of hemiplegic shoulder pain in a group of Turkish patients and clarify contributing factors such as glenohumeral subluxation, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, tonus changes, motor functional level, limitation in shoulder range of motion, thalamic pain, neglect, and time since onset of hemiplegia. The effect of shoulder pain on the duration of rehabilitation stay was also identified. DESIGN: A total of 85 consecutive patients with hemiplegia admitted to a national rehabilitation center were evaluated for the presence of shoulder pain. A brief history of pain was taken for each patient, and each patient was evaluated by radiographic and ultrasonographic examination. The subjects with shoulder pain were compared with those without pain in regard to certain of the above variables. RESULTS: Of the 85 patients with stroke, 54 patients (54/85, 63.5%) were found to have shoulder pain. Shoulder pain was significantly more frequent in subjects with reflex sympathetic dystrophy, lower motor functional level of shoulder and hand (P < 0001), subluxation, and limitation of external rotation and flexion of shoulder (P < 0,05). Age was also a significant factor in the development of shoulder pain. We were unable to demonstrate a significant relationship between shoulder pain and sex, time since onset of disease, hemiplegic side, pathogenesis, spasticity, neglect, and thalamic pain. There was no prolongation of rehabilitation stay in patients with shoulder pain. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that shoulder pain is a frequent complication after stroke and that it may develop from a variety of factors. To prevent and alleviate shoulder pain, efforts should be directed toward proper positioning of the shoulder, range of motion activities, and the avoidance of immobilization.     

Kinematics of the contralateral and ipsilateral shoulder: a possible relationship with post-stroke shoulder pain.

OBJECTIVE: Post-stroke shoulder pain is a common phenomenon in hemiplegia and impedes rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to identify a possible relationship between post-stroke shoulder pain, scapula resting position and shoulder motion. METHODS: Shoulder kinematics of 27 patients after stroke (17 men) were compared with 10 healthy age-matched control subjects. Using an electromagnetic tracking device, the kinematics of both the contralateral and ipsilateral (i.e. paretic and non-paretic) arm during active and passive abduction and forward flexion were measured and expressed in Euler angles. RESULTS: Scapular lateral rotation relative to the thorax was increased in patients with post-stroke shoulder pain compared with both patients without post-stroke shoulder pain and control subjects at rest as well as during arm abduction and forward flexion. Additionally, glenohumeral elevation was decreased in patients with post-stroke shoulder pain during passive abduction. No differences were found regarding scapula position (displacement relative to the thorax). CONCLUSION: In patients with post-stroke shoulder pain a particular kinematical shoulder pattern was established, characterized by enhanced scapular lateral rotation and diminished glenohumeral mobility.     

Contracture preventive positioning of the hemiplegic arm in subacute stroke patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of a contracture preventive positioning procedure for the hemiplegic arm in subacute stroke patients in addition to conventional physio- and occupational therapy. DESIGN: A single-blind pilot randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Inpatient neurological units from three rehabilitation centres in the Netherlands. SUBJECTS: Nineteen subacute stroke patients (minus two drop-outs) with a severe motor deficit of the arm. INTERVENTIONS: All subjects underwent conventional rehabilitation care. Nine subjects additionally received a positioning procedure for two 30-min sessions a day, five days a week, for five weeks. MAIN MEASURES: Passive range of motion of five arm movements using a hydrogoniometer and resistance to passive movement at the elbow using the Ashworth Scale. Secondary outcome measures were pain at the end range of passive motions, the arm section of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment and Barthel Index scores for ADL-independence. Outcome measures were taken after five weeks and additional measurements after 10 weeks by two assessors blinded to group allocation. RESULTS: Comparison of the experimental (n = 9) with the control subjects (n = 8) after five weeks showed that additional positioning significantly slowed down development of shoulder abduction contracture (P = 0.042, -5.3 degrees versus -23 degrees). No other differences were found between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Applying a contracture preventive positioning procedure for the hemiplegic arm slowed down the development of shoulder abduction contracture. Positioning did not show significant additional value on other outcome measures. Since the sample size was small, results of this study need future verification.     

近红外光谱仪在脑卒中瘫痪康复评定中的应用

目的：评价运动疗法对脑血流的影响,探讨脑卒中后瘫痪康复的机制,客观评估脑卒中后瘫痪的结局。方法：应用近红外光谱仪（near infrared spectroscopy,NIRS)观察23例脑卒中后偏瘫患者及9例无脑部疾病者4项不同的主动及被动运动局部脑血流变化,结果：运动时可见脑血流随时间而上升,。在运动末达到峰值,休息时逐渐下降,主动运动引起的局部脑血流比被动运动增加更明显,肢体近端运动引起的脑血流变化明显高于肢体远端运动。对照组左侧肢体与右侧肢体运动时引起的脑血流血流血氧变化无明显差异,病例组患侧肢体运动时比健侧血流增加更多。结论：脑卒中后患肢的主动运动比被动运动更有利于改善脑血流状况,脑卒中后早期NIRS观察运动相关的脑血流变化可以提示预后,运动疗法可改善患侧大脑的侧支循环和局部微循环,达到神经康复的目的。     

Serial casting versus positioning for the treatment of elbow contractures in adults with traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of serial casting with positioning for 1 hour per day for the treatment of elbow flexion contracture in adults with traumatic brain injury. DESIGN: Pragmatic randomized controlled trial with concealed allocation and assessor blinding. SETTING: Four brain injury rehabilitation units. SUBJECTS: Twenty-six adults with elbow flexion contracture after traumatic brain injury participating in multidisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects were randomized to receive either serial casting or positioning for two weeks. In the subsequent four weeks subjects could be positioned for up to 1 hour/day. MAIN MEASURES: Torque-controlled passive elbow extension was measured at baseline, post-intervention (two weeks), post-intervention plus one day, and at follow-up (four weeks post-intervention). RESULTS: All 26 subjects completed the study. Post-intervention, serial casting reduced contracture by an average of 22 degrees (95% confidence interval (CI) 13 to 31; P <0.001) compared with the positioning group. One day later this effect had decreased to 11 degrees (95% CI 0 to 21 degrees; P= 0.052). The effect had almost completely disappeared at the four-week follow-up (mean 2 degrees, 95% CI -13 to 17; P= 0.782). CONCLUSIONS: Serial casting induces transient increases in range of motion. These effects are not maintained.     

Continuous passive motion improves shoulder joint integrity following stroke

OBJECTIVE: In a pilot study of patients with a first stroke and hemiparesis, we sought to determine whether treatment of the upper limb with continuous passive motion (CPM) that was device delivered would alter impairment, disability or the associated adverse symptoms of shoulder joint instability, pain and tone. DESIGN: Patients were randomly assigned to receive daily CPM treatments or participate in self-range of motion groups under the supervision of an occupational therapist. All patients received standard daily poststroke therapy for 3.5 h per day. A blinded evaluator at admission and discharge assessed patients using standardized scales of impairment, disability and adverse symptoms. SETTING: Specialized stroke unit of an acute rehabilitation hospital. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and eighty consecutive patients were screened and 35 of these with a first unilateral stroke, 13 +/- 6 days following the acute event, provided informed consent and were randomly assigned to CPM treatment or supervised group self-range exercise. MAIN MEASURES: Thirty-two completed the study and were evaluated using standardized measures for motor impairment (Fugl-Meyer, Motor Status Scale and Medical Research Council Motor Power), adverse symptoms (gleno-humeral stability, pain and tone), and disability (Functional Independence Measure). RESULTS: CPM-treated patients demonstrated positive trends towards improved shoulder joint stability (p = 0.06, confidence interval -0.03, 2.3) when compared with patients performing therapist-supervised self-range of motion. There were no significant differences in motor impairment, disability, pain or tone. CONCLUSIONS: Device-delivered continuous passive range of motion may offer an enhanced benefit for some adverse symptom reduction in the hemiplegic arm after stroke over traditional self-range of motion exercise.     

Continuous passive motion in the management of heterotopic ossification in a brain injured patient

We report a man admitted to inpatient rehabilitation 6 wk after traumatic brain injury, who presented with bilateral knee heterotopic ossification. In addition to conventional physical therapy, we applied a continuous passive motion device during 4 wk increasing the range of motion of the knees. On the basis of the limited current literature and this case, we suggest that the use of continuous passive motion devices for heterotopic ossification may be effective and safe and should be the subject of further study.     

Arthrographic and clinical findings in patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain

OBJECTIVES: To identify the etiology of hemiplegic shoulder pain by arthrographic and clinical examinations and to determine the correlation between arthrographic measurements and clinical findings in patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Medical center of a 1582-bed teaching institution in Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-two consecutive patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain within a 1-year period after first stroke were recruited. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical examinations included Brunnstrom stage, muscle spasticity distribution, presence or absence of subluxation and shoulder-hand syndrome, and passive range of motion (PROM) of the shoulder joint. Arthrographic measurements included shoulder joint volume and capsular morphology. RESULTS: Most patients had onset of hemiplegic shoulder pain less than 2 months after stroke. Adhesive capsulitis was the main cause of shoulder pain, with 50% of patients having adhesive capsulitis, 44% having shoulder subluxation, 22% having rotator cuff tears, and 16% having shoulder-hand syndrome. Patients with adhesive capsulitis showed significant restriction of passive shoulder external rotation and abduction and a higher incidence of shoulder-hand syndrome (P=.017). Those with irregular capsular margins had significantly longer shoulder pain duration and more restricted passive shoulder flexion (P=.017) and abduction (P=.020). Patients with shoulder subluxation had significantly larger PROM (flexion, P=.007; external rotation, P<.001; abduction, P=.001; internal rotation, P=.027), lower muscle tone (P=.001), and lower Brunnstrom stages of the proximal upper extremity (P=.025) and of the distal upper extremity (P=.001). Muscle spasticity of the upper extremity was slightly negatively correlated with shoulder PROM. Shoulder joint volume was moderately positively correlated with shoulder PROM. CONCLUSIONS: After investigating the hemiplegic shoulder joint through clinical and arthrographic examinations, we found that the causes of hemiplegic shoulder pain are complicated. Adhesive capsulitis was the leading cause of shoulder pain, followed by shoulder subluxation. Greater PROM of the shoulder joint, associated with larger joint volume, decreased the occurrence of adhesive capsulitis. Proper physical therapy and cautious handling of stroke patients to preserve shoulder mobility and function during early rehabilitation are important for a good outcome.     

Shoulder pain and dysfunction in hemiplegia: effects of functional electrical stimulation

OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of functional electrical stimulation (FES) on subluxation and shoulder pain in hemiplegic patients. DESIGN: Controlled study of 24 months' duration beginning in the first month after onset of stroke. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: One hundred twenty hemiplegic patients with both subluxed and painful shoulder were followed for rehabilitation before and after discharge between 1989 and 1993. All subjects received conventional rehabilitation based on the Bobath concept. In addition, patients were alternately assigned to a control group or to receive additional FES for 5 weeks on muscles surrounding their subluxed and painful shoulder. MAIN MEASURES: Clinical examinations, including range of motion, pain assessment, and x-rays, were performed at the start of the study, between the second and fourth weeks after onset of stroke, and subsequently at 6, 12, and 24 months. RESULTS: The FES group showed significantly more improvement than the control group in both pain relief (80.7% vs. 55.1%, p<.01) and reduction of subluxation (78.9% vs. 58.6%, p<.05). Furthermore, recovery of arm motion appeared to be significantly improved in the FES group (77.1% vs. 60.3% in the control group, p<.01). CONCLUSION: The FES program was significantly effective in reducing the severity of subluxation and pain and possibly may have facilitated recovery of the shoulder function in hemiplegic patients.     

Understanding pain after traumatic brain injury: impact on community participation

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of pain 1 yr after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and identify predictors from the time of injury. Additionally, factors related to pain at 1 yr after injury were examined along with the impact of pain on community participation. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study of 146 individuals enrolled during acute inpatient rehabilitation for TBI and community follow-up at 1 yr after injury. RESULTS: Higher reports of depressive symptoms during inpatient rehabilitation and at 1 yr after injury were significantly related to reports of pain at 1 yr when controlling for demographic and injury characteristics. Being female and nonwhite were also factors related to increased reports of pain. Pain and community participation were significantly related until depression was entered into the model. Depression is a significant factor in the relationship between pain and community participation. CONCLUSION: Whereas pain was frequently reported 1 yr after injury, injury-related factors were surprisingly unrelated. Further evaluation of the role that depression plays in the relationship between pain and community participation will be important to determine appropriate management of pain and depression and to optimize participation in individuals with TBI.     

肩胛上神经阻滞联合肌内效贴对脑卒中后肩痛的疗效分析

目的:初步观察肩胛上神经阻滞结合肌内效贴对脑卒中后肩痛患者上肢功能的疗效。方法:40例脑卒中后肩痛患者随机分为观察组和对照组各20例,对照组给予肩胛上神经阻滞加常规康复治疗,观察组在此基础上辅以肌内效贴治疗。比较2组患者治疗前后的疼痛视觉类比法(VAS)、Fugl-Meyer上肢运动功能评分(FMA-U)、改良Barthel指数(MBI)及肩关节被动活动度(PROM)。结果:治疗4周后,2组VAS评分较治疗前明显降低,上肢FMA-U评分、MBI评分及肩关节PROM明显较治疗前提高(均P0.05),观察组VAS评分、上肢FMA-U评分、MBI评分及肩关节PROM较对照组改善更明显(均P0.05)。结论:肩胛上神经阻滞结合肌内效贴可有效缓解脑卒中后患者肩部疼痛,对提高患者上肢功能及日常生活活动能力有重要的康复意义。     

Shoulder pain in wheelchair users with tetraplegia and paraplegia

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence and intensity of shoulder pain experienced during daily functional activities in individuals with tetraplegia and individuals with paraplegia who use manual wheelchairs. DESIGN: Self-report survey. SETTING: General community. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-five women and 140 men, 92 subjects with tetraplegia and 103 subjects with paraplegia who met inclusion criteria of 3 hours per week of manual wheelchair use and at least 1 year since onset of spinal cord injury. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Respondents completed a demographic and medical history questionnaire and the Wheelchair User's Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI), a measure of pain during typical daily activities. RESULTS: More than two thirds of the sample reported shoulder pain since beginning wheelchair use, with 59% of the subjects with tetraplegia and 42% of the subjects with paraplegia reporting current pain. Performance-corrected WUSPI scores were significantly higher in subjects with tetraplegia than in subjects with paraplegia. CONCLUSIONS: Both the prevalence and intensity of shoulder pain was significantly higher in subjects with tetraplegia than in subjects with paraplegia. Efforts to monitor and prevent shoulder pain should continue after rehabilitation.     

浮针灌注疗法联合关节松动术对脑卒中偏瘫肩痛的影响

目的:观察浮针灌注疗法联合关节松动术对脑卒中偏瘫肩痛的影响。方法:选取2019年2—12月在山东省立第三医院康复医学科住院治疗的脑卒中偏瘫肩痛患者90例,按随机数字表法分为对照组、浮针组和综合组,每组30例。对照组仅给予常规康复训练,包括良肢位摆放、预防二次损伤、主动或助动的功能锻炼、低频电刺激、上肢日常生活活动能力模拟训练等,25 min/次,1次/d,5次/周,持续治疗4周。浮针组在对照组基础上给予浮针灌注治疗,肩关节前部疼痛明显时,患肌一般在肘关节远心端5 cm处,肩关节中间或后侧疼痛明显时,患肌一般在三角肌后下缘附近;以患肌作为进针点,针尖朝向肩关节,针体刺入疏松结缔组织后进行弧形扫散,频率100次/min,每组扫散1 min,每次做3组;每组扫散后要求患者主动或助动活动肩关节10次,活动方向和范围以引起轻度疼痛为佳,留针24 h,2次/周,持续治疗4周。综合组在浮针组基础上给予肩关节松动治疗,25 min/次,1次/d,5次/周,肩关节松动治疗先以1~2级手法改善肩关节疼痛,再以3~4级手法松解粘连,包括沿长轴分离和牵拉肩关节以缓解疼痛,滑动以松解关节囊,摆动以维持和扩大关节活动度,采取达到而不超过痛点的原则,每种手法重复3~4次。于治疗前、治疗4周后,分别采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评定肩关节疼痛程度,采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分量表(FMA)评定上肢运动功能,采用改良Barthel指数(MBI)评定日常生活活动能力,采用量角器测量患者肩关节被动关节活动度(PROM)。结果:治疗前,3组VAS评分、FMA评分、MBI评分和肩关节PROM比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与治疗前比较,3组治疗4周后VAS评分明显降低,FMA评分、MBI评分和肩关节PROM均明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,浮针组和综合组的VAS评分明显降低,FMA评分、MBI评分和肩关节PROM均明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与浮针组比较,综合组VAS评分明显更低,FMA、MBI评分和肩关节PROM均明显更高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:浮针灌注疗法联合关节松动术能有效减轻脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛,改善上肢运动功能和日常生活活动能力,值得临床推广。     

A randomized controlled study of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain associated with spasticity

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of botulinum toxin A (BT-A) on hemiplegic shoulder pain associated with spasticity. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. SETTING: Outpatient clinic of a rehabilitation department. PARTICIPANTS: Patients, more than three months post stroke, with hemiplegic shoulder pain associated with shoulder adductor and elbow flexor spasticity, randomly assigned to BT-A or placebo. INTERVENTION: One-time injection of BT-A (500 units) into the pectoralis major and biceps brachii on the hemiplegic side. MAIN MEASURES: Visual analogue scale of shoulder pain (0 -10), shoulder adductor and elbow flexor tone using the Ashworth Scale and passive range of shoulder abduction. These were assessed at baseline, four weeks, eight weeks and 12 weeks post injection. RESULTS: Seventeen patients were enrolled, eight in the BT-A group and nine in the placebo group. At baseline, the median visual analogue scale score for shoulder pain was 6, the median Ashworth Scale shoulder adductor and elbow flexor spasticity score was 2 and the median range of shoulder abduction 76 degrees. Subjects who received BT-A showed significantly greater improvements in median shoulder adductor and elbow flexor Ashworth Scale scores than placebo at week 4 (P B / 0.01) but not at week 8 and 12. For shoulder pain and passive shoulder abduction range, all subjects showed postinjection improvements and no difference could be demonstrated between the two groups. DISCUSSION: Possible reasons for the negative finding in this study include the small sample size and the presence of causes of shoulder pain not related to spasticity which could have confounded outcome.     

视频镜像疗法对卒中后肩痛的疗效观察

目的:观察视频镜像疗法对卒中后肩痛的疗效。方法:将符合纳入标准的40例患者随机分为对照组和镜像组各20例,进行为期4周,每周5d的康复训练。对照组患者仅接受常规康复训练,镜像组在常规康复训练基础上每天增加30min镜像训练。在治疗前以及治疗后4周对2组患者进行数字分级量表(NRS)评估肩关节在主动和被动运动下的疼痛程度;Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分上肢部分(FMA-UE)进行上肢运动功能评定;功能独立性评分(FIM)运动部分评估日常生活独立能力。结果:治疗4周后,2组NRS评分均较治疗前显著降低(均P<0.01),FMA-UE及FIM评分均较治疗前显著提高(均P<0.01);治疗4后,镜像组的主、被动NRS评分显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而镜像组的FMA-UE及FIM评分显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:视频镜像疗法可显著改善卒中患者的肩痛、上肢运动功能以及日常生活独立能力。     

棍棒操预防脑卒中后肩—手综合征的临床疗效

目的探讨自编的棍棒操防治脑卒中后肩-手综合征的临床疗效。方法将100 例脑卒中早期上肢处于Brunnstrom Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,同时未出现肩痛、手肿患者,随机分为观察组(n=50)和对照组(n=50),两组均进行常规康复治疗,观察组在此基础上结合棍棒操,30 d 为1 个疗程。比较两组治疗前、治疗2 个疗程后肩痛的发生率、肩关节主动活动范围、上肢运动功能以及日常生活活动能力(ADL)。结果治疗前两组各项指标均无显著性差异(P>0.05),治疗2 个疗程后观察组肩关节的主动活动范围、上肢运动功能评分、ADL 均显著高于对照组(P<0.001),肩痛的发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论自编的棍棒操能降低脑卒中后患者肩痛的发生,改善肩关节活动度,提高上肢功能,最终提高患者ADL,有效地预防脑卒中后肩-手综合征的发生。     

早期康复对脑卒中后肩-手综合征患者上肢功能的影响

目的探讨早期综合康复治疗对脑卒中后肩 手综合征患者患侧上肢临床症状、关节活动度和运动功能的影响。方法将 47例脑卒中后肩 手综合征患者分为早期康复组和非早期康复组 ,两组患者均给予综合康复治疗 ,观察其临床表现 ,并采用Fugl-Meyer评定法评定康复治疗前后偏瘫侧上肢的关节活动范围、疼痛程度和运动功能。结果①对脑卒中患者予早期预防性康复措施 ,在并发肩 手综合征时 ,其患侧上肢关节活动范围减小程度和疼痛程度均较非早期康复组轻。②经综合康复治疗后 ,脑卒中后肩 手综合征患者患侧上肢的临床症状、关节活动度和运动功能均有改善 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,早期康复治疗效果更佳。结论早期康复干预可以预防和减轻脑卒中患者肩 手综合征的发生 ;发病后更易为综合康复治疗所逆转     

综合康复治疗脑卒中后肩手综合征的疗效观察

目的 观察综合康复治疗对脑卒中后肩手综合征患者的治疗效果。方法 采用综合康复措施治疗56例脑卒中后肩手综合征患者，治疗方法包括正确体位摆放、避免腕屈曲、关节注射、压迫性向心缠绕、冰疗、主动和被动运动、电针、超短波及药物治疗等，治疗时间为4周。治疗前、后采用Fugl-Meyer量表和目测类比评分法（VAS）对患者上肢关节被动运动范围、上肢和腕手关节的运动功能、疼痛及水肿程度进行评定。结果 56例患者经过为期4周的综合康复治疗后，其病情均有明显改善，共显效35例（62．5％），有效2l例（37．5％）；治疗后患侧上肢关节被动运动范围、上肢及腕手关节的运动功能均较治疗前有显著改善（均P〈0．05），上肢疼痛和水肿程度亦均较治疗前有明显下降（均P〈0．05）。结论 综合康复治疗对脑卒中后肩手综合征患者具有较好疗效。     

Relationship of glenohumeral elevation and 3-dimensional scapular kinematics with disability in patients with shoulder disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To determine variables among glenohumeral elevation and 3-dimensional scapular rotations that are related to shoulder function as assessed by the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand-Disability/Symptom (DASH-D/S) scale. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional study. PATIENTS: Eighty-eight patients with shoulder pain and limited range of motion were included. METHODS: Each patient performed 2 full active range of motion activities, forward flexion and abduction, and 2 activities of daily living, combing hair and simulating washing the back. Glenohumeral elevation and scapular rotations were measured by the Polhemus Fastrak electromagnetic system. RESULTS: On multiple regression analysis, glenohumeral elevation in combing hair and scapular lateral rotation in both abduction and simulating washing the back were the best predictors of shoulder function and explained 39.7% of the variance of the DASH-D/S score. CONCLUSION: These findings support the classical rehabilitation of the shoulder based on glenohumeral elevation and suggest the importance of attention paid to scapular lateral rotation.