2003-2007年山西省中小学生营养状况动态分析

目的了解山西省中小学生营养状况及发展动态,以便科学地指导学生保健工作。方法按有关标准对2003-2007年10个市（地）监测点在校的4038939名中小学生进行身高、体质量测量,并评价其营养状况。结果营养不良检出率6.67%～7.29%,平均检出率为6.87%。肥胖检出率4.58%～5.69%,平均检出率为4.98%。营养不良率、肥胖率均为城市高于县城、中学生高于小学生（P均〈0.01）。结论山西省预防控制学生营养不良、肥胖的重点人群应是城市学生和中学生。     

某区中小学生龋齿状况的调查分析

目的为保障学生的身体健康、提高学生的身体素质,为少年儿童的健康成长保驾护航,全面了解三明市梅列区城乡中小学生龋齿状况,为梅列区中小学生牙齿预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法按照《全国学生常见病综合防治方案技术规范对梅列区19所学校中小学生龋齿进行调查并进行统计学分析比较。结果三明市梅列区中学生龋患率为36.38%,小学生龋患率42.82%,男生龋患率32.15%,女生龋患率49.35%,城市学生龋患率为38.32%,乡镇学生龋患率61.62%。结果显示:低年级学生龋齿患病率高于高年级学生,女生龋齿患病率高于男生,乡镇学生龋齿患病率高于城市学生。结论三明市梅列区应重点加强小学生群体的口腔卫生状况普查及预防控制,特别是乡镇的小学生。     

西安市城乡中学生营养状况调查分析

【摘要】目的了解西安市城乡中学生的营养状况。方法对本院2009-2011年体检的1240例中学生（其中城市与农村学生各620例）的身高、体重、营养状况及视力进行了观察及总结分析。结果城市学生身高、体重均高于农村（均P〈0．05）。城市中学生的营养不良率（5．00％）、肥胖率（7．50％）分别与乡村中学生比较（7．18％、4．11％），差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。乡村中学生的视力情况优于城市中学生。结论城市学生营养过剩和农村学生营养不良的问题，应得到家长及学生的足够重视。     

西湖区流动儿童计划免疫工作面临的问题及应对策略

目的探讨新形势下流动儿童计划免疫工作存在的问题及应对策略。方法应用分层抽样法分别对城市、农村及流动人口中的小学一年级新生免疫接种状况进行调查和评价。结果城市、农村、流动人口小学新生有预防接种证的分别为94%、81%、41%;有预防接种卡的分别为96%、90%、51%;OPV4免疫接种率分别为96%、95%、49%;BCG1免疫接种率分别为95%、93%、51%;MV2免疫接种率分别为94%、92%、51%;DPT4免疫接种率分别为94%、93%、41%;HepB3免疫接种率分别为95%、31%、16%。结论城市、农村、流动儿童免疫接种证、卡持有率及疫苗接种率均低于常住儿童,有必要进一步采取多种措施,大力改善流动儿童免疫接种状况,预防控制计免针对传染病在该部分儿童中的发生与流行。     

某市中学生龋齿现况调查分析

目的了解我市中学生的龋齿发病情况,制定科学的防龋措施。方法对吉林省大安市三中和大安市舍力镇中学2890名学生龋齿发病情况进行调查。结果龋齿733人,总患龋率25.50%,龋均1.94,各年级女生患龋率高于男生。下位六龋齿患龋率达10.5%～13.3%。学生患龋率随年龄递增,女生高于男生。结论普及口腔卫生知识,定期对高发人群组织开展普查普治工作,以早期发现龋齿,真正做到早发现、早诊断和早治疗。     

对太原市高校学生毒品相关知识了解状况的调查与分析

目的:了解高校学生对毒品、戒毒及全民禁毒等知识的认知情况,为高校对学生的相关教育及决策提供依据。方法:采用不记名问卷形式,对太原市七所高校学生进行毒品相关知识调查。结果:共回收有效问卷866份,回收率89·3%。在有效问卷中,有近90%的高校学生知道我国流行的毒品有海洛因和“摇头丸”。对新型毒品如氯胺酮(K粉)知晓率低(低于40%),来自城市的学生对毒品的认识受家庭教育的影响比来自农村的同学高18·58%,约95%的学生不了解毒品成瘾问题,学生对禁毒戒毒的关注程度仅为50%。结论:太原市高校学生对毒品相关知识的了解大体上是正确的,但有些认识比较模糊、片面,甚至是错误的。对毒品问题,高校应提供科学的教育。     

遵义市中学生强迫症状因子的调查及相关因素分析

目的:了解中学生强迫症状的现况,为中学生心理健康维护提供科学依据.方法:采用自编一般情况调查表、SCL-90对学生进行调查.结果:中学生强迫症状,高中生显著高于初中生,女生显著高于男生,农村显著高于城市,家庭经济状况差者显著高于家庭经济状况好者,父母文化程度低者显著高于父母文化程度高者.结论:影响强迫的因素有年龄、性别、家庭经济状况、父母文化程度和生源地,注重开展中学生心理健康教育.     

396名公共场所从业人员SARS相关知识、态度、行为调查

20 0 3年 4月至 6月 ,为配合我市抗击严重急性呼吸道综合征 (SARS)的战斗 ,我们实施了全方位、多渠道的全民健康教育战略。为了解公共场所从业人员对 SARS相关知识掌握程度和前期传播策略的效果 ,我们对公共场所从业人员进行了 SARS知识、态度、行为的调查。1　对象与方法1.1　调查对象 :以 2 0 0 3年 6月份之后 ,我市公共场所重新开张时 ,办理健康 /培训合格证的从业人员为调查对象。总调查人数 396名 ,年龄 17～ 5 1岁 ,以 19～ 2 5岁为主 ,其中男性92名 ,占 2 3.2 % ,女性 30 4名 ,占 76 .8%。1.2　方法 :自行设计调查表格 ,内容包…     

贵阳城乡中学生BMI指数对高血压的影响研究

目的了解贵阳城乡13～18岁中学生的BMI指数现状,探讨其对高血压的影响。方法采用分层整群抽样对贵阳地区2 530名城乡中学生进行BMI指数及血压情况的横断面调查。结果贵阳地区13～18岁中学生营养不良率10.40%,城市学生的超重率和肥胖率均高于乡村;各年龄段收缩压和舒张压均呈现正常组<超重组<肥胖组的趋势;高血压者的BMI指数有高于正常者的趋势;不同BMI指数组间,高血压患病率不同,呈肥胖组>超重组>正常组的趋势。结论贵阳城乡13～18岁中学生营养不良与超重、肥胖情况同时存在;高血压患病率形势较严峻;BMI指数可能是高血压的一个重要影响因素。     

佳木斯市中学生营养知识、行为、态度的调查

为了了解佳木斯市中学生营养知识、行为、态度的现状 ,本文作者对佳木斯市某中学 2 87名中学生进行调查。本次调查为今后对中学生的饮食行为进行科学的指导提供了依据。1　对象和方法1.1　对象佳市市区某中学随机抽取五个班 2 87名学生 ,其中男生15 6名 ,女生 13 1名 ,年龄 13～ 15岁。1.2　方法采用问卷调查 ,参考济宁医学相关问卷 [1 ]。问卷共 3 0道题 ,其中营养知识占 4 0 % ,饮食行为占 5 0 % ,营养态度占10 %。问卷当堂答完并收回。2　结果2 .1　营养知识共有两大类。一是营养素的主要食物来源。二是营养与疾病的关系。结果如表。附表…     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.