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1.
Background
New models of the development and maintenance of substance abuse give increasing importance to the role of deficits in inhibitory function. Much of the evidence to support this claim comes from male participants, despite some researchers showing greater disinhibition in females. Clearly, more research on female heavy drinkers is warranted. In this study, we examine behavioural and psychophysiological measures of inhibitory function in female young adults who do and do not regularly drink heavily.Methods
Participants were thirty female young adults (aged 18–21) who drink heavily (four or more standard drinks per occasion) at least once a month (n = 13) or who drink heavily less often than this (n = 17); none regularly used any other drugs, including tobacco. They underwent interviews assessing prior use of alcohol, before completing a stop-signal task while brain electrical activity was recorded.Results
Regular heavy drinkers displayed a longer stop-signal reaction time (the time required to stop an inappropriate response), and a larger P3 increase for successful compared to failed inhibition trials. Heavy drinkers also displayed a smaller error-related negativity (ERN) amplitude, indexing a deficit in performance monitoring.Conclusion
These results indicate that large deficits in inhibitory processing and performance monitoring occur in young female heavy drinkers, and that heavy drinkers may have to work harder in order to successfully inhibit a response. Future research may determine whether these deficits pre-date or are caused by alcohol abuse. 相似文献2.
Korthuis PT Feaster DJ Gomez ZL Das M Tross S Wiest K Douaihy A Mandler RN Sorensen JL Colfax G McCarty D Cohen SE Penn PE Lape D Metsch LR 《Addictive behaviors》2012,37(4):552-555
Background
Injection drug use (IDU) is a primary vector for blood-borne infections. Awareness of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection status may affect risky injection behaviors. This study determines the prevalence of risky injection practices and examines associations between awareness of positive HCV status and risky injection behaviors.Methods
We surveyed individuals seeking treatment for substance use at 12 community treatment programs as part of a national HIV screening trial conducted within the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network. Participants reported socio-demographic characteristics, substance use, risk behaviors, and HCV status. We used multivariable logistic regression to test associations between participant characteristics and syringe/needle sharing.Results
The 1281 participants included 244 (19.0%) individuals who reported injecting drugs in the past 6 months and 37.7% of IDUs reported being HCV positive. During the six months preceding baseline assessment, the majority of IDUs reported obtaining sterile syringes from pharmacies (51.6%) or syringe exchange programs (25.0%), but fewer than half of IDUs always used a sterile syringe (46.9%). More than one-third (38.5%) shared syringe/needles with another injector in the past 6 months. Awareness of positive HCV vs. negative/unknown status was associated with increased recent syringe/needle sharing (aOR 2.37, 95% CI 1.15, 4.88) in multivariable analysis.Conclusions
Risky injection behaviors remain prevalent and awareness of HCV infection was associated with increased risky injection behaviors. New approaches are needed to broadly implement HCV prevention interventions for IDUs seeking addiction treatment. 相似文献3.
Gabriele Caselli Antonella Gemelli Sara Querci Anna Maria Lugli Flaviano Canfora Claudio Annovi Daniela Rebecchi Giovanni M. Ruggiero Sandra Sassaroli Marcantonio M. Spada Edward R. Watkins 《Addictive behaviors》2013
Background
Rumination is an abstract, persistent, and repetitive thinking style that can be adopted to control negative affect. Recent studies have suggested the role of rumination as direct or indirect cognitive predictor of craving experience in alcohol-related problems.Aims
The goal of this study was to explore the effect of rumination induction on craving across the continuum of drinking behaviour.Methods
Participants of three groups of alcohol-dependent drinkers (N = 26), problem drinkers (N = 26) and social drinkers (N = 29) were randomly allocated to two thinking manipulation tasks: distraction versus rumination. Craving was measured before and after manipulation and after a resting phase.Results
Findings showed that rumination had a significant effect on increasing craving in alcohol-dependent drinkers, relative to distraction, but not in problem and social drinkers. This effect was independent of baseline depression and rumination and was maintained across the resting phase. Conclusions: Rumination showed a direct causal impact on craving that is specific for a population of alcohol-dependent drinkers. 相似文献4.
Kamala Swayampakala James Thrasher Matthew J. Carpenter Luz Myriam Reynales Shigematsu Ana-Paula Cupertio Carla J. Berg 《Addictive behaviors》2013
Background
Mexican smokers are more likely to be non-daily smokers and to consume fewer cigarettes per day than smokers in other countries. Little is known about their quit behaviors.Aim
The aim of this study is to determine factors associated with having made a quit attempt and being successfully quit at 14-month follow-up in a population-based cohort of adult Mexicans who smoke at different levels of intensity.Design
A longitudinal analysis of wave-III and wave-IV (2010) Mexican administration of International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project was conducted.Setting
This study was conducted in six large urban centers in MexicoParticipants
The participants of this study comprised 1206 adults who were current smokers at wave-III and who were followed to wave-IV.Measurements
We compared three groups of smokers: non-daily smokers—who did not smoke every day in the past 30 days (n = 398), daily light smokers who smoked every day at a rate of ≤ 5 cigarettes per day (n = 368) and daily heavy smokers who smoked every day at a rate of > 5 cigarettes per day (n = 434). Data on smoking behavior, psychosocial characteristics and socio-demographics were collected at baseline and after 14 months.Findings
In multivariate logistic regression predicting having made a quit attempt at follow-up, significant factors included being a non-daily smoker versus a heavy daily smoker (ORadj = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.19–2.83), less perceived addiction (ORadj = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.20–2.87), greater worry that cigarettes will damage health (ORadj = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.16–3.61) and having made a quit attempt in the past year at baseline (ORadj = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.23–2.36). In multivariate logistic regression predicting being successfully quit at one-year follow-up, significant factors included being a non-daily smoker versus a heavy daily smoker (ORadj = 2.54, 95% CI: 1.37–4.70) and less perceived addiction (not addicted: ORadj = 3.26, 95% CI: 1.73–6.14; not much: ORadj = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.05–3.62 versus very much).Conclusions
Mexican adult smokers who are non-daily smokers were more likely than daily heavy smokers to have attempted to quit during follow-up and to succeed in their quit attempt. Future research should determine whether tobacco control policies and programs potentiate this tendency and which interventions are needed to help heavier smokers to quit. 相似文献5.
Objective
The mixing of alcoholic beverages with caffeine has been identified as a public health problem among college students; however, little is known about the consumption of such drinks among younger adolescents. We estimated the prevalence of caffeinated alcoholic beverage (CAB) use among a wide age range of underage drinkers, examined differences in traditional (i.e. self-mixed alcoholic beverages with soda, coffee and tea) and non-traditional CAB use (pre-mixed caffeinated alcoholic beverages or self-mixed alcoholic beverages with energy drinks or energy shots) among underage drinkers by age and other demographic characteristics, and examined differences in hazardous drinking behavior between CAB and non-CAB users.Methods
We used an existing Internet panel maintained by Knowledge Networks, Inc. to assess the use of pre-mixed and self-mixed CABs in the past 30 days among a national sample of 1031 youth drinkers age 13–20. We conducted logistic regression analyses to estimate the relationship between traditional and non-traditional CAB use and risky drinking behavior as well as adverse outcomes of drinking, while controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, and general risk-taking (seat belt use).Results
The overall prevalence of CAB use in the sample of underage drinkers was 52.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 47.4%–57.4%). CAB prevalence was 48.4% among 13–15 year-old drinkers, 45.3% among 16–18 year-old drinkers, and 58.4% among 19–20 year-old drinkers. After controlling for other variables, we found a continuum of risk with non-traditional CAB use most significantly associated with binge drinking (odds ratio [OR] = 6.3), fighting (OR = 4.4), and alcohol-related injuries (OR = 5.6).Conclusions
The problem of caffeinated alcoholic beverage use is not restricted to college-aged youth. The prevalence of CAB use among underage drinkers is higher than previously thought and begins in early adolescence. Adolescents who consume CABs, and particularly non-traditional CABs, are at increased risk of adverse outcomes. 相似文献6.
Background
Chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infection, defined as persistent RNA (viral load) for at least 6 months, accounts for up to 50% of all cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease and liver cancer cases. Moreover, elevated HCV viral load is consistently associated with high infectivity and poor therapy response. This study aims to identify modifiable behavioral correlates both chronic HCV infection and increases in viral load over time among injection drug users (IDUs).Methods
Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were performed using self-interview and serological data from a prospective cohort study (2002-2006) among young (age 18-35), HIV-negative, HCV therapy-naïve IDUs (n = 113) from metropolitan Chicago, Illinois, USA.Results
After adjustment for age, gender and race/ethnicity, using drugs measured or mixed in someone else's syringe (odds ratio = 2.7, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 6.7) was associated with chronic (n = 75, 66%) versus resolved (n = 38, 34%) HCV infection status. Among chronically-infected IDUs, injecting with a new, sterile syringe infrequently (<1/2 half the time when injecting) compared to frequently (1/2 the time or more when injecting) was associated with increases in viral load over time after adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity and time effects.Conclusions
Reductions in risky injection-related practices among young IDUs may ameliorate both the burden of chronic HCV infection-related liver disease and elevated viral load-related poor treatment response. 相似文献7.
Des Jarlais DC Hagan H Arasteh K McKnight C Semaan S Perlman DC 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2011,119(3):201-206
Background
Preventing HCV infection among people who inject drugs is a difficult public health challenge. We examined the potential role of intranasal drug use in reducing HCV acquisition.Methods
Subjects were recruited from IDUs entering the Beth Israel drug detoxification program from 2005 to 2010. A structured interview was administered and serum samples were collected for HCV testing.Results
726 active injecting drug users were recruited from 2005 to 2010. HCV prevalence was 71%, 90% reported recent heroin injection and 44% reported recent intranasal heroin use. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, being HCV seropositive was associated with more years injecting, Latino ethnicity, previous testing for HCV, and recent injection of speedball, and negatively associated with recent intranasal use of heroin (AOR = 0.52, 95% CI 0.33-0.82) and intranasal use of speedball (AOR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.31-0.80). The association between intranasal heroin use and lower HCV seroprevalance was observed among both new injectors and persons with long injecting histories (16+ years since first injection).Conclusion
Encouraging intranasal use as an alternative to injection among persons currently injecting drugs may be a viable strategy for reducing HCV transmission. 相似文献8.
Objective
Although research utilizing the Internet to intervene with college student drinkers is growing, this study is the first to investigate the use of a theoretically-based and empirically supported personalized feedback form delivered via a single e-mail to college students.Method
Students (n = 191) completed measures of their alcohol use, related consequences, and peer perceptions at baseline and 6 weeks after the intervention. Students were randomly assigned to receive either e-mailed personalized feedback or e-mailed generic feedback.Results
Students who received e-mailed personalized feedback reported consuming significantly fewer drinks in a given week, as well as a fewer number of days being drunk in the previous 30 days. They also exhibited a significant reduction in the number of days they perceived their peers to have drunk alcohol and in the amount of alcohol they perceived their peers to consume per drinking occasion.Conclusion
e-Mailed personalized feedback appears to help students become more aware of normative drinking behavior and reduce the quantity of alcohol they consume. Furthermore, e-mailed personalized feedback may be a cost-effective manner in which to intervene with college student drinkers. 相似文献9.
Kelly C. Young-Wolff Andrew J. Hyland Rani Desai Jody Sindelar Corey E. Pilver Sherry A. McKee 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2013
Background
Smoke-free legislation prohibiting smoking in indoor public venues, including bars and restaurants, is an effective means of reducing tobacco use and tobacco-related disease. Given the high comorbidity between heavy drinking and smoking, it is possible that the public health benefits of smoke-free policies extend to drinking behaviors. However, no prior study has examined whether tobacco legislation impacts the likelihood of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) over time. The current study addresses this gap in the literature using a large, prospective U.S. sample.Method
Using data from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), we utilized logistic regression to examine whether the implementation of state-wide smoke-free legislation in bars and restaurants between Waves I (2001–2002) and II (2004–2005) predicted changes in DSM-IV AUD status (remission, onset, recurrence) in current drinkers at Wave I (n = 19,763) and participants who drank in public ≥once per month (n = 5913).Results
Individuals in states that implemented smoke-free legislation in drinking venues had a higher likelihood of AUD remission compared to participants in states without such legislation. Among public drinkers, smoke-free legislation was associated with a greater likelihood of AUD remission and a lower likelihood of AUD onset. These findings were especially pronounced among smokers, men, and younger age groups.Discussion
These results demonstrated the protective effects of smoke-free bar and restaurant policies on the likelihood of AUDs; furthermore, these findings call attention to an innovative legislative approach to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with AUDs. 相似文献10.
Objective
The consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) is prevalent among college students as is hazardous drinking, a drinking pattern that places one at risk for alcohol-related harm. The present study, therefore, examined associations between AmED use, hazardous drinking, and alcohol-related consequences in college students.Methods
Based on a probability sample conducted in 2010, participants were 606 undergraduate students aged 18–25. AmED consumption included lifetime and past year use. Hazardous drinking and alcohol-related consequences were measured during the past year. Point prevalence was used to estimate rates of AmED use, and chi-square, ANOVA, and logistic regression were used to examine associations between AmED use, hazardous drinking, and alcohol-related consequences.Results
Lifetime and past year AmED use prevalence rates were 75.2% and 64.7%, respectively. Hazardous drinkers who engaged in AmED use were significantly more likely than past year hazardous drinkers who did not engage in AmED use to have had unprotected sex (OR = 2.35, CI 1.27–4.32).Conclusions
AmED use appears to be highly prevalent among college students, and AmED use may confer additional risk for unprotected sex beyond hazardous drinking. Unprotected sex has implications for public health, and students who drink hazardously and consume AmED may be at greater risk. 相似文献11.
Niaman Nazir Bambi Bevil Christina M. Pacheco Babalola Faseru Charlotte McCloskey K. Allen Greiner Won S. Choi Christine Makosky Daley 《Addictive behaviors》2014
Introduction
American Indians (AI) have the highest smoking rates of any racial/ethnic group in the U.S. and have more difficulty quitting smoking. Little is known about the smoking characteristics of AI smokers. The present study compared the demographic and smoking characteristics of light (≤ 10 cigarettes per day; N = 206) and moderate/heavy (11 + cigarettes per day; N = 86) AI smokers participating in a cross-sectional survey about smoking and health.Methods
Multiple methods were used to recruit participants in attendance at powwows, health and career fairs, and conferences. A total of 998 AI (76% cooperation rate) completed a survey assessing general health, sociodemographics, traditional and commercial tobacco use, knowledge and attitudes related to cancer, source of health information and care and other health-related behaviors.Results
AI light smokers were younger and less likely to be married or living with a partner compared to moderate/heavy smokers. AI light smokers were less dependent on smoking and more likely to have home smoking restrictions. There were no differences with respect to number of quit attempts in the past year or the average length of their most recent quit attempt by light vs. moderate/heavy smoking. In addition, a similar proportion of light and heavy smokers reported using tobacco for traditional purposes such as ceremonial, spiritual and prayer.Conclusions
These findings highlight important differences between AI light and heavier smokers. Differences related to smoking characteristics such as level of dependence and home smoking restrictions have important implications for the treatment of AI smokers. 相似文献12.
Rachael A. Korcha Douglas L. PolcinWilliam C. Kerr Thomas K. GreenfieldJason Bond 《Addictive behaviors》2013
Background
Individuals with alcohol problems frequently report receipt of pressure from a variety of formal and informal sources. While some studies have shown a positive association between receipt of pressure and treatment seeking, other studies have not found a clear association. The mix of findings may be due to several study design factors including sample limitations, lack of contextual alcohol measures as moderators, and failure to include assessment of internal beliefs that relate to help seeking.Methods
Current drinkers from the National Alcohol Surveys (NAS) from 1984 to 2005 (N = 16,183) were used to describe the association between pressure and help seeking using moderators that included frequent heavy drinking, alcohol related negative consequences, and beliefs about abstention or moderation of alcohol consumption.Results
The rate of help seeking in the past year was 1.6% across all NAS surveys with Alcoholics Anonymous being the predominant source of help sought followed by physical or mental health services. In 1984 and 1990 approximately 80% of those seeking help also received pressure. The percent declined to 57% in 1995 and leveled off at 64% in 2000 and 61% in 2005. Logistic regression models showed an association between past year receipt of pressure and help seeking. Frequent heavy drinking, alcohol related negative consequences, and strong beliefs about alcohol use were also associated with help seeking, however, they did not moderate the relationship between pressure and help seeking.Conclusions
Pressure is associated with help seeking as are a variety of other factors, including heavy alcohol consumption, negative consequences, and strong beliefs about moderate alcohol use. However, the effect of these factors appears to be independent of pressure and not interactive. Future research needs to assess the types of pressure and impact on help seeking to inform public policy and treatment providers as to who receives what type of pressure, when it is helpful, and when it is counterproductive. 相似文献13.
Dan Werb Thomas Kerr Jane Buxton Jeannie Shoveller Chris Richardson Julio Montaner Evan Wood 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2013
Background
Needle and syringe programmes (NSPs) have been shown to reduce HIV risk among people who inject drugs (IDUs). However, concerns remain that NSPs delay injecting cessation.Methods
Individuals reporting injection drug use in the past six months in the greater Vancouver area were enrolled in the Vancouver Injection Drug Users Study (VIDUS). Annual estimates of the proportion of IDU reporting injecting cessation were generated. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis was used to assess factors associated with injecting cessation during a period of NSP expansion.Results
Between May 1996 and December 2010, the number of NSP sites in Vancouver increased from 1 to 29 (P < 0.001). The estimated proportion of participants (n = 2710) reporting cessation increased from 2.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0–7.0%) in 1996 to 47.9% (95% CI: 46.8–48.9%) in 2010 (P < 0.001). In a multivariate GEE analysis, the authors observed an association between increasing calendar year and increased likelihood of injecting cessation (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.19, P < 0.001).Conclusion
The proportion of IDU reporting injecting cessation increased during a period of NSP expansion, implying that increased NSP availability did not delay injection cessation. These results should help inform community decisions on whether to implement NSPs. 相似文献14.
Scott A. McDonald Sharon J. Hutchinson Sheila M. Bird Chris Robertson Peter R. MillsJohn F. Dillon David J. Goldberg 《The International journal on drug policy》2011,22(1):63-69
Background
The rate of hepatitis C (HCV) related liver disease progression is known to be strongly associated with alcohol consumption, yet there are very few data on alcohol use in injecting drug users (IDUs), who represent 90% of Scotland's HCV-diagnosed population. To investigate the extent of alcohol use in IDUs, we used hospitalisation with an alcohol-related diagnosis as an indicator for problematic consumption levels, and compared admission rates pre- and post-HCV diagnosis.Methods
Data for 41,062 current/former IDUs attending drug treatment/support services in Scotland from April 1995 to March 2006 were linked to the national hospital discharge database to retrieve alcohol-related episodes, and to the national HCV Diagnosis database to determine HCV-diagnosed status. Relative risks were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression for recurrent events.Results
The proportion of IDUs with ≥1 alcohol-related admission following first attendance at drug services was greater among those diagnosed with HCV by the end of follow-up (16%) compared with those who were not (6%). For the 9145 IDUs who had been diagnosed with HCV by 31 March 2006, there was a 1.5-fold increased relative risk of an alcohol-related admission >30 days post-HCV diagnosis (95% CI: 1.2-1.7) compared with >30 days pre-HCV diagnosis, adjusted for sex, age, and deprivation.Conclusions
IDUs diagnosed with HCV infection have an increased risk of subsequent hospital admission for an alcohol-related cause. Because of the synergistic effect of HCV infection and excessive alcohol intake on the development of cirrhosis, it is imperative that alcohol intake is addressed in the management of chronic HCV infection in this population. 相似文献15.
Aims
An examination of alcohol use patterns in the active duty military to determine the relations of drinking levels and self-reported negative outcomes.Design
A population-based cross-sectional study design using two-stage complex sampling methodology.Setting
Paper and pencil surveys were administered anonymously in groups at 64 U.S. military installations worldwide.Participants
Randomly selected active duty members (28,546) at major military installations representing the total active force, with the exception of recruits, cadets, and incarcerated personnel.Measures
Personnel were classified into five drinking levels ranging from abstainer to heavy drinker based on quantity and frequency of alcohol intake. Negative outcomes were measured as self-reported serious consequences of alcohol use and alcohol-related productivity loss. Risk for other alcohol related problems was assessed by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT).Findings
Alcohol negative outcomes showed a curvilinear dose–response relationship with drinking levels. Higher levels of drinking were associated with higher rates of alcohol problems, but problem rates were notably higher for heavy drinkers. Heavy alcohol users showed nearly three times the rate of self-reported serious consequences and over twice the rate of self-reported productivity loss than moderate/heavy drinkers. Heavy drinkers also had the highest risk for alcohol problems on the AUDIT. One fifth of military personnel were heavy drinkers and were most likely aged 18 to 35.Conclusions
Prevention and clinical interventions should include a major focus on heavy drinkers. Commanders and peers should be trained in recognizing signs of heavy alcohol use and in approaching heavy alcohol users in a way that will foster positive attitudes as opposed to defensiveness and stigma. 相似文献16.
Brian Borsari Erica Eaton Short Nadine R. Mastroleo John T.P. Hustad Tracy O’Leary Tevyaw Nancy P. Barnett Christopher W. Kahler Peter M. Monti 《Journal of substance abuse treatment》2014
Objective
Across the United States, tens of thousands of college students are mandated to receive an alcohol intervention following an alcohol policy violation. Telephone interventions may be an efficient method to provide mandated students with an intervention, especially when they are away from campus during summer vacation. However, little is known about the utility of telephone-delivered brief motivational interventions.Method
Participants in the study (N = 57) were college students mandated to attend an alcohol program following a campus-based alcohol citation. Participants were randomized to a brief motivational phone intervention (pBMI) (n = 36) or assessment only (n = 21). Ten participants (27.8%) randomized to the pBMI did not complete the intervention. Follow-up assessments were conducted 3, 6, and 9 months post-intervention.Results
Results indicated the pBMI significantly reduced the number of alcohol-related problems compared to the assessment-only group. Participants who did not complete the pBMI appeared to be lighter drinkers at baseline and randomization, suggesting the presence of alternate influences on alcohol-related problems.Conclusion
Phone BMIs may be an efficient and cost-effective method to reduce harms associated with alcohol use by heavy-drinking mandated students during the summer months. 相似文献17.
Background
Evidence indicates minimal hepatitis C (HCV) sexual transmission risk among HIV negative heterosexual partners. Limited HCV literacy has been demonstrated among people who inject drugs, yet there is a dearth of research exploring perceptions of HCV heterosexual transmission risk among this high risk population.Methods
We conducted a qualitative life history study with people who had been injecting drugs for over six years, to explore the social practices and conditions of long-term HCV avoidance. Participants were recruited through London drug services and drug user networks. The sample comprised 10 women and 27 men (n = 37), of whom 22 were HCV antibody negative. Participants were aged from 23 to 57 years and had been injecting for 6 to 33 years. Twenty participants were in long term heterosexual partnerships.Findings
The majority of participants in relationships reported ‘discriminate’ needle and syringe sharing with their primary sexual partner. Significantly, and in tension with biomedical evidence, participants commonly rationalised syringe sharing with sexual partners in terms of ‘risk equivalence’ with sexual practices in regard to HCV transmission. Participants’ uncertain knowledge regarding HCV transmission, coupled with unprotected sexual practices perceived as being normative were found to foster ‘risk equivalence’ beliefs and associated HCV transmission potential.Conclusion
HCV prevention messages that ‘add on’ safe sex information can do more harm than good, perpetuating risk equivalence beliefs and an associated dismissal of safe injecting recommendations among those already practicing unprotected sex. 相似文献18.
Aims
This report was designed to test the hypothesis that family history of smoking (FH) would moderate the effects of positive and negative smoking expectancies on initiation in a college sample.Design
Secondary analysis of a study of college freshmen never-smokers (n = 196; 46% male) who completed a baseline interview and quarterly online follow-up assessments for 15 months.Findings
Analyses indicated that FH moderated the effect of negative outcome expectancies (p = .003) but not the effects of expectancies for positive or negative reinforcement on the probability of smoking initiation. Stronger negative expectancies were associated with a decreased risk of initiation for family history positive but not family history negative participants.Conclusions
Findings are consistent with previous tobacco research indicating that FH + adolescents have more negative expectancies about cigarette smoking. This suggests that adolescents observing negative consequences or receiving negative messages from their parents about cigarettes may be less likely to experiment with smoking. 相似文献19.