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1.
Introduction
Research has shown that smoking menthol cigarettes induces smoking initiation and hinders cessation efforts especially among youth. The objective of this paper is to examine the association between menthol cigarette smoking and substance use among adolescent students in Canada.Methods
A nationally representative cross-sectional sample of 4466 Canadian students in grades 7 to 12 from the 2010–2011 Youth Smoking Survey is analyzed. A bivariate probit model is used jointly to examine the association of menthol smoking status with binge drinking and marijuana use.Results
32% of the current smokers in grades 7 to 12 smoke mentholated cigarettes, 73% are binge drinkers and 79% use marijuana. Results of the bivariate probit regression analysis, controlling for other covariates, show statistically significant differences in the likelihood of binge drinking and marijuana use between menthol and non-menthol smokers. Menthol cigarette smokers are 6% (ME = 0.06, 95% CI = 0.03–0.09) more likely to binge drink and 7% (ME = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.05–0.10) more likely to use marijuana.Conclusion
Smoking menthol cigarettes is associated with a higher likelihood of binge drinking and marijuana use among Canadian adolescents. Banning menthol in cigarettes may be beneficial to public health. 相似文献2.
Carl A. Latkin Laura I. MurrayKatherine Clegg Smith Joanna E. CohenAmy R. Knowlton 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2013
Background
Selling of single cigarettes, also known as loosies, is a public health concern. Loosies allow for those with fewer resources to buy cigarettes without having to purchase a pack. Selling of loosies may cue smoking behaviors. In the US, socioeconomically disadvantaged populations have high rates of smoking and illicit drug use and the selling of loosies appears to be linked to the urban informal economy. We examined the proportion and frequency of cigarette selling and roles in the informal economy associated with selling loosies among a sample of urban drug users.Methods
There were 801 participants, recruited by community outreach, assessed at baseline, who were enrolled in an HIV prevention intervention for drug users.Results
Most (89%) smoked cigarettes in the prior 30 days, of whom 92% smoked daily. Self-reported selling of cigarettes was common with 58% reporting that they had sold cigarettes within the last six months; 20.4% reported selling cigarettes a few times a week and 7.4% reported daily selling of cigarettes. In a stepwise regression model, four sources of income were associated with frequent cigarette selling: providing street security (OR = 2.214, 95% CI 1.177–4.164), selling food stamps (OR = 1.461, 95% CI 1.003–2.126), pawning items (OR = 2.15, 95% CI 1.475–3.135), and selling drugs (OR = 1.634, 95% CI 1.008–2.648).Conclusion
There is a high rate of selling loosies among urban substance users. The wide availability of loosies may promote smoking. Smoking cessation programs with drug treatment and economic development programs may help to reduce economic pressures to sell loosies. 相似文献3.
Babalola Faseru Nicole L. Nollen Matthew S. Mayo Ron Krebill Won S. Choi Neal L. Benowitz Rachel F. Tyndale Kolawole S. Okuyemi Jasjit S. Ahluwalia Lisa Sanderson Cox 《Addictive behaviors》2013
Background
This is the first study to examine predictors of successful cessation in African American (AA) light smokers treated within a placebo-controlled trial of bupropion.Methods
We analyzed data from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of bupropion and health education for 540 African American light smokers. African American light smokers (≤ 10 cigarettes per day, cpd) were randomly assigned to receive 150 mg bid bupropion SR (n = 270) or placebo (n = 270) for 7 weeks. All participants received health education counseling at weeks 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7. Using chi-square tests, two sample t-tests, and multiple logistic regression analyses, we examined baseline psychosocial and smoking characteristics as predictors of cotinine-verified 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence among study participants at the end treatment (Week 7) and at the end of follow-up (Week 26).Results
Participants who received bupropion were significantly more likely to quit smoking compared to those who received placebo (OR = 2.72, 95% CI = 1.60–4.62, P = 0.0002). Greater study session attendance (OR = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.76–3.46, P = 0.0001), and smoking non-menthol cigarettes increased the likelihood of quitting (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.01–3.36, P = 0.05); while longer years of smoking (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.96–1.00, P = 0.05) and higher baseline cotinine (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.95–0.99, P = 0.002) significantly reduced the odds of quitting at Week 7. Conversely, at the end of follow-up (Week 26), treatment with bupropion vs. placebo (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.65–2.02, P = 0.64) was not significantly associated with quitting and type of cigarette smoked (menthol vs. non-menthol) did not appear in the final logistic regression model. Greater study session attendance (OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.44–2.66, P = 0.0001); BMI (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.00–1.07, P = 0.04); and weight efficacy (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01–1.05, P = 0.01) increased the likelihood of quitting at Week 26. Similar to our findings at Week 7, longer years of smoking (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.94–0.99, P = 0.01) and higher baseline cotinine (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.95–0.99, P = 0.02) significantly reduced the odds of quitting at Week 26.Conclusions
Baseline cotinine levels, number of years smoked and study session attendance are associated with both short- and long-term smoking cessation, while bupropion and the type of cigarette smoked were associated with quitting on short term only. 相似文献4.
Faseru B Choi WS Krebill R Mayo MS Nollen NL Okuyemi KS Ahluwalia JS Cox LS 《Addictive behaviors》2011,36(12):1321-1324
Background
Smoking menthol cigarettes is more prevalent among African Americans (AA) compared to Whites. Menthol has been found to be inversely related to smoking cessation among AA, yet little is known about the factors associated with menthol smoking among AA light smokers. This study examines baseline demographic, psychological, and smoking factors associated with smoking menthol cigarettes among AA light smokers (≤10 cigarettes per day).Methods
Participants (n = 540) were enrolled in a double blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial of bupropion in combination with health education counseling for smoking cessation. Bivariate differences between menthol and non-menthol smokers were explored and baseline factors associated with smoking menthol cigarettes were identified.Results
Participants averaged 46.5 years in age, predominantly female (66.1%), and smoked an average of 8.0 cpd (SD = 2.5). The majority (83.7%) smoked menthol cigarettes. In bivariate analysis, menthol cigarette smokers were younger (mean age: 45 vs. 52 years p < 0.0001), were more likely to be female (68% vs. 52% p = 0.003) and had smoked for shorter duration (28 vs. 34 years p < 0.0001) compared to non-menthol smokers. While depression and withdrawal scores were slightly higher and exhaled carbon monoxide values were lower among menthol smokers, the differences were not statistically significant.Conclusions
Among AA light smokers, younger individuals and females were more likely to smoke menthol cigarettes and may be more susceptible to the health effects of smoking. Appropriately targeted health education campaigns are needed to prevent smoking uptake in this high-risk population. 相似文献5.
Background
A number of demographic factors, psychiatric disorders, and childhood risk factors have been associated with cocaine dependence (CD) and opioid dependence (OD), but little is known about their relevance to the rate at which dependence develops. Identification of the subpopulations at elevated risk for rapid development of dependence and the risk factors that accelerate the course of dependence is an important public health goal.Methods
Data were derived from cocaine dependent (n = 6333) and opioid dependent (n = 3513) participants in a multi-site study of substance dependence. Mean age was approximately 40 and 40% of participants were women; 51.9% of cocaine dependent participants and 29.5% of opioid dependent participants self-identified as Black/African–American. The time from first use to dependence was calculated for each substance and a range of demographic, psychiatric, and childhood risk factors were entered into ordinal logistic regression models to predict the (categorical) transition time to CD and OD.Results
In both the cocaine and opioid models, conduct disorder and childhood physical abuse predicted rapid development of dependence and alcohol and nicotine dependence diagnoses were associated with slower progression to CD or OD. Blacks/African Americans were at greater risk than European Americans to progress rapidly to OD.Conclusions
Only a subset of factors known to be associated with CD and OD predicted the rate at which dependence developed. Nearly all were common to cocaine and opioids, suggesting that sources of influence on the timing of transitions to dependence are shared across the two substances. 相似文献6.
Background
While a substantial body of research has examined the effects of smoking bans on smoking behavior, little is known about the relationship between smoking bans and nicotine dependence. The objective of this study was to examine whether home and workplace smoking bans are associated with reduced nicotine dependence among continuing smokers.Methods
We used longitudinal data of 1073 adult daily smokers from the Canadian National Population Health Survey (2004–2010). Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the association between smoking bans and nicotine dependence.Results
Smokers living in homes where smoking is restricted were less likely to be nicotine dependent (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.32–0.50) than smokers living in homes with no such smoking restriction. Workplace smoking policies had no significant association with nicotine dependence (complete ban: OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.56–1.11; partial ban: OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.57–1.16). There was some evidence that workplace smoking bans were significantly associated with nicotine dependence when single items of the Fagerstrom test were considered.Conclusions
This paper demonstrates that the presence of a home smoking ban was associated with lower nicotine dependence among continuing smokers. The relationship of workplace bans with nicotine dependence was less clear and was contingent on the measure of nicotine dependence employed. These findings further confirm the importance of bans on smoking in the home, workplace, and other public places on reducing tobacco-related harms. 相似文献7.
Kamala Swayampakala James Thrasher Matthew J. Carpenter Luz Myriam Reynales Shigematsu Ana-Paula Cupertio Carla J. Berg 《Addictive behaviors》2013
Background
Mexican smokers are more likely to be non-daily smokers and to consume fewer cigarettes per day than smokers in other countries. Little is known about their quit behaviors.Aim
The aim of this study is to determine factors associated with having made a quit attempt and being successfully quit at 14-month follow-up in a population-based cohort of adult Mexicans who smoke at different levels of intensity.Design
A longitudinal analysis of wave-III and wave-IV (2010) Mexican administration of International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project was conducted.Setting
This study was conducted in six large urban centers in MexicoParticipants
The participants of this study comprised 1206 adults who were current smokers at wave-III and who were followed to wave-IV.Measurements
We compared three groups of smokers: non-daily smokers—who did not smoke every day in the past 30 days (n = 398), daily light smokers who smoked every day at a rate of ≤ 5 cigarettes per day (n = 368) and daily heavy smokers who smoked every day at a rate of > 5 cigarettes per day (n = 434). Data on smoking behavior, psychosocial characteristics and socio-demographics were collected at baseline and after 14 months.Findings
In multivariate logistic regression predicting having made a quit attempt at follow-up, significant factors included being a non-daily smoker versus a heavy daily smoker (ORadj = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.19–2.83), less perceived addiction (ORadj = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.20–2.87), greater worry that cigarettes will damage health (ORadj = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.16–3.61) and having made a quit attempt in the past year at baseline (ORadj = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.23–2.36). In multivariate logistic regression predicting being successfully quit at one-year follow-up, significant factors included being a non-daily smoker versus a heavy daily smoker (ORadj = 2.54, 95% CI: 1.37–4.70) and less perceived addiction (not addicted: ORadj = 3.26, 95% CI: 1.73–6.14; not much: ORadj = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.05–3.62 versus very much).Conclusions
Mexican adult smokers who are non-daily smokers were more likely than daily heavy smokers to have attempted to quit during follow-up and to succeed in their quit attempt. Future research should determine whether tobacco control policies and programs potentiate this tendency and which interventions are needed to help heavier smokers to quit. 相似文献8.
Kimberly C. Kirby Carolyn M. Carpenedo Karen L. Dugosh Beth J. Rosenwasser Lois A. Benishek Alicia Janik Rachel Keashen Elena Bresani Kenneth Silverman 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2013
Background
This is the first study to systematically manipulate duration of voucher-based reinforcement therapy (VBRT) to see if extending the duration increases abstinence during and following VBRT.Methods
We randomized cocaine-dependent methadone-maintained adults to Standard (12 weeks; n = 62) or Extended (36 weeks; n = 68) VBRT and provided escalating voucher amounts contingent upon urinalysis verification of cocaine abstinence. Urinalysis was scheduled at least every 2 weeks during the 48-week study and more frequently during VBRT (3/week) and 12 weeks of Aftercare (2/week).Results
Extended VBRT produced longer durations of continuous cocaine abstinence during weeks 1–24 (5.7 vs 2.7 weeks; p = 0.003) and proportionally more abstinence during weeks 24–36 (X2 = 4.57, p = .03, OR = 2.18) compared to Standard VBRT. Duration of VBRT did not directly predict after-VBRT abstinence; but longer continuous abstinence during VBRT predicted abstinence during Aftercare (p = 0.001) and during the last 12 weeks of the study (p < 0.001). Extended VBRT averaged higher monthly voucher costs compared to Standard VBRT ($96 vs $43, p < .001); however, the average cost per week of abstinence attained was higher in the Standard group ($8.06 vs $5.88, p < .001). Participants in the Extended group with voucher costs exceeding $25 monthly averaged 20 weeks of continuous abstinence.Conclusions
Greater abstinence occurred during Extended VBRT, but providing a longer duration was not by itself sufficient to maintain abstinence after VBRT. However, if abstinence can be captured and sustained during VBRT, then providing longer durations may help increase the continuous abstinence that predicts better long-term outcomes. 相似文献9.
Hendrée E. Jones Sarah H. Heil Michelle Tuten Margaret S. Chisolm Julianne M. Foster Kevin E. O’Grady Karol Kaltenbach 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2013
Background
The relationship between cigarette smoking and neonatal and maternal clinical outcomes among opioid-agonist-treated pregnant patients is sparse.Objectives
(1) Is smoking measured at study entry related to neonatal and maternal outcomes in pregnant women receiving opioid-agonist medication? (2) Is it more informative to use a multi-item measure of smoking dependence or a single-item measure of daily smoking? (3) Is the relationship between smoking at study entry and outcomes different between methadone and buprenorphine?Methods
Secondary analyses examined the ability of the tobacco dependence screener (TDS) and self-reported past 30-day daily average number of cigarettes smoked, both measured at study entry, to predict 12 neonatal and 9 maternal outcomes in 131 opioid-agonist-maintained pregnant participants.Results
Past 30-day daily average number of cigarettes smoked was significantly positively associated with total amount of morphine (mg) needed to treat neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 1.06 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.09), number of days medicated for NAS, AOR = 1.04 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.06), neonatal length of hospital stay in days, AOR = 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.05), and negatively associated with 1-AOR = .995 (95% CI: .991,.999) and 5-min Apgar scores, AOR = .996 (95% CI: .994,.998). Simple effect tests of the two significant TDS × medication condition effects found TDS was unrelated to non-normal presentation and amount of voucher money earned in the methadone [AORs = .90 (95% CI: .74, 1.08, p > .24) and 1.0 (95% CI: .97, 1.03, p > .9)] but significant in the buprenorphine condition [AORs = 1.57 (95% CI: 1.01, 2.45, p < .05) and 1.08 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.12, p < .01)].Conclusions
Regardless of prenatal methadone or buprenorphine exposure, heavier cigarette smoking was associated with more compromised birth outcomes. 相似文献10.
Background and aim
Excessive alcohol use increases mortality and morbidity among opioid substitution therapy (OST) clients. Regular attendance for OST dosing presents key opportunities for screening and treatment. However, individuals' perception of their alcohol consumption as problematic or otherwise may impact their willingness to change. This study examines patterns of alcohol consumption among OST clients, perceptions of their own use and correlates of excess consumption.Methods
Confidential, structured interviews were conducted with 264 clients of two Sydney OST clinics. Alcohol consumption was assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT); and illicit drug dependence with the Severity of Dependence Scale.Results
Forty-one percent of the participants scored ≥ 8 on the AUDIT (‘AUDIT-positive’), indicating excessive alcohol use. The higher a participant's AUDIT score, the more likely they were to demonstrate insight into the potential problems associated with their drinking (linear trend, p < 0.01). However, only half of AUDIT-positive participants believed they drank too much and/or had a problem with alcohol. One-third had discussed their drinking with OST staff, and a similar proportion reported a history of alcohol treatment. AUDIT-positive participants were more likely than others to be classified as dependent on an illicit drug in the last six months (AOR = 1.76, 95% CI:1.00–3.09), report a history of alcohol treatment (AOR = 5.70, 95% CI:2.83–11.48) and believe it is safe to drink 4 + standard drinks in one session (AOR = 5.30, 95% CI:2.79–10.06).Conclusions
OST clients with AUDIT scores ≥ 8 appear to underestimate the risks associated with their alcohol consumption. Regular assessments of alcohol use and targeted brief alcohol interventions may improve health outcomes among OST clients. 相似文献11.
Bram Sizoo Wim van den Brink Maarten Koeter Marielle Gorissen van Eenige Patricia van Wijngaarden-Cremers Rutger Jan van der Gaag 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2010
Background
Little is known about Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in adults, especially not about ASD with co-morbid Substance Use Disorder (SUD). We wanted to examine how adults with ASD compare to adults with ADHD on prevalence and risk factors for co-morbid SUD, and on disability levels associated with SUD.Methods
We stratified 123 treatment seeking adults with ASD (n = 70) or ADHD (n = 53), into current, former and no history of SUD (SUD+, SUD∧, and SUD−), and conducted interviews to explore associated risk factors and current levels of disability.Results
Prevalence of co-morbid SUD was higher in ADHD than in ASD in our sample (58% versus 30%, p = 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between ASD and ADHD in risk factors or disability scores. Patients with lifetime SUD started regular smoking earlier in life (OR = 5.69, C95% 2.3–13.8), reported more adverse family events (OR = 2.68; CI95% 1.2–6.1), and had more parental SUD (OR = 5.36; CI95% 1.0–14.5). Disability scores were significantly lower in SUD− and SUD∧ groups compared to the SUD+ group.Discussion
These findings suggest that ASD and ADHD share similar risk factors for SUD. High disability in ASD and ADHD with SUD may normalize after prolonged abstinence. Early onset of SUD was not associated with more severe disability scores than later onset. Results suggest that a subgroup of patients with former SUD may have a higher level of functioning before the onset of SUD in comparison to those without lifetime SUD. 相似文献12.
Background
In methadone maintenance treatment programs (MMTPs), 80–90% of participants smoke cigarettes. Patients in MMTPs are at particular risk for life stress, and nicotine, as well as other substances like alcohol, benzodiazepines, cocaine, marijuana, and opiates have been shown to reduce the effects of stress. Use of these addictive substances to cope with stress may precipitate illicit opiate relapse in MMTP patients. In the current study, we examined the relationship between perceived stress and substance abuse.Methods
Participants were 315 cigarette smokers recruited from nine MMTPs for a smoking cessation study. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the adjusted association of perceived stress with dichotomous indicators of hazardous alcohol use and recent substance use at baseline.Results
After controlling for demographic and smoking-related variables, perceived stress was associated positively and significantly with the likelihood of screening positive for hazardous drinking or alcohol-related problems (OR = 1.13, 95%CI 1.02; 1.25), with the likelihood of recent cocaine use (OR = 1.18, 95%CI 1.02; 1.37), and with the likelihood of recent benzodiazepine use (OR = 1.24, 95%CI 1.07).Conclusions
Perceived stress may be a marker of patients’ risk for illicit substance use, a known risk factor for illicit opiate relapse. These findings indicate that cigarette use might not be sufficient in managing stress and methadone-maintained persons turn to other substances for relief. 相似文献13.
Jingzhu Wang Hans J. RoethigScott Appleton Michael WerleyRaheema Muhammad-Kah Paul Mendes 《Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP》2010
There is limited information comparing biomarkers of exposure (BOE) to cigarette smoke in menthol (MS) and non-menthol cigarette smokers (NMS). Objective: To compare BOE to nicotine and carbon monoxide in MS and NMS. Methods: Cross-sectional, observational, ambulatory, multi-centre study in 3341 adult cigarette smokers. Nicotine equivalents (NE) in 24 h urine, NE/cigarette, COHb and serum cotinine were measured. Statistical analyses included analysis of variance and Wilcoxon test. Results: Analyses of variance revealed no statistically significant effects of mentholated cigarettes on NE/24 h, COHb, serum cotinine and NE/cigarette. On average MS smoked 15.0 and NMS 16.8 cigarettes/day. The unadjusted mean differences were as follows: MS had lower NE/24 h (5.4%) and COHb (3.2%), higher serum cotinine (3.0%) and NE/cigarette (5.7%) than NMS. African-Americans MS smoked 40% fewer cigarettes, showed lower NE/24 h (24%) and COHb (10%) and higher NE/cig (29%) and serum cotinine (8%) levels than their White counterparts. Conclusions: Smoking mentholated cigarettes does not increase daily exposure to smoke constituents as measured by NE and COHb. These findings are consistent with the majority of epidemiological studies indicating no difference in smoking related risks between MS and NMS. 相似文献
14.
Brandon D.L. Marshall Thomas Kerr Jiezhi Qi Julio S.G. Montaner Evan Wood 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2010
Background
Although street-involved youth who inject illicit drugs are known to be at an increased risk of HIV and other adverse health outcomes, little is known about public injecting among this population and how injecting in public environments may impact HIV risk behaviour.Methods
We used data derived from a study of 560 street-involved youth in Vancouver, Canada to examine the factors associated with injecting in public environments among youth who reported injecting drugs in the past 6 months.Results
At baseline, 162 (28.9%) reported injecting drugs in the past 6 months. Among injectors, the 124 (76.5%) participants who reported injecting in public were more likely to be homeless (odds ratio [OR] = 6.39, p < 0.001), engage in unprotected intercourse (OR = 3.09, p = 0.004), deal drugs (OR = 2.26, p = 0.032), smoke crack cocaine (OR = 3.00, p = 0.005), inject heroin (OR = 3.48, p = 0.001), drop used syringes outdoors (OR = 8.44, p < 0.001), share syringes (OR = 4.43, p = 0.004), and were less likely to clean injection sites >75% of the time (OR = 0.36, p = 0.008). The majority (62.1%) reported feeling rushed while injecting in public.Conclusions
Youth who inject in public are significantly more likely to engage in sexual and injection-related risk behaviour. Given the known elevated rates of HIV infection and other harms among this population, youth-focused interventions that target both sexual and drug-related risks associated with public drug-using environments are in urgent need of evaluation. 相似文献15.
16.
Background
Opioid substitution treatment (OST) is recognised as an effective treatment for opioid dependence. Still, a subgroup of OST users continues to inject drugs. This study examines health risks and criminal activity in a population of needle exchange programme (NEP) participants by comparing those identified as current OST users to (i) those identified as former OST users and (ii) those with no OST experience.Methods
This was a semi-annual cross-sectional study conducted from 2002 to 2011. NEP participants were interviewed in Oslo, Norway (n = 1760); 341 were identified as current OST users, 356 as former OST users and 1063 had no OST experience. The associations between OST status and health risk and criminal activity were assessed through univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses.Results
Among NEP participants, those currently in OST had fewer non-fatal overdoses (OR = 0.5 [95% CI 0.3, 0.9]) compared to former OST users and those never in OST. Additionally, they were less likely to have injected frequently (OR = 0.4 [95% CI 0.3, 06]), to have used heroin daily or almost daily (OR = 0.3 [95% CI 0.2, 0.4]), and to have committed theft (OR = 0.6 [95% CI 0.4, 1.0]) and engaged in drug dealing (OR = 0.7 [95% CI 0.5, 0.9]) in the past month. Overall, there was a high level of polysubstance use and no group differences on this measure.Conclusions
NEP participants who are currently in OST have substantially reduced health risks and criminal activity than other NEP participants. The high level of polysubstance use nevertheless poses a public health challenge. 相似文献17.
Background
E-cigarettes may be effective smoking cessation aids and their use by smokers has been growing rapidly. It is important to observe and assess natural patterns in the use of e-cigarettes whilst experimental data accumulates. This paper reports the prevalence of e-cigarette awareness, beliefs and usage, including brand choice, and characterises the socio-demographic and smoking profile associated with current use, among the general population of smokers and recent ex-smokers.Methods
Data were obtained from 3538 current and 579 recent ex-smokers in a cross-sectional online survey of a national sample of smokers in Great Britain in November and December 2012. Differences between current and recent ex-smokers in the prevalence of e-cigarette awareness, beliefs and usage were examined and the socio-demographic and smoking profile associated with current use of e-cigarettes was assessed in a series of simple and multiple logistic regressions.Results
Ninety-three percent of current and recent ex-smokers (n = 3841) were aware of e-cigarettes. Approximately a fifth (n = 884) were currently using e-cigarettes, whilst just over a third (n = 1507) had ever used them. Sixty-seven percent of the sample (n = 2758) believed e-cigarettes to be less harmful than cigarettes; however, almost a quarter (n = 994) remained unsure. Among both current and recent ex-smokers, the most popular reasons for using were health, cutting down and quitting (each > 80%) and 38% used the brand ‘E-lites’. Among current smokers who were aware of but had never used e-cigarettes, approximately half (n = 1040) were interested in using them in the future. Among current smokers, their use was associated with higher socio-economic status (OR = 1.48, 95%CI = 1.25–1.75), smoking more cigarettes (OR = 1.02, 95%CI = 1.01–1.03) and having a past-year quit attempt (OR = 2.82, 95%CI = 2.38–3.34).Conclusions
There is a near universal awareness of e-cigarettes and their use appears to be common among smokers in Great Britain although a quarter of all smokers are unsure as to whether e-cigarettes are less harmful than cigarettes. E-lites – a brand that delivers a low dose of nicotine – is the most popular. E-cigarette users appear to have higher socio-economic status, to smoke more cigarettes per day and to have attempted to quit in the past year. 相似文献18.
Objective
Determine human smoked (HS) cigarette yields of tar and nicotine for smokers using their own brand in their everyday environment.Method
A robust, filter analysis method was used to estimate the tar and nicotine yields for 784 subjects. Seventeen brands were chosen to represent a wide range of styles: 85 and 100 mm lengths; menthol and non-menthol; 17, 23, and 25 mm circumference; with tar yields [Federal Trade Commission (FTC) method] ranging from 1 to 18 mg. Tar bands chosen corresponded to yields of 1–3 mg, 4–6 mg, 7–12 mg, and 13+ mg.Results
A significant difference (p < 0.0001) in HS yields of tar and nicotine between tar bands was found. Machine-smoked yields were reasonable predictors of the HS yields for groups of subjects, but the relationship was neither exact nor linear. Neither the FTC, the Massachusetts (MA) nor the Canadian Intensive (CI) machine-smoking methods accurately reflect the HS yields across all brands. The FTC method was closest for the 7–12 mg and 13+ mg products and the MA method was closest for the 1–3 mg products. The HS yields for the 4–6 mg products were approximately midway between the FTC and the MA yields. HS nicotine yields corresponded well with published urinary and plasma nicotine biomarker studies. 相似文献19.
Background
Illicit substances increase risk of morbidity and mortality and have significant consequences for society. Personality traits are associated with drug use; we test whether these associations vary by socioeconomic status.Method
Participants (N = 412) from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory and self-reported use of opiates and cocaine. 50% of participants were living below 125% of the federal poverty line. Mean-level personality differences across never, former, and current opiate/cocaine users were compared. Logistic regressions compared never versus current users and interactions between personality traits and poverty status tested whether these associations varied by socioeconomic status.Results
High Neuroticism and low Agreeableness increased risk of drug use. The association between low Conscientiousness and drug use was moderated by poverty, such that low Conscientiousness was a stronger risk factor for illicit substance use among those with relatively higher SES. For every standard deviation decrease in Conscientiousness, there was a greater than 2-fold increase in risk of illicit substance use (OR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.45–3.17). Conscientiousness was unrelated to drug use among participants living below 125% of the federal poverty line.Conclusions
Under favorable economic conditions, the tendency to be organized, disciplined, and deliberate is protective against drug use. These tendencies, however, matter less when financial resources are scarce. In contrast, those prone to emotional distress and antagonism are at greater risk for current drug use, regardless of their economic situation. 相似文献20.
Kelly C. Young-Wolff Sebastien C. Fromont Kevin Delucchi Stephen E. Hall Sharon M. Hall Judith J. Prochaska 《Addictive behaviors》2014