肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤的诊断与治疗

目的：提高肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤的诊断和治疗水平。方法：回顾性分析15例肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤患者的临床资料并复习有关文献。年龄33～65岁，平均49岁。男9例，女6例。右侧10例，左侧5例。腰痛6例，高血压2例。术前诊断肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤14例。病程2个月～3年。结果：15例患者均行手术治疗，经十一肋间切口行开放手术11例，后腹腔镜下切除肿瘤4例。病理均证实为肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤。术后随访6个月～7．5年，均未发现肿瘤复发。2例高血压者术后血压恢复正常。结论：肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤患者临床表现无特征性，B超、CT及MRI等影像学检查是该病术前诊断的主要依据，开放手术或后腹腔镜下单纯切除肿瘤是主要治疗方法，一般预后良好。     

肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤的CT及MRI诊断

目的：探讨肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤的CT及MRI诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析17例经手术病理证实的肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤的CT及MRI表现。结果：CT扫描显示肾上腺区低密度肿块9例，混杂密度肿块7例，实性肿块1例，8例钙化，1例出血，11例增强扫描无明显强化；4例MRI检查示右侧肾上腺区肿块T1WI、T2WI均呈高信号，结论：CT及MRI在诊断肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤中具有重要价值。     

肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤的彩超所见

目的：探讨彩超对肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析13例肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤的临床及超声资料，主要分析肿瘤的位置、大小、形态、回声及彩色血流信号，肿瘤与周围血管、脏器的毗邻关系等。结果：本组13例肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤病例中，右侧10例，左侧2例，双侧1例，共14个病灶。肿瘤最大直径为7．2cm，最小2．7cm，平均5．4cm。肿瘤呈圆形6例，卵圆形者3例，三角形者5例。8例肿瘤有完整包膜，4例有部分包膜．2例无明显包膜。内部回声为强回声均质型9例，强回声不均质型5例。所有病灶彩色多普勒检查均未显示明确血流信号。结论：肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤在声像图上有特征性表现，彩超是首选的诊断肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤可靠方法，但对出血、坏死或髓质成分较多者需结合其他影像诊断。     

肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤的超声诊断价值

目的探讨肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤的超声特点及其诊断价值。方法总结17例经手术与病理证实的肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤患者的超声表现及临床资料，分析其声像图特点及超声诊断的准确性。结果17例（18个病灶）肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤中，超声表现为均质型强回声11个，强回声区内分布低回声5个，囊实混合性回声1个，1个漏诊，彩色多普勒超声检查上述病灶内均未见明确血流信号。超声和增强CT诊断为肾上腺良性占位的敏感性均为94.1％（16/17），诊断为肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤的敏感性分别为23．5％（4/17）、82．4％（14/17），增强CT诊断肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤敏感性明显高于超声（P=0.0039）。结论超声可作为筛选肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤的首选检查和随访观察方法，而增强CT对肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤的定性诊断十分有价值。     

肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤的诊治（附13例报告）

目的分析和总结肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤的临床特征及其诊断和治疗原则。方法回顾性分析我院1997年至2009年收治的肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤13例,对其临床特征、影像学表现、诊断和治疗以及随访结果进行总结。结果 10例患者接受手术治疗,术后病理均证实为肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤,与影像学诊断结果高度一致。肿瘤大小与临床表现无明显相关性。术后无复发,预后良好。3例未手术者随访无临床症状,肿瘤亦无明显变化。结论影像学检查可以明确诊断,腹腔镜手术是治疗该病的金标准。该病预后良好,无复发。无症状患者可长期随访观察。     

肾上腺占位性病变的CT诊断

目的：总结肾上腺占位性病变的CT表现。方法：回顾经手术病理证实的10例病变的CT诊断要点，并复习文献。结果：10例中，3例嗜铬细胞瘤，2例肾上腺皮质增生，2例肾上腺转移癌，2例肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤，1例肾上腺囊肿。结论：肾上腺各占位性病变均有特征性CT表现。CT有较高的诊断价值。     

7例腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤

目的探讨腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤的临床意义。方法应用腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤7例,7例肿瘤均在右侧。所有患者均行B超和CT检查明确诊断,2例同时行MRI检查明确诊断。结果7例手术均获成功。手术时闻50～140min,平均86min。术中出血20～100ml,平均43ml。1～2d拔除腹腔引流管。术后住院时间2～5d,平均3.4d。肿瘤直径1.7～6．5cm,平均5．34cm。术后病理诊断均为肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤。3例伴相关症状者．术后腰部酸胀症状消失。7例术后随访1周～5年,未见复发。结论腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤创伤小、痛苦少、恢复快,可替代开放手术。     

肾上腺偶发瘤19例临床分析

目的:提高肾上腺偶发瘤早期诊断水平,指导临床治疗。方法:19例肾上腺偶发瘤患者均行手术治疗。结果:19例患者中,术后病理诊断为:髓质脂肪瘤3例,腺瘤3例,皮质癌2例,囊肿5例,假性囊肿2例,节神经细胞瘤1例,肉瘤1例,转移癌1例,神经鞘瘤1例。19例患者术后均获随访,随访5个月~10年,4例恶性肿瘤者死亡,15例良性病变者未见肿瘤复发。结论:肾上腺偶发瘤术前定性诊断困难,应积极手术治疗。     

肾上腺增生的CT诊断

目的：评价CT扫描在肾上腺增生疾病诊断中的作用。方法：回顾性分析了30例经手术病理证实的肾上腺增生疾病的CT影像资料，重点分析其大小及强化情况。结果：肾上腺增生30例，CT表现主要为体积增大，其中髓质增生18例，肾上腺皮质增生12例，两者在大小的CT表现无差别；肾上腺髓质增生18例，增强扫描后1例为轻度强化，6例为中度强化，11例为明显强化；肾上腺皮质增生中增生5例，增强扫描后均为中度强化，7例为明显强化，其中4例为先天性肾上腺皮质增生。结论：CT扫描在肾上腺增生疾病的诊断具有很高的价值。但对于肾上腺髓质增生与皮质增生的鉴别，CT没有明显的特异性。     

肾上腺骨髓脂肪瘤的CT诊断

目的：探讨肾上腺骨髓脂肪瘤的CT表现特征。材料和方法：经临床、CT诊断肾上腺骨髓脂肪瘤6例,其中2例手术和病理确诊。结果：CT平扫显示右肾上腺区低密度肿块6例,CT值－17－116HU。呈圆形或类圆形,边界清楚。索条状或片块状稍高密度影4例,条状及斑点状钙化影2例。肿块大小4－13cm,平均6．4cm,增强CT轻度强化2例。结论：肾上腺骨髓脂肪瘤CT表现具有特征性,术前CT即可作出定性诊断。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.