跖肌腱扇形膜片和腓肠肌腱瓣V—Y成形术治疗陈旧性跟腱断裂

目的 研究跖肌腱扇形膜片和腓肠肌腱瓣V—Y成形术治疗陈旧性跟腱断裂的术式及结果。方法 对14例平均89d陈旧性跟腱断裂患者采用跖肌腱扇形膜片和腓肠肌腱瓣V—Y成形术治疗，跟腱缺损范围为3．6～7．3cm．平均为5．2cm，跟腱缺损范围较大时(大于6．5cm)，可加用跖肌腱加固术。结果 平均随访2年4个月，按Arner-Lindholm疗效评定标准评估，优11例(78．6％)，良2例(14．3％)，优良率为93％。结 论跖肌腱扇形膜片和腓肠肌腱瓣V—Y成形术治疗陈旧性跟腱断裂，临床疗效满意，值得推广。     

V-Y肌腱瓣修补术治疗陈旧性跟腱断裂

目的 研究V—Y肌腱瓣修补术治疗陈旧性跟腱断裂的手术方法及结果。方法 对9例平均112d的陈旧性跟腱断裂患，采用小腿三头肌V—Y肌腱瓣修补术治疗修补缺损为3．2～6cm，平均4．6cm。结果 平均随访2年8个月，按Arner-Lindholm疗效评定标准评估，优7例(77．8％)，良2例(22．2％)，优良率为100％。结论 对于陈旧性跟腱断裂，小腿三头肌V—Y肌腱瓣修补术足一种方法简单、疗效满意的手术方法。     

腓骨长肌腱和跖肌腱膜片修复陈旧性跟腱断裂

[目的]总结腓骨长肌腱和跖肌腱膜片治疗陈旧性跟腱断裂的方法和经验。[方法]将腓骨长肌止点处切断，经皮下遂道移位修复陈旧性跟腱断裂，跖肌腱膜片包绕缝合跟腱后侧形成光滑面。[结果]13例患者术后随访6个月-3年，获得了良好的疗效。[结论]腓骨长肌移位和跖肌腱膜片覆盖是治疗陈旧性跟腱断裂的一种有效方法。     

带神经血管蒂腓骨长肌腱复合瓣修复跟腱并皮肤缺损

目的报道腓肠神经营养血管腓骨长肌腱复合瓣修复陈旧性跟腱断裂并皮肤缺损的治疗方法与效果。方法通过解剖学研究，切取以腓肠神经营养血管为蒂，串接腓骨长肌腱及足外侧皮瓣形成复合瓣，转移修复陈旧性跟腱断裂并皮肤缺损6例。皮肤缺损大小为6．5cm×4．0cm～2．0cm×1．5cm；跟腱缺损长度为2．0～7．5cm。结果术后随访4～16个月，皮瓣均成活及跟腱均愈合良好，皮瓣外观良好，未再破溃。术后1例皮肤边缘少部分坏死，1例少量伤口裂开，均经换药之后伤口愈合。根据Amer-Lindholm评定法，术后跟腱的功能，评定结果，本组优3例，良2例，可1例。结论应用腓肠神经营养血管腓骨长肌腱复合瓣修复陈旧性跟腱断裂合并皮肤缺损，可一次性修复皮肤及跟腱缺损，具有愈合能力及抗感染力强、力学性能与跟腱组织结构相近的优点，邻近转移，能满足跟腱重建的要求。     

改良手术切口腓肠肌腱膜翻转治疗陈旧性跟腱断裂

目的 探讨改良切口腓肠肌腱膜翻转术治疗陈旧性跟腱断裂的临床应用效果.方法 回顾性分析2016年7月至2017年7月我院创伤骨科收治的18例陈旧性跟腱断裂病人的临床资料,其中男10例,女8例,平均年龄为42岁(32～55岁),左侧损伤6例,右侧损伤12例,跟腱缺损范围平均为5.8 cm(4～8 cm),手术方式为改良切口...     

腓肠肌腱膜翻转术在陈旧性跟腱断裂中的应用

目的探讨应用腓肠肌腱膜翻转法治疗陈旧性跟腱断裂的疗效。方法对18例陈旧性跟腱断裂患者应用腓肠肌腱膜翻转术重建跟腱。术中于小腿中部腓肠肌腱膜-肌移行处切取一条长8～10 cm、宽3 cm带蒂腓肠肌筋膜瓣,其基底留在离断端上方约1.5～2 cm处,于蒂上方跟腱中心作一纵切口,把腱膜瓣从此切口中穿过,再反折向下,由跟腱两侧向浅面包绕跟腱远近端及其缺损。自跟骨结节撕脱者将跟骨结节咬成粗糙面,腱膜条拉紧,根据缺损长度修剪腱膜条远端,使之与跟骨结节相接触。然后用Bunnell抽出钢丝法将重建跟腱拉紧,使踝关节跖屈约20°。结果本组有3例切口延迟愈合,无皮肤及肌腱坏死、无深部感染及再断裂病例。所有患者平均随访26（24～40）个月,按Arner-Lindholm标准评定,优13例,良5例,临床疗效良好。结论腓肠肌腱膜翻转术治疗陈旧性跟腱断裂具有手术操作简单、固定牢固、愈合率高、并发症少等优点,是一种较为理想的重建方法。     

跖肌腱扇形膜片治疗跟腱严重马尾样撕裂损伤

目的 研究跖肌腱扇形膜片治疗跟腱严重马尾状损伤的术式及结果。方法 对18例急性闭合性跟腱严重马尾状损伤患者，在改良Kessler法端端吻合的基础上，采用跖肌腱扇形膜片加固术。结果 平均随访14．2个月，按Amer-Lindholm疗效评定标准评估，优15例(83．3％)，良2例(11．1％)，优良率为94．4％。结论 跖肌腱扇形膜片可应用于跟腱严重马尾状损伤的患者，手术操作简单，临床疗效满意，值得推广。     

V-Y肌腱瓣修复治疗Kuwade Ⅲ型陈旧性跟腱断裂的疗效观察

[目的]探讨V-Y肌腱瓣修复治疗KuwadeⅢ型陈旧性跟腱断裂的临床疗效。[方法]自2003年5月～2009年8月采用V-Y肌腱瓣修复治疗29例KuwadeⅢ型陈旧性跟腱断裂患者,男21例,女8例,年龄9～58岁,平均39.6岁。所有患者均采用跟腱止点外侧至小腿中部的略S形切口和V-Y肌腱瓣修复术治疗。[结果]术后获14～46个月(平均28个月)随访。无皮缘坏死、伤口感染和神经损伤并发症。按照Arner-Lindholm疗效评定标准,优25例,良4例,优良率为100%。患侧跟腱外形均与健侧一致。[结论]V-Y肌腱瓣修复术是一种有效的手术方法,适用于跟腱缺损3～6 cm时(即KuwadeⅢ型)陈旧性跟腱断裂的重建治疗,具有不增加局部体积、切口易愈合,跟腱外观恢复理想等优点。     

带肌蒂比目鱼肌肌腱瓣延长修复跟腱缺损的疗效分析

目的 通过对应用带肌蒂比目鱼肌肌腱瓣延长修复跟腱缺损的病例随访,以评价疗效.方法 于跟腱近端将位于深层的比目鱼肌腱与位于浅层的腓肠肌腱分开,并向近端分离,根据缺损范围预留肌腱长度,横向切断比目鱼肌腱纤维,形成带有肌蒂的肌腱瓣,向下牵拉延长,与跟腱远端缝接,肌腱瓣近端与腓肠肌腱缝接,缝合跟腱两侧,完成跟腱重建.治疗26例,获得随访18例.结果 18例获随访14～72个月,应用Termann跟腱损伤的临床评价标准进行评定:优13例,良4例,可1例,优良率达94.4%.其中开放性损伤1例术后皮肤发生部分坏死,经行皮瓣转移术后延期愈合;余17例伤口均Ⅰ期愈合.无感染发生及跟腱再次断裂.结论 带肌蒂比目鱼肌肌腱瓣延长重建跟腱术,具有损伤小、操作简便、功能康复好的优点,适用于缺损范围在7.5 cm以内的各种类型的闭合性跟腱缺损的修复重建.     

带肌蒂比目鱼肌肌腱瓣延长修复跟腱缺损的疗效分析

目的 通过对应用带肌蒂比目鱼肌肌腱瓣延长修复跟腱缺损的病例随访,以评价疗效.方法 于跟腱近端将位于深层的比目鱼肌腱与位于浅层的腓肠肌腱分开,并向近端分离,根据缺损范围预留肌腱长度,横向切断比目鱼肌腱纤维,形成带有肌蒂的肌腱瓣,向下牵拉延长,与跟腱远端缝接,肌腱瓣近端与腓肠肌腱缝接,缝合跟腱两侧,完成跟腱重建.治疗26例,获得随访18例.结果 18例获随访14～72个月,应用Termann跟腱损伤的临床评价标准进行评定:优13例,良4例,可1例,优良率达94.4%.其中开放性损伤1例术后皮肤发生部分坏死,经行皮瓣转移术后延期愈合;余17例伤口均Ⅰ期愈合.无感染发生及跟腱再次断裂.结论 带肌蒂比目鱼肌肌腱瓣延长重建跟腱术,具有损伤小、操作简便、功能康复好的优点,适用于缺损范围在7.5 cm以内的各种类型的闭合性跟腱缺损的修复重建.     

Healing,Inflammation, and Fibrosis: Tendon: Principles of Healing and Repair

Tendon stores, releases, and dissipates energy to efficiently transmit contractile forces from muscle to bone. Tendon injury is exceedingly common, with the spectrum ranging from chronic tendinopathy to acute tendon rupture. Tendon generally develops according to three main steps: collagen fibrillogenesis, linear growth, and lateral growth. In the setting of injury, it also repairs and regenerates in three overlapping steps (inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling) with tendon-specific durations. Acute injury to the flexor and extensor tendons of the hand are of particular clinical importance to plastic surgeons, with tendon-specific treatment guided by the general principle of minimum protective immobilization followed by hand therapy to overcome potential adhesions. Thorough knowledge of the underlying biomechanical principles of tendon healing is required to provide optimal care to patients presenting with tendon injury.     

CLOSURE OF LARGE PHARYNGO-OESOPHAGEAL FISTULAS WITH FREE FLAP TRANSFER AFTER RESECTIONS FOR CANCER

Postoperative salivary fistulas still remain a serious and potentially lethal problem in head and neck reconstruction particularly if the fistula is large and involving one half or more of the circumference of the pharyngo-oesophagus. Pedicled flaps have traditionally been the flaps of choice for closure of these fistulas, but the results are often disappointing. During the period 1982 to 1995, we have used either a radial forearm free flap or a jejunal free flap to close large and complex pharyngo-oesophageal fistulas after resection for cancer in 15 patients. Although two patients developed major fistulas that required additional operations for closure, successful closure was achieved in all but one case: the success rate was therefore 14/15 (93%). We consider that jejunal flaps are suitable for circumferential pharyngo-oesophageal reconstruction and forearm flaps for non-circumferential defects.     

Auto‐crosslinked hyaluronic acid gel accelerates healing of rabbit flexor tendons in vivo

This study's purpose was to assess the in vivo effect of auto‐crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) gel, a natural HA derivative with increased viscosity and tissue residence time, on adhesions and healing of injured and surgically repaired rabbit digital flexor tendons. The second and third right deep digital flexor tendons from 48 rabbits (n = 96 tendons) were cut and repaired with a modified Kessler and running peripheral suture. Animals were randomized to two groups, receiving either HA gel or saline injected around both freshly repaired tendons. After 2, 3, 6, and 12 weeks, six rabbits in each group were euthanized. Tendon pull‐out force and breaking strength were measured as a value for adhesion formation and tendon healing, respectively. A histological assessment of adhesions and healing was related to the mechanical results. A significantly faster increase in breaking strength was found in HA gel‐treated compared to saline‐treated tendons; this coincided with a significantly accelerated tissue repair response after injury. No significant difference in adhesion formation was found between the two groups at any time. Our results indicate a significant acceleration of in vivo healing of tendons treated with HA gel. Adhesion formation was unaffected. These results could have important clinical value in promoting rehabilitation after tendon injury. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:408–415, 2009     

Is cultured tendon fibroblast a good model to study tendon healing?

Cultured tendon fibroblasts (CTFs) from intact explants are widely used to study tendon healing in vitro. The significance of these findings may rely on similarities between CTFs and healing tendon fibroblasts in situ. Our purpose was to compare CTFs with fibroblasts cultured from healing tendons. We cultured CTFs from intact and healing tendons at day 7 and day 14 postinjury in a rat model of patellar donor site injury. The mRNA expression of COL1A1, COL3A1, decorin, and biglycan, with or without supplementation of 1 ng/mL TGF‐β1, was compared by quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR. The expression of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) was determined by immunostain. COL3A1 and decorin mRNA in CTFs was lower as compared to day 7 healing fibroblasts, but its biglycan mRNA level was higher than day 14 healing fibroblasts. TGF‐β1 increased COL1A1 and decorin mRNA in CTFs, but decreased the mRNA of all four genes in day 7 healing tendon fibroblasts. CTFs exhibited lower PCNA immunopositivity as compared to day 7 and day 14 healing fibroblasts, but a higher α‐SMA immunopositivity than cultured day 14 healing fibroblasts. These findings showed that CTFs did not resemble healing tendon cells with respect to major cellular activities related to tendon healing. Thus, fibroblasts from healing tendon may be a more appropriate model for studying cellular activities in tendon healing. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:374–383, 2008     

Flexor tendon grafting using a plantaris tendon with a fragment of attached bone for fixation to the distal phalanx: a preliminary cohort study

PURPOSE: Secure methods of graft attachment ensure safe early motion after flexor tendon grafting. This has been achieved at the proximal graft juncture using Pulvertaft's technique. For secure distal attachment, we investigate the results of flexor tendon grafting using the plantaris tendon with a fragment of attached bone fixed with a screw to the distal phalanx. METHODS: Thirteen digits from 10 patients with longstanding flexor tendon injuries in zone II had surgical reconstruction. A plantaris tendon-bone graft was attached to the distal phalanx using a mini-screw. This was followed by immediate active motion. At 3 and 8 months after surgery, total active motion was calculated as the sum of the degrees of active flexion in the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints minus the sum of the degrees of extension deficits for each of these joints. The results of total active motion were compared to the normal contralateral digit. RESULTS: Three months after surgery, the mean rate of recovery, relative to the normal contralateral finger, was 74%, whereas 8 months after surgery, this value was 70%. This difference was statistically significant. There were no failures or poor results (ie, less than 50% recovery). CONCLUSIONS: The tendon-bone plantaris graft employed here ensured immediate active motion and early use of the involved hand in daily activities. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.