骨骼肌生长因子、肌球蛋白及骨骼肌胶原与骨骼肌的损伤与修复

BACKGROUND: Regeneration and repair of injured skeletal muscle are influenced by a variety of factors. Skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain and skeletal muscle collagen content are known to be involved in the repair of injured skeletal muscle. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the changes and roles of skeletal muscle growth factors, myosin, and collagen in the repair of injured skeletal muscle. METHODS: A computer-based online search was conducted in PubMed and Wanfang databases from 2002 to 2015 to screen the relevant literatures. Roles of skeletal muscle growth factors, myosin, and collagen in the repair of injured skeletal muscle was summarized by collecting the data regarding the factors influencing exercise and the repair of injured skeletal muscle, and growth factors involved in the regeneration and repair of injured skeletal muscle. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Insulin-like growth factor, fibroblast growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor regulate inflammation after skeletal muscle injury extensively. Myosin heavy chain is considered as a specific marker for skeletal muscle regeneration. Types I and III collagen and fibronectin functioning as a skeleton for skeletal muscle fiber play critical roles in the regeneration and repair of injured skeletal muscle. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

细胞因子对骨骼肌细胞和胰岛β细胞的作用

BACKGROUND: A variety of cytokines such as cytokines, growth factors and inflammatory proteins play an important role in the development of skeletal muscle. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the biological characteristics of a variety of cytokines and their effects on skeletal muscle cells and pancreatic β cells. METHODS: Relevant articles published from 2002 to 2015 were retrieved in CNKI and PubMed databases using the English keywords “cytokines, adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, skeletal muscle cells, pancreatic β cells”. Initially 253 literatures were obtained, and finally 53 eligible literatures were included based on the exclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: As a fat-specific protein newly found, adiponectin can improve the insulin sensitivity by promoting glucose uptake, storage and utilization in skeletal muscle cells. The activation of muscle satellite cells and skeletal myoblast proliferation are both dependent on leptin, so leptin plays a vital role in the skeletal muscle cell growth and development. Visfatin, a pleiotropic cytokine, widely presents in the skeletal muscle, liver and bone marrow, and participates in the regulation of inflammation and immune function. Furthermore, visfatin contributes to glucose uptake and metabolism in the skeletal muscle, and makes considerable effects on the stress and signal transduction of skeletal muscle cells. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

Application of concentrated growth factor and epidermal growth factor in the field of oral and maxillofacial soft and hard tissue injury repair北大核心

BACKGROUND: Oral and maxillofacial region is a sensitive part of beauty in appearance, and its damage often involves both soft and hard tissues. Concentrated growth factor and recombinant human epidermal growth factor can promote the repair and regeneration of local soft and hard tissue injury, which has become a new research hotspot in recent years. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress and application of concentrated growth factor and recombinant human epidermal growth factor in the repair of soft and hard tissue injury in oral and maxillofacial region, and discuss the limitations of current research and the possibility of their combined application in the future. METHODS: The English search terms were “CGF, concentrated growth factor, rhEGF, recombinant human epidermal growth factor, tissue regeneration” and the Chinese search terms were “concentrated growth factor, epidermal growth factor, tissue engineering, tissue regeneration, oral and maxillofacial region”. Relevant articles about concentrated growth factor and recombinant human epidermal growth factor were searched in CNKI and PubMed databases. The retrieval time was from 2011 to 2021. Finally, 63 articles were selected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) In this paper, the biological characteristics and sources of concentrated growth factor and recombinant human epidermal growth factor were briefly introduced. The research progress and clinical application status of concentrated growth factor and recombinant human epidermal growth factor in promoting the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells related to the regeneration of soft and hard tissues in oral and maxillofacial regions were emphatically summarized. The limitations of current research and possible application directions in the future were discussed. (2) Concentrated growth factor contains a variety of growth factors and CD34+ cells, which can promote the growth, proliferation, migration and differentiation of a variety of tissue cells, especially stem cells, and play an important role in tissue injury repair. (3) Concentrated growth factor is widely used in implant surgery, autologous tooth transplantation, jaw cyst resection, gingival surgery, debridement and suture, which can relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and improve postoperative bone regeneration effect and aesthetic effect. (4) Recombinant human epidermal growth factor has a great development space in soft tissue and nerve regeneration. It has been proven that recombinant human epidermal growth factor can promote a variety of stem cells to differentiate into neuron-like cells, and also induce adipocytes to differentiate into epidermal cells. Most clinical studies suggest that recombinant human epidermal growth factor can promote healing of oral ulcers and reduce scar formation. (5) “Concentrated growth factor + recombinant human epidermal growth factor” combined with adipose-derived stem cells and other stem cells that can be easily obtained have the possibility of directional formation of oral and maxillofacial soft and hard tissue. In the future, it may fill the deep oral and maxillofacial tissue defects caused by trauma, tumor resection, and promote the repair and regeneration of damaged nerves. (6) Trying to use “concentrated growth factor + recombinant human epidermal growth factor” for refractory oral ulcers, periodontal surgery, dental implants, oral and maxillofacial trauma surgery is also a new way to improve oral and maxillofacial function and appearance. Collagen sponge and chitosan membrane may be used as carriers of “concentrated growth factor + recombinant human epidermal growth factor” to facilitate shaping and prolong the action time of the composite. © 2023, Publishing House of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research. All rights reserved.     

少肌症对骨骼肌的影响、分子机制及其防治

BACKGROUND: There is an urgent need to explore the loss of skeletal muscle mass during aging (sarcopenia), and its molecular mechanisms of action, and prevention and treatment strategies. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the latest progress in molecular mechanisms of sarcopenia, and to provide a fundamental for promoting functional recovery and regeneration of skeletal muscle. METHODS: A computer-based online search was conducted in PubMed and Wanfang databases from 2005 to 2015 to screen the relevant literatures using Chinese and English key words “sarcopenia, skeletal muscle, mechanism, therapy”, respectively. Consequently, 31 eligible literatures were collected, summarized, and analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Sarcopenia is closely correlated with oxidative stress caused by mitochondrial respiratory failure, inhibition of activating factors for regulating satellite cells, reduction in insulin secretion, decreased sensitivity, protein synthesis, and low protein diet. There are common features and molecular mechanisms in sarcopenia and disuse muscle atrophy. Further exploration of exercise and diet strategies for the treatment of sarcopenia is required. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

转化生长因子β信号与肌肉调控

BACKGROUND: Transforming growth factor-β signaling widely existing in cells mediates cell growth, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis. The activation of transforming growth factor-β signaling can result in muscular dystrophy. However, there have been some contradictions regarding the effects of the transforming growth factor-β signaling on muscular dystrophy. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the latest progress in the effects of the transforming growth factor-β signaling on muscle mass and function regulation to provide the solutions for the treatment of muscular dystrophy. METHODS: A computer-based online search was conducted in PubMed and Wanfang databases from 2005 to 2015 to screen the relevant literatures using Chinese and English key words “transforming growth factor-β, muscle, regulation mechanism, treatment”. A total of 102 literatures were retrieved, and 22 eligible literatures were included, summarized, and analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The activation of transforming growth factor-β signaling as a common cause of most muscle disorders promotes the activation of muscle satellite cells, differentiation of myocytes, myoblast infusion, the expression of muscle-specific proteins, and the inhibition of collagen synthesis, which facilitates muscular fibrosis and scar formation. Transforming growth factor-β signaling is involved in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, spinal scoliosis, type I diabetes induced skeletal muscle regenerative disorders, myocardial and cardiac remodeling. The inhibition of transforming growth factor-β signaling may result in incomplete muscle recovery. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

神经细胞分泌因子促进骨骼肌细胞生长

BACKGROUND: There is no effective treatment for muscle atrophy caused by peripheral nerve damage. Skeletal muscle cells, a structural unit of muscle contraction, can be used for studies on muscle atrophy when cultured in vitro. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the promotion effect of neuron-secreted factors on the growth of skeletal muscle cells in vitro. METHODS: Skeletal muscle cells primary cultured in vitro were divided into two groups: experimental group with neuron-secreted factors, and control group with common culture medium, respectively. Afterwards, the number of skeletal muscle cells and expression level of alpha actin were detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The number of skeletal muscle cells and expression level of alpha actin in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, neuron-secreted factors have the ability of promoting the growth of skeletal muscle cells and may be helpful for denervated muscle atrophy. Subject headings: Tissue Engineering; Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle; Actinin; Neurons; Cells, Cultured 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

脊髓损伤胶质瘢痕形成及星形胶质细胞作用的研究与转化意义

BACKGROUND: Glial scar and cavity formation following spinal cord injury inhibits axonal entrance, so limited axonal regeneration, less secretion of neurotrophic factor and inhibitors in the microenvironment of axonal growth are considered as major impediments for impacting functional recovery of patients with spinal cord injury. OBJECTIVE: To analyze literatures home and abroad related to the biological characters of astrocytes and glial scar hyperplasia after spinal cord injury, and to provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism underlying glial scar formation following spinal cord injury. METHODS: PubMed and Wanfang databases were retrieved using the keywords “astrocytes, reactive astrogliosis, glial scar, spinal cord injury” in English and Chinese, respectively. Finally 62 literatures were selected for overview. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Currently, studies concerning the biological characters of astrocytes, reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation following spinal cord injury have achieved some progresses. Studies mainly focus on the sole impediment for spinal cord injury, and treatment also aims at inhibiting single factor, but interactions among factors have not been confimed. In addition, the regulatary mechanisms of specific intracellular and extracellular signal molecule in the astrocytes, and effective control and interference of glial scar formation following spinal cord injury still need in-depth study. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

20 W微波照射骨骼肌卫星细胞的增殖与分化：兔骨折内固定模型研究

BACKGROUND:Low power microwave irradiation has been shown to promote the healing of fractures with internal fixation; however, its action mechanisms on the skeletal muscle around the fracture site are unclear. OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of low power microwave irradiation (20 W) on the proliferation ability of skeletal muscle satellite cells in a rabbit model of femoral fracture with internal fixation. METHODS:Forty male New Zealand rabbits were used to establish femoral fracture followed by internal fixation models, and then were equally randomized into spontaneous recovery and microwave treatment groups. Low power microwave irradiation (20 W) was given for 30 consecutive days in the microwave treatment group on day 4 after modeling, while no microwave irradiation was given in the spontaneous recovery group. Rabbit thigh muscles adjacent to the implant were obtained to isolate skeletal muscle satellite cells. Immunohistochemical staining, hematoxylin-eosin staining and quantitative RT-PCR were used to evaluate the ability of the proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle satellite cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSON: Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that there was no significant difference in the morphology and histology of skeletal muscle tissues between the spontaneous recovery and microwave treatment groups. However, the relative mRNA expression of MyoG in the cultured skeletal muscle satellite cells in vitro and the number of α-sarcometric actin-postive cells in the microwave treatment group were significantly increased compared with the spontaneous recovery group (P < 0.05). The proliferative ability of skeletal muscle satellite cells was inhibited at the early stage, but not at the later stage. Our results suggest that low power microwave irradiation (20 W) can promote the proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle satellite cells around the implant in a rabbit model of femoral fracture with internal fixation, and thereby confirm the efficacy and safety of low power microwave irradiation for the internal fixation of fractures. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

人血管内皮细胞生长因子121基因修饰材料修复桡骨火器性骨缺损

BACKGROUND: Bone defects are the leading cause of nonunion after firearm injury. Firearm injury is relatively special. Autograft and allograft all have big drawbacks, which cannot meet the requirements of basic-level hospitals. Using tissue-engineered bone with good blood vessels and osteogenic capability in repair of firearm bone defect will be an ideal and feasible restoration method.OBJECTIVE:To explore the application of human vascular endothelial growth factor 121 gene-modified materials in the repair of firearm-induced radial injury in rabbits.METHODS:A total of 128 rabbits were randomly divided into surgical injury group and firearm injury group (n=64 per group). In the firearm injury group, 0.25 g steel ball was launched using 56-style musket to establish a firearm radial injury model; in the surgical injury group, surgical methods were used to produce a 1.2 cm radial injury model. Human vascular endothelial growth factor 121 gene-modified materials were used. The related histocytes from rabbits were harvested to obtain bone marrow stromal cells for culture. A porous scaffold material was prepared. The obtained materials were respectively implanted into radial defect sites in the surgical injury and firearm injury groups. The application of human vascular endothelial growth factor 121 gene-modified materials in rabbit radial defect repair was analyzed.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the surgical injury group, at 8, 12 and 16 weeks after repair, the gray level ratio of bone defect site and the anti-compression mechanical ratio at the healthy and repairing sides of the radius in the firearm injury group were decreased (P < 0.05), and the new bone area increased (P < 0.05). At 2 and 4 weeks after repair, the local blood flow at the repair area was significantly increased (P < 0.05). These results suggest that compared with the surgical injury group, the curative effect of human vascular endothelial growth factor 121 gene is more ideal in the firearm injury group because of the emergence of local ischemia and hypoxia in the process of radial defect repair. Human vascular endothelial growth factor 121-modified material can repair bone marrow stromal cells. The application of human vascular endothelial growth factor 121 in firearm burns can enhance the synthesis and secretion of angiogenic factors, improve the local blood flow, reduce anti-compression mechanical ratio, and increase the new bone area. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

骨骼肌减少症与运动训练对肌卫星细胞影响的研究现状及展望

BACKGROUND: The phenomenon of atrophy or reduction of muscle, causing degenerative changes of muscle functions, appears along with age. Sports training, in which muscle satellite cells are of great importance, is beneficial to increase in muscle mass and improvement of muscle function.  OBJECTIVE:To summarize regulatory mechanism of satellite cells in skeletal muscle mass; changes of satellite muscle cells in the degenerative process of muscle mass and strength; declining and reverse effects of sports training intervention; situations and problems of current research and prospective of the future.  METHODS: A computer-based online search was conducted in PubMed database by using the key words of “sarcopenia, skeletal muscle, satellite cells” from 1986 to 2015. The language was limited to English. The eligible papers were further analyzed and reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 168 papers were screened. Finally, 39 papers were selected according to the titles and objectives. Skeletal muscle atrophy is shown as II type muscle fiber atrophy, and the II type muscle fiber satellite cell content decreases simultaneously. Exercise is beneficial to increase muscle mass and improve muscle function in older people. Both resistance and endurance trainings can increase the skeletal muscle, especially the II muscle fiber satellite cell content with a further increase in the satellite cell activation and proliferation. The number and activation degree of satellite cells are related to muscle aging, and satellite cells and proliferation factors regulate muscle cell formation. Therefore, future researches should not only focus on the increase of satellite cell bank, but also explore effective ways to promote the activation of satellite cells, such as exercise training, nutrition and drugs. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

局部注射辛伐他汀对骨质疏松大鼠股骨髁骨小梁的改建效应

背景：局部注射具有成骨作用的辛伐他汀,可显著增加骨质疏松大鼠股骨颈及股骨髁部的骨密度及力学强度,分析局部注射辛伐他汀对股骨髁骨小梁的影响。 目的：进一步研究骨质疏松大鼠股骨内局部注射辛伐他汀对股骨髁骨小梁的影响。为将辛伐他汀应用于临床骨质疏松局部治疗提供实验基础。 方法：18只雌性SD大鼠双侧卵巢切除后3个月,制备大鼠骨质疏松模型。实验大鼠随机数字表法均分为3组,分别在实验大鼠的右侧股骨髓腔内单次注射辛伐他汀溶液5 mg、10 mg,对照组单纯注射空白载体。分别在注射后1个月处死大鼠并取材。Micro-CT扫描并定量分析骨组织形态变化。 结果与结论：给药后1个月,Micro-CT扫描结果显示,辛伐他汀治疗组的骨微结构参数如骨皮质厚度、骨小梁密度及连接率明显优于对照组。说明疏松骨骼单次注射小剂量辛伐他汀可显著促进股骨髁部骨小梁改建,改善骨骼微结构,可为强化局部、防治骨质疏松骨折的新选择进一步提供实验基础。     

石斛属民族药用植物的分类及生药学研究

中药石斛早在《神农本草经》中就被列为上品,其应用历史悠久,具有养阴生津、补肾益气、润喉护嗓、活血明目、抗癌防老等功效。本文对国内外石斛属民族药用植物的分类及生药学研究进行了综述。     

膝关节骨性关节炎的关节镜治疗体会

目的我科自2001～2005年4月对59例67膝的骨性关节炎（0A），进行关节镜检查及镜下清理术。方法镜检：膝关节骨性关节炎伴不同程度滑膜炎，滑膜皱壁粘连纤维片，关节软骨不同程度破坏。镜下清除增生滑膜，松解粘连，去除剥脱软骨、修复关节面。结果随访2月～4年，平均1.5年，术后综合评估2月～1年，优良率94％；1～2年，优良率79.2％；2年以上优良率54.8％。结论关节镜对膝关节骨性关节炎诊断能提供了比较全面的资料，并对骨性关节炎早期有良好疗效，具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少和重复治疗等优点。     

Pathways of the realization of immunomodulating effects of neurotransmitters

Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 115, N ^o 4, pp. 401–404, April, 1993     

Anatomical study of distribution of valves of the cutaneous veins of adult''s limbs

Since the cutaneous veins of the four limbs have been used as autogenous grafts in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, knowledge of distribution of the valves is increasingly required depending upon the use. In the gross anatomical study of distribution of valves of the trunci venae, there has been argument about locational relationships between the venous roots and the valves in the vicinity of the roots and the inter-valvular distance. However, there have been only few reports discussing detailed information about valves of the cutaneous veins of the four limbs. The authors observed patterns of distribution of the cutaneous venous valves of the four limbs of cadavers prepared for practice in anatomy. The following parts were excised from each cadaver: the cephalic, basilic, and the great saphenous veins, which originate from the acral venous network and flow into the proximal deep veins, and the venous roots communicating with these veins. An incision was made on each excised vein in the direction of the long axis under observation with a stereoscopic microscope, and the inter-valvular distance and the distance between the valve and the orifice of venous root in the vicinity of the valve were measured. The inter-valvular distance varied with type of the truncus venae, and it varied according to area even in the same truncus venae.     

Characterization of sterols of three digenetic trematodes of buffalo

Sterols of three digenetic trematodes were isolated and characterized by infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, and gas-liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sterols identified were cholesterol, cholestanol, 24-methylcholesterol, 24-methylcholestanol, 24-ethyl-22-dehydrocholesterol, 24-ethyl-22-dehydrocholestanol, 24-ethylcholesterol and 24-ethylcholestanol.     

Mechanisms of generation of slow components of bioelectric activity in diagnostics of functional state of the gastrointestinal tract

New electrophysiologic devices were used for the diagnostics of the state of excitable structures in the gastrointestinal tract and correction of their motor functions. Bioelectrical and biomechanical activities form the basis of functioning of internal organs. The mechanisms of generation of slow bioelectrical activity that are important for clinical and physiological studies are described. One of these mechanisms is a capacitance parametric transducer converting the energy of contractions into specific electric signals reflecting muscle functions. Another mechanism results from slow oscillations of resting potentials of interrelated excitable cells in large neuromuscular structures of internal organs. The elaborated procedure is efficient for preventing early postoperative paresis of the gastrointestinal tract. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 128, No. 10, pp. 448–452, October, 1999     

胃小弯侧血管弓的MDCT解剖

目的：研究正常胃小弯侧血管弓及其属支血管的多排螺旋CT表现。方法：回顾性分析51例正常成人的上腹部CT资料,观察胃小弯侧血管弓及其属支血管的显示情况、血管弓形态及其与胃壁的关系。结果：51例均显示胃小弯侧血管弓,血管弓贲门部属支、胃体部属支和幽门部属支分别显示46例、15例和10例;血管弓与胃壁紧邻41例。结论：MDCT检查可良好显示正常胃小弯侧血管弓及其属支血管。     

Assessment of the efficacy of treatment of hemangiomas

Assessment of the aftereffects of cryoexposure and ultrahigh-frequency cryoexposure on hemangioma tissue of various types, cavernous and squamous, showed a higher cryogenic effect in hemangiomatous tissue preexposed to ultrahigh-frequency waves. A quantitative criterion is proposed for assessing the efficacy of the studied methods of exposure. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 119, N ^o 6, pp. 669–672, June, 1995