骨骼肌减少症与运动训练对肌卫星细胞影响的研究现状及展望

BACKGROUND: The phenomenon of atrophy or reduction of muscle, causing degenerative changes of muscle functions, appears along with age. Sports training, in which muscle satellite cells are of great importance, is beneficial to increase in muscle mass and improvement of muscle function.  OBJECTIVE:To summarize regulatory mechanism of satellite cells in skeletal muscle mass; changes of satellite muscle cells in the degenerative process of muscle mass and strength; declining and reverse effects of sports training intervention; situations and problems of current research and prospective of the future.  METHODS: A computer-based online search was conducted in PubMed database by using the key words of “sarcopenia, skeletal muscle, satellite cells” from 1986 to 2015. The language was limited to English. The eligible papers were further analyzed and reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 168 papers were screened. Finally, 39 papers were selected according to the titles and objectives. Skeletal muscle atrophy is shown as II type muscle fiber atrophy, and the II type muscle fiber satellite cell content decreases simultaneously. Exercise is beneficial to increase muscle mass and improve muscle function in older people. Both resistance and endurance trainings can increase the skeletal muscle, especially the II muscle fiber satellite cell content with a further increase in the satellite cell activation and proliferation. The number and activation degree of satellite cells are related to muscle aging, and satellite cells and proliferation factors regulate muscle cell formation. Therefore, future researches should not only focus on the increase of satellite cell bank, but also explore effective ways to promote the activation of satellite cells, such as exercise training, nutrition and drugs. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

神经细胞分泌因子促进骨骼肌细胞生长

BACKGROUND: There is no effective treatment for muscle atrophy caused by peripheral nerve damage. Skeletal muscle cells, a structural unit of muscle contraction, can be used for studies on muscle atrophy when cultured in vitro. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the promotion effect of neuron-secreted factors on the growth of skeletal muscle cells in vitro. METHODS: Skeletal muscle cells primary cultured in vitro were divided into two groups: experimental group with neuron-secreted factors, and control group with common culture medium, respectively. Afterwards, the number of skeletal muscle cells and expression level of alpha actin were detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The number of skeletal muscle cells and expression level of alpha actin in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, neuron-secreted factors have the ability of promoting the growth of skeletal muscle cells and may be helpful for denervated muscle atrophy. Subject headings: Tissue Engineering; Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle; Actinin; Neurons; Cells, Cultured 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

生长因子对骨骼肌损伤与修复的作用

BACKGROUND: Growth factors involved in the regulation of cellular processes play an important role in the wound healing and tissue regeneration. OBJECTIVE:To elaborate the role of a variety of cellular processes involving growth factors in the repair of skeletal muscle injury, and to provide the references for the treatment and rehabilitation strategies, and the synthesis of biomaterials with growth factor for the skeletal muscle after injury. METHODS: A computer-based online search was conducted in PubMed, Mendeley, Google Scholar, and CNKI databases from 1995 to November 2015 to screen the relevant literatures using the keywords “skeletal muscle, damage repair, insulin-like growth factor, epidermal growth factor, growth factor”. Data screening, processing, and summary were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Fifty-one eligible literatures were included. Exercise training promotes the repair and regeneration of the injured skeletal muscle cells and the recovery of the function by activating satellite cells in the sarcolemma and basement membrane to produce the numerous myoblasts. The repair involves the complex biological process regulated by growth factors. Exogenous growth factors up-regulate the mRNA expression of endogenous growth factors, stimulate the proliferation of the myoblasts, accelerate the fusion between myotubes and muscle fibers, promote the repair of skeletal muscle injury, inhibit the formation of scars, thereby enhancing the healing quality. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

细胞因子对骨骼肌细胞和胰岛β细胞的作用

BACKGROUND: A variety of cytokines such as cytokines, growth factors and inflammatory proteins play an important role in the development of skeletal muscle. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the biological characteristics of a variety of cytokines and their effects on skeletal muscle cells and pancreatic β cells. METHODS: Relevant articles published from 2002 to 2015 were retrieved in CNKI and PubMed databases using the English keywords “cytokines, adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, skeletal muscle cells, pancreatic β cells”. Initially 253 literatures were obtained, and finally 53 eligible literatures were included based on the exclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: As a fat-specific protein newly found, adiponectin can improve the insulin sensitivity by promoting glucose uptake, storage and utilization in skeletal muscle cells. The activation of muscle satellite cells and skeletal myoblast proliferation are both dependent on leptin, so leptin plays a vital role in the skeletal muscle cell growth and development. Visfatin, a pleiotropic cytokine, widely presents in the skeletal muscle, liver and bone marrow, and participates in the regulation of inflammation and immune function. Furthermore, visfatin contributes to glucose uptake and metabolism in the skeletal muscle, and makes considerable effects on the stress and signal transduction of skeletal muscle cells. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

人脐动脉平滑肌细胞培养及转染TFPI基因的实验研究

Objective The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) gene on cell cycle of human vascular smooth muscle cells.Methods Human vascular smooth muscle cells were separated from human umbilical artery and identified by immunohistochemical staining.The cells were transfected with various amount of pIRES-TFPI plasmid (1,2,and 3 μg/ml,respectively)and the TFPI expression in the cells were analyzed by RT-PCR.MTT assay was employed to detect the effect of TFPI gene on the proliferation of human vascular smooth muscle cells.Results The proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells was inhibited in pIRES-TFPI group 5 and 7 days after gene transfection when compared with that of pIRES 1-neo transfection group.Conclusion The overexpression of TFPI gene in human umbilical artery vascular smooth muscle cells may contribute to the suppression of the proliferation of cells by gene transfection.     

股骨颈骨折修复后股骨头坏死7个相关因素：199例回顾分析

BACKGROUND: The incidence of femoral head necrosis after internal fixation in femoral neck fracture is at high level, but the risk factors are still under discussion. OBJECTIVE:To retrospectively propose and analyze the relative risk factors of femoral head necrosis after internal fixation with femoral neck fracture in patients younger than 60 years old. METHODS:Data from 199 patients with femoral neck fractures, younger than 60 years, undergoing closed reduction and internal fixation were analyzed retrospectively. Seven factors including age, sex, body mass index, Garden classification, fracture seasons, reduction quality and weight-bearing time after internal fixation were statistically analyzed to evaluate their correlation with femoral head necrosis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The incidence of femoral head necrosis was 13.1% among the 199 cases. Body mass index, Garden classification, fracture seasons, reduction quality were significantly associated with femoral head necrosis. The age, sex and weight-bearing time were in significantly associated with femoral head necrosis. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, Garden classification, reduction quality and fracture seasons (winter versus summer) had overt effects on development of femoral head necrosis. These results suggest that Garden classification and reduction quality make an important effect on the healing of femoral neck fracture. In addition, fracture in winter may be the risk factor of the femoral head necrosis after internal fixation in femoral neck fracture.| 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

少肌症对骨骼肌的影响、分子机制及其防治

BACKGROUND: There is an urgent need to explore the loss of skeletal muscle mass during aging (sarcopenia), and its molecular mechanisms of action, and prevention and treatment strategies. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the latest progress in molecular mechanisms of sarcopenia, and to provide a fundamental for promoting functional recovery and regeneration of skeletal muscle. METHODS: A computer-based online search was conducted in PubMed and Wanfang databases from 2005 to 2015 to screen the relevant literatures using Chinese and English key words “sarcopenia, skeletal muscle, mechanism, therapy”, respectively. Consequently, 31 eligible literatures were collected, summarized, and analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Sarcopenia is closely correlated with oxidative stress caused by mitochondrial respiratory failure, inhibition of activating factors for regulating satellite cells, reduction in insulin secretion, decreased sensitivity, protein synthesis, and low protein diet. There are common features and molecular mechanisms in sarcopenia and disuse muscle atrophy. Further exploration of exercise and diet strategies for the treatment of sarcopenia is required. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

Biomechanical analysis of femoral neck system in unstable femoral neck fractures北大核心

BACKGROUND: The femoral neck system is a novel fixation device for unstable femoral neck fractures. OBJECTIVE: To compare and analyze the mechanical stability of three kinds of internal fixation in Pauwels III unstable femoral neck fractures by finite element method. METHODS: On the basis of the validated femoral finite element model (intact group), the model was cut to make a Pauwels III 70° unstable fracture of the femoral neck. Different internal fixation models were implanted to simulate clinical surgery. This study established femoral neck system fixation (model A), inverted triangular cannulated screw fixation (model B) and 4 diamond-shaped cannulated screw fixation (model C). All the nodes under the distal end of the femur were restrained for the three groups of models, and 700 N, 1 400 N and 2 100 N compressive loads were applied to the femoral head. Through calculation and analysis, the Von Mises stress distribution and deformation of each group of models were observed, and the mechanical stability of each group of models was compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The maximum deformation of the three groups of models under various loads occurred in the femoral head. When compressed for 2 100 N, the deformation of model A was 2.06 mm less than that of intact group 2.17 mm, while the deformations of model B and model C were both higher than that of intact group, with the distributions of 2.39 mm and 2.33 mm. (2) Under various loads, the stress in model A group was also the smallest. Under 2 100 N, the stress peak in model A was 297.31 MPa, distributed at the joint position of anti-rotation screw and locking screw, while the stress peak in model B was 543.18 MPa, distributed at the fracture joint position of the third screw in the inverted triangle. However, the deformation and stress of model C were intermediate between model A and model B, and the maximum stress peak value was distributed at the bottom hollow of the cannulated screw fracture, reaching 315.61 MPa at 2 100 N. (3) The compressive stiffness and stress analysis of models of the three groups showed that model A < model C < model B. (4) It is concluded that the mechanical stability of femoral neck system for femoral neck fracture is better than that of three and four cannulated screws fixation, and it can effectively prevent femoral neck shortening. Femoral neck system is a recommended internal fixation method for unstable femoral neck fractures. © 2023, Publishing House of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research. All rights reserved.     

缺血后调适对骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护及其机制的初步探讨

BACKGROUND: Reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK) pathway plays an important role in protective mechanism against ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) induced by both ischemic pre- and post-conditioning. Many researches have been carried out on RISK pathway mechanism underlying ischemic post-conditioning conferring cardioprotection against IRI; however, there is less research about its effect on IRI in the skeletal muscle. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect of an optimized protocol of ischemic post-conditioning on   IRI in rat skeletal muscle and its underlying mechanism. METHODS: Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were equivalently randomized into IRI, ischemic post-conditioning and control groups. Rats were given occlusion or disocclusion of the right femoral artery of the right lower limb. Subsequently, the IRI group rats were subjected to 24 hours of reperfusion; the ischemic post-conditioning group immediately given 4 cycles of 30 seconds reperfusion/30 seconds ischemia, followed by 24 hours of reperfusion; the control group given no intervention. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that in the ischemic post-conditioning group, the morphology of muscle fibers changed little, with fewer inflammatory lesions and milder edema compared with the IRI group. The infarct size with TTC staining in the ischemic post-conditioning group was smaller than that in the IRI group. Western blot analysis revealed that the expressions of phospho-Akt and phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase-S1177 were significantly increased, but the expression of phosphorylated type endothelial nitric oxide synthase-Thr495 was much decreased in the ischemic post-conditioning group compared with the IRI group. The measurement of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening with Ca2+ induction showed that the absorbance values in the ischemic post-conditioning group were significantly lower than those in the IRI group (P < 0.05). These results indicate that ischemia-reperfusion injury can be improved by applying an optimal protocol of ischemic post-conditioning in rat skeletal muscle. The underlying mechanism may be associated with the activation of RISK signaling pathway to inhibit opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore, thereby contributing to the enhanced tolerance to IRI in rat skeletal muscle. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

转化生长因子β信号与肌肉调控

BACKGROUND: Transforming growth factor-β signaling widely existing in cells mediates cell growth, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis. The activation of transforming growth factor-β signaling can result in muscular dystrophy. However, there have been some contradictions regarding the effects of the transforming growth factor-β signaling on muscular dystrophy. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the latest progress in the effects of the transforming growth factor-β signaling on muscle mass and function regulation to provide the solutions for the treatment of muscular dystrophy. METHODS: A computer-based online search was conducted in PubMed and Wanfang databases from 2005 to 2015 to screen the relevant literatures using Chinese and English key words “transforming growth factor-β, muscle, regulation mechanism, treatment”. A total of 102 literatures were retrieved, and 22 eligible literatures were included, summarized, and analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The activation of transforming growth factor-β signaling as a common cause of most muscle disorders promotes the activation of muscle satellite cells, differentiation of myocytes, myoblast infusion, the expression of muscle-specific proteins, and the inhibition of collagen synthesis, which facilitates muscular fibrosis and scar formation. Transforming growth factor-β signaling is involved in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, spinal scoliosis, type I diabetes induced skeletal muscle regenerative disorders, myocardial and cardiac remodeling. The inhibition of transforming growth factor-β signaling may result in incomplete muscle recovery. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

局部注射辛伐他汀对骨质疏松大鼠股骨髁骨小梁的改建效应

背景：局部注射具有成骨作用的辛伐他汀,可显著增加骨质疏松大鼠股骨颈及股骨髁部的骨密度及力学强度,分析局部注射辛伐他汀对股骨髁骨小梁的影响。 目的：进一步研究骨质疏松大鼠股骨内局部注射辛伐他汀对股骨髁骨小梁的影响。为将辛伐他汀应用于临床骨质疏松局部治疗提供实验基础。 方法：18只雌性SD大鼠双侧卵巢切除后3个月,制备大鼠骨质疏松模型。实验大鼠随机数字表法均分为3组,分别在实验大鼠的右侧股骨髓腔内单次注射辛伐他汀溶液5 mg、10 mg,对照组单纯注射空白载体。分别在注射后1个月处死大鼠并取材。Micro-CT扫描并定量分析骨组织形态变化。 结果与结论：给药后1个月,Micro-CT扫描结果显示,辛伐他汀治疗组的骨微结构参数如骨皮质厚度、骨小梁密度及连接率明显优于对照组。说明疏松骨骼单次注射小剂量辛伐他汀可显著促进股骨髁部骨小梁改建,改善骨骼微结构,可为强化局部、防治骨质疏松骨折的新选择进一步提供实验基础。     

石斛属民族药用植物的分类及生药学研究

中药石斛早在《神农本草经》中就被列为上品,其应用历史悠久,具有养阴生津、补肾益气、润喉护嗓、活血明目、抗癌防老等功效。本文对国内外石斛属民族药用植物的分类及生药学研究进行了综述。     

膝关节骨性关节炎的关节镜治疗体会

目的我科自2001～2005年4月对59例67膝的骨性关节炎（0A），进行关节镜检查及镜下清理术。方法镜检：膝关节骨性关节炎伴不同程度滑膜炎，滑膜皱壁粘连纤维片，关节软骨不同程度破坏。镜下清除增生滑膜，松解粘连，去除剥脱软骨、修复关节面。结果随访2月～4年，平均1.5年，术后综合评估2月～1年，优良率94％；1～2年，优良率79.2％；2年以上优良率54.8％。结论关节镜对膝关节骨性关节炎诊断能提供了比较全面的资料，并对骨性关节炎早期有良好疗效，具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少和重复治疗等优点。     

Anatomical study of distribution of valves of the cutaneous veins of adult''s limbs

Since the cutaneous veins of the four limbs have been used as autogenous grafts in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, knowledge of distribution of the valves is increasingly required depending upon the use. In the gross anatomical study of distribution of valves of the trunci venae, there has been argument about locational relationships between the venous roots and the valves in the vicinity of the roots and the inter-valvular distance. However, there have been only few reports discussing detailed information about valves of the cutaneous veins of the four limbs. The authors observed patterns of distribution of the cutaneous venous valves of the four limbs of cadavers prepared for practice in anatomy. The following parts were excised from each cadaver: the cephalic, basilic, and the great saphenous veins, which originate from the acral venous network and flow into the proximal deep veins, and the venous roots communicating with these veins. An incision was made on each excised vein in the direction of the long axis under observation with a stereoscopic microscope, and the inter-valvular distance and the distance between the valve and the orifice of venous root in the vicinity of the valve were measured. The inter-valvular distance varied with type of the truncus venae, and it varied according to area even in the same truncus venae.     

Pathways of the realization of immunomodulating effects of neurotransmitters

Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 115, N ^o 4, pp. 401–404, April, 1993     

Characterization of sterols of three digenetic trematodes of buffalo

Sterols of three digenetic trematodes were isolated and characterized by infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, and gas-liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sterols identified were cholesterol, cholestanol, 24-methylcholesterol, 24-methylcholestanol, 24-ethyl-22-dehydrocholesterol, 24-ethyl-22-dehydrocholestanol, 24-ethylcholesterol and 24-ethylcholestanol.     

Mechanisms of generation of slow components of bioelectric activity in diagnostics of functional state of the gastrointestinal tract

New electrophysiologic devices were used for the diagnostics of the state of excitable structures in the gastrointestinal tract and correction of their motor functions. Bioelectrical and biomechanical activities form the basis of functioning of internal organs. The mechanisms of generation of slow bioelectrical activity that are important for clinical and physiological studies are described. One of these mechanisms is a capacitance parametric transducer converting the energy of contractions into specific electric signals reflecting muscle functions. Another mechanism results from slow oscillations of resting potentials of interrelated excitable cells in large neuromuscular structures of internal organs. The elaborated procedure is efficient for preventing early postoperative paresis of the gastrointestinal tract. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 128, No. 10, pp. 448–452, October, 1999     

胃小弯侧血管弓的MDCT解剖

目的：研究正常胃小弯侧血管弓及其属支血管的多排螺旋CT表现。方法：回顾性分析51例正常成人的上腹部CT资料,观察胃小弯侧血管弓及其属支血管的显示情况、血管弓形态及其与胃壁的关系。结果：51例均显示胃小弯侧血管弓,血管弓贲门部属支、胃体部属支和幽门部属支分别显示46例、15例和10例;血管弓与胃壁紧邻41例。结论：MDCT检查可良好显示正常胃小弯侧血管弓及其属支血管。     

Assessment of the efficacy of treatment of hemangiomas

Assessment of the aftereffects of cryoexposure and ultrahigh-frequency cryoexposure on hemangioma tissue of various types, cavernous and squamous, showed a higher cryogenic effect in hemangiomatous tissue preexposed to ultrahigh-frequency waves. A quantitative criterion is proposed for assessing the efficacy of the studied methods of exposure. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 119, N ^o 6, pp. 669–672, June, 1995