鬼针草总黄酮对大鼠佐剂性关节炎的治疗作用及机制

目的 探讨鬼针草总黄酮(TFB)对大鼠佐剂性关节炎(AA)关节肿胀指数、炎症因子水平、toll样受体4（TLR4）信号转导通路及病理评分的影响。方法 选取50只雄性SD大鼠，随机分为空白组、模型组、TFB(40 mg/kg、80 mg/kg、160 mg/kg)组，每组各10只。比较各组大鼠关节肿胀指数；采用放射免疫法检测血清白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）的水平；Western blotting检测巨噬细胞中TLR4、核因子κB（NF-κB）的表达水平；HE染色进行大鼠关节病理评分。结果 模型组关节肿胀指数、炎症因子水平、TLR4及NF-κB表达均明显高于空白组，不同剂量的TFB组（40 mg/kg、80 mg/kg、160 mg/kg）关节肿胀指数、炎症因子水平、TLR4、NF-κB表达及病理评分均显著低于模型组(P<0.05)，且TFB剂量越大，所有指标表达水平越低(P<0.05)。结论 TFB对AA大鼠具有治疗作用，其作用机制可能与降低关节肿胀指数及炎症因子水平、抑制TLR4和NF-κB表达、阻碍血管翳形成有关。     

α-细辛醚对无镁细胞外液培养海马神经元构建难治性癫痫细胞模型的影响

背景：无镁细胞外液处理培养的海马神经元可诱导产生反复自发性癫痫样放电,该模型可作为临床难治性癫痫细胞模型。 目的：探讨难治性癫痫细胞模型中α-细辛醚对神经元的保护作用。 方法：分离培养新生24 h内的SD大鼠海马神经元,取经鉴定的海马神经元,加入含终浓度为7.5,15,30,60,120 mg/L α-细辛醚的维持培养液培养4 h后,换为无镁液建立难治性癫痫细胞模型,3 h后恢复含α-细辛醚的维持培养基继续培养24 h,MTT法检测海马神经元活力。 结果与结论：经无镁细胞外液培养后,海马神经元的活力显著降低(P < 0.01),α-细辛醚处理后,海马神经元的活力显著升高(P < 0.01),且随α-细辛醚浓度的增加,海马神经元的相对活力升高。说明α-细辛醚可以抑制难治性癫痫细胞模型中的神经元损伤,发挥神经元保护作用,且具有剂量依赖性。     

孕期亚硝酸盐暴露对子鼠视皮质突触改变的影响

目的 建立亚硝酸盐暴露模型,探讨孕期亚硝酸盐暴露对子鼠视皮质突触数量的影响及其改变机制。 方法 采用免疫荧光染色法观察对照组和模型组（低剂量组与高剂量组）子鼠出生后0d(P0)、P7、P14、P30的的视皮质突触素(SYN)和γ突触核蛋白(γ-synuclein)的改变,利用Western blotting和水迷宫实验对SYN蛋白的表达进行进一步验证。 结果 横向比较（剂量）发现,亚硝酸盐暴露组SYN减少(P<0.05)而γ-synuclein 阳性细胞增多(P<0.05),且与亚硝酸盐存在剂量依赖关系(P<0.05)。纵向比较(年龄)发现,P0、P7、P14、P30 SYN表达随着年龄增长而增多(P<0.05),γ-synuclein表达减少 (P<0.05),剂量(MS=2.00, F=55.22,P<0.05)与年龄(MS=1.11, F=30.68, P<0.05)之间存在交互作用且剂量的影响作用更大。Western blotting和水迷宫实验结果与免疫荧光统计结果一致。 结论 孕期亚硝酸盐暴露会影响子代视皮质突触的发育,减少突触数量,且对其影响与亚硝酸盐暴露剂量存在依赖关系,而γ突触核蛋白的过度表达可能是突触丢失的主要原因。     

数字图像相关测量技术及其应用

数字图像相关法是一种可广泛应用于生物材料力学测试的光学非接触方法。介绍了该方法的原理和位移应变测量的基本测量步骤,并给出了三个实验例证。第一个例子讲述了该方法应用于牛心动脉（生物软组织材料）应力应变测试;第二个例子讲述了该方法用于测量牙本质（生物硬组织材料）断裂韧性,最后一个例子是该方法用于在微观尺度上测量牙本质的收缩变形。     

不同术式治疗单侧完全性唇腭裂的疗效及颌面形态影响研究

目的　研究Millard法（旋转推进法）和改良Tennison法（三角瓣法）治疗单侧完全性唇腭裂的疗效及对患者颌面形态的影响。 方法　根据治疗方法的不同，将本院收治的52例单侧完全性唇腭裂患者分为Millard治疗组和改良Tennison治疗组，每组26例。术后6个月，评价2组患者的临床疗效；并于手术治疗前后，采用照片测量法测量患儿的鼻部形态指标，包括Enw（内眦间距）、BAW（鼻部高度）、BADH（双侧鼻翼高度差）、CHW（口角间距）、CL（鼻小柱高度）、CW（鼻小柱宽度）、NBD（鼻背倾斜度）、CD（鼻小柱倾斜度），测量患儿的健侧和患侧唇高。 结果　治疗后，改良Tennison组的临床修复优良率为88.46%，高于Millard组（69.23%），P<0.05。改良Tennison组平均BAW、CL、CW均大于对照组，平均BADH、CD均小于对照组（P＜0.05），改良Tennison组健侧-患侧唇高差小于Millard组（P<0.05）。 结论　改良Tennison法治疗单侧完全性唇腭裂的整体疗效优于Millard法，能较好地保持鼻部和唇部形态的对称性，更好地控制患者颌面形态，维持颜面美观的形态学机制，值得临床推广应用。     

不同术式治疗单侧完全性唇腭裂的疗效及颌面形态影响研究

目的　研究Millard法（旋转推进法）和改良Tennison法（三角瓣法）治疗单侧完全性唇腭裂的疗效及对患者颌面形态的影响。 方法　根据治疗方法的不同，将本院收治的52例单侧完全性唇腭裂患者分为Millard治疗组和改良Tennison治疗组，每组26例。术后6个月，评价2组患者的临床疗效；并于手术治疗前后，采用照片测量法测量患儿的鼻部形态指标，包括Enw（内眦间距）、BAW（鼻部高度）、BADH（双侧鼻翼高度差）、CHW（口角间距）、CL（鼻小柱高度）、CW（鼻小柱宽度）、NBD（鼻背倾斜度）、CD（鼻小柱倾斜度），测量患儿的健侧和患侧唇高。 结果　治疗后，改良Tennison组的临床修复优良率为88.46%，高于Millard组（69.23%），P<0.05。改良Tennison组平均BAW、CL、CW均大于对照组，平均BADH、CD均小于对照组（P＜0.05），改良Tennison组健侧-患侧唇高差小于Millard组（P<0.05）。 结论　改良Tennison法治疗单侧完全性唇腭裂的整体疗效优于Millard法，能较好地保持鼻部和唇部形态的对称性，更好地控制患者颌面形态，维持颜面美观的形态学机制，值得临床推广应用。     

DDX3和酪蛋白激酶1ε在肌萎缩侧索硬化症转基因鼠海马中的表达

目的 检测DDX3和酪蛋白激酶1ε(CK1ε)在肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)转基因鼠海马中的表达变化,揭示DDX3和CK1ε的表达改变与ALS发病的关系。方法 33只ALS转基因鼠和33只野生型鼠分别于发病不同时期取材,应用RT-PCR和Western blotting技术检测海马组织中DDX3和CK1ε的表达变化;通过免疫荧光双标染色技术观察DDX3和CK1ε阳性细胞的分布特点及其与神经元、星形胶质细胞等的共表达情况。 结果 与野生型鼠相比,ALS转基因鼠海马中DDX3 mRNA和蛋白在发病早期变化不明显,中期和晚期表达均明显降低;CK1ε mRNA和蛋白则在发病早期、中期和晚期表达均降低。免疫荧光双标结果显示,在ALS鼠和野生型鼠海马齿状回区和CA区均可检测到DDX3和CK1ε阳性细胞。DDX3和CK1ε主要表达在神经元,在星形胶质细胞未见表达。与野生型鼠比较,ALS转基因鼠海马中DDX3和CK1ε免疫反应性明显降低。 结论 DDX3和CK1ε mRNA和蛋白在ALS转基因鼠海马中表达均降低,表明DDX3和CK1ε表达异常与ALS海马区病变密切相关。     

不同发育时段大鼠心肌组织中超极化激活环核苷酸门控阳离子通道4阳性细胞的分布特征

目的 探讨超极化激活环核苷酸门控阳离子通道4(HCN4)在不同发育时期大鼠心肌组织中各类细胞的表达规律，为进一步研究HCN4对心肌的作用提供形态学依据。 方法 出生1 d、1月、3月、6月健康SD大鼠各15只。取新鲜心脏，石蜡切片和冷冻切片，利用免疫组织化学和荧光技术观察不同发育时段大鼠心肌组织HCN4阳性细胞的表达分布情况及形态学特征。利用Western blotting 技术观察左右心室HCN4的蛋白含量。 结果 免疫组织化学和荧光染色结果显示，HCN4阳性细胞在出生后1 d、1月、3月、6月的血管平滑肌细胞，心内膜和血管的内皮细胞，心外膜的间皮细胞、成纤维细胞，大量心房肌细胞和少量心室肌细胞、传导组织细胞均有表达，但不同部位的表达细胞数量不均；Western blotting结果显示，心室HCN4蛋白随着月龄的增加表达逐渐降低。 结论 HCN4在大鼠心肌组织中的表达随年龄的增加逐渐下降，但增殖能力较强的细胞持续存在，提示HCN4可能对心肌组织中的多种细胞的生存起调控作用。     

多肽化合物urantide抑制动脉粥样硬化大鼠心脏Ⅰ型胶原的表达

目的 观察多肽类化合物urantide对动脉粥样硬化（As）大鼠心脏组织中Ⅰ型胶原（ColⅠ）表达的影响,探讨其防治损伤的作用机制。方法 选取健康雄性3周龄SPF级Wistar大鼠60只,采用腹腔注射维生素D3（VD3）损伤动脉内膜及高脂饲料饲养的方法建立大鼠As模型,随机分为：正常组、As模型组、辛伐他汀组和urantide（3 d、7 d、14 d）组。采用HE染色和Masson三色染色方法,观察大鼠心脏组织形态和胶原纤维表达,免疫组织化学、Western blotting和Real-time PCR方法检测大鼠心脏Col Ⅰ蛋白和基因的表达。结果 与正常组相比,As模型组大鼠心脏组织中出现心肌细胞变性,细胞间浸润大量的中性粒细胞,且有散布的泡沫细胞及充血出血等病理现象,同时胶原纤维增加,ColⅠ的基因和蛋白表达水平升高。与As模型组相比,经urantide治疗后心脏病理现象有缓解。随着给药时间的延长,胶原纤维减少,ColⅠ的基因和蛋白表达水平逐渐下调,尤以给药14 d时效果最佳。 结论 Urantide可抑制As大鼠心脏组织ColⅠ表达以缓解心肌间质损伤,对As大鼠的心脏具有保护作用。     

不同剂量HBIG对母婴乙型肝炎病毒抗原抗体宫内传播的影响

目的探讨不同剂量乙肝免疫球蛋白（HBIG）对乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）抗原抗体宫内传播的影响。方法将母亲乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）阳性的婴儿作为500例观察对象,根据出生前母亲是否用HBIG分为：观察1组：产前母亲孕末期28w、32w、36w各用200IU（蓉生）HBIG 200例;观察2组：产前母亲孕末期28w、32w、36w各用400IU（蓉生）HBIG 100例;对照1组：产前母亲孕末期不用HBIG 200例。观察生后12h内新生儿静脉血乙肝五项：HBsAg、乙型肝炎表面抗体（HBsAb）、乙型肝炎e抗原（HBeAg）、乙型肝炎e抗体（HBeAb）、乙型肝炎核心抗体（HBcAb）。结果观察1组200例新生儿HBsAg阳性1例,阳性率为0.5%,HBeAg阳性3例,（其中1例HBsAg同时阳性）阳性率为1.5%。对照组HBsAg阳性2例,阳性率为1%,HBeAg阳性8例,（其中2例HBsAg同时阳性）阳性率为4%。经统计学处理（HBsAg）χ2=0.336,P=0.562;（HBeAg）,χ2=2.337,P=0.126。观察1组与对照组生后24h内HBV抗原检测比较无显著差异。观察1组、观察2组与对照组HBsAb检测比较：观察1组新生儿HBsAb阳性率1%,观察2组新生儿HBsAb阳性率2%,对照组HBsAb阳性率1%,各组HBeAb和HBcAb检测比较,结果HBeAb和HBcAb检测母婴符合率均在97%-97.5%之间。结论孕妇HBV携带者产前孕末期用HBIG 200IU隔4w连用3次的方法对阻断乙肝病毒的宫内感染效果不显著。加大HBIG的用量400IU可基本阻断HBV垂直传播胎儿。但鉴于对照组宫内感染率仅4%,加大用量不适用所有HBV携带者孕妇,尤其是HBsAg单阳性孕妇。     

Targeted brain hypothermia induced by an interstitial cooling device in human neck: theoretical analyses

In this study, the feasibility of a newly developed interstitial cooling device inserted into the neck muscle and placed on the surface of the common carotid artery is evaluated. A combination of vascular model and continuum model is developed to simulate the temperature fields in both the neck and brain regions. Parametric studies are conducted to test the sensitivity of various factors on the temperature distribution. It has been shown that the length of the device, temperature of the device, and the tissue gap between the device and the blood vessel are the dominant factors that determine the effectiveness of this cooling approach. Under the current design parameters, the device is capable of inducing a temperature drop of 2.8°C along the common carotid artery and it results in a total of 90 W of heat carried away from the arterial blood. Although the degree of the cooling in the arterial blood is inversely proportional to the blood flow rate of the arteries, the total heat loss from the arterial blood does not vary significantly if the blood flow rate changes during the cooling. After the cold arterial blood is supplied to the brain hemisphere, temperature reduction in the brain tissue is almost uniform and up to 3.1°C temperature drop is achieved within 1 hour. In addition to the possible benefits of brain hypothermia for stroke or head injury patients, the device has the potential to control fever as well as to improve patients’ outcome during open neck and head surgery.     

I. The Body in Psychoanalysis

The author offers a brief introduction to the theories of Armando Ferrari, highlighting his emphasis on the body, not only as mind's first object, but on the object out of which mind originates. He notes that this notion is the heir to Freud's preoccupation with finding the organic foundation of the mind in the body in which it is rooted, and in the idea of the drives as the expression of emergent psychic functions from the body, whereas instinct is the psychical representative of the stimulus originating from within the organism. Drives are not so much corporeal or psychic as defining the connection between the two realms. He suggests that this distinction became blurred with the tendentious translation of Trieb as ‘instinct’ and, later, as ‘emotion’, with the connotations of mental phenomena detached from the physical; while furthermore, the object relational stance, particularly as promulgated by Klein, suggested that such instincts could only be related to by the infant and become mind having been projected into the breast and then reintrojected. The infant's relationship with his body is thus mediated by the breast in Klein's model, rather than immediate and direct. Thus, whereas Freud always linked the psychosexual development of the infant directly with the emergence of physical desire arising from the erogenous zones, Klein linked the first fantasies (innate unconscious phantasy) with the infant's relationship with the maternal breast which now becomes the infant's first object, and emphasis is placed upon this object rather than on the subject of perception. Therapeutically, this necessitates that it also be placed on the transference. Bion moved away from this model with his emphasis on the proto‐mental in which physical and mental remain undifferentiated, so that distress from it as a source can be expressed in either; and in his idea of beta elements (sensational and affective) which are chronologically anterior to alpha elements and which can be employed for expression where alpha elements do not exist. The author concludes with a section on Ferrari whose bipartite model of mind arising out of body (as opposed to Winnicott's tripartite model which he discusses earlier in the paper) might be expressed in Bion's terms as one in which beta elements contain within themselves thecapacity to become alpha elements, while alpha function arise out of beta. Bion's shift from the object relations model to one based on the relation between sensation and affect on the one hand and mental function on the other entailed a shift away from insistent transference interpretation in favour of confronting the patient with his bodily self, a shift which Ferrari embraced and developed.     

胎儿孤立性单侧侧脑室扩张对脑实质体积影响的MRI研究

目的 研究不同程度单侧侧脑室扩张对脑实质体积的影响并探讨其对胎儿诊疗的临床价值。方法 收集经超声证实的孤立性单侧侧脑室扩张的胎儿,行胎儿颅脑1.5T MR扫描。测量扩张侧及正常侧的侧脑室宽度、相邻外侧脑实质厚度、侧脑室体积、大脑半球体积,并计算脑实质体积。每隔1月随访侧脑室宽度随孕周的变化情况。结果 最终纳入研究的23～31孕周的孤立性单侧侧脑室扩张胎儿共49例,按扩张程度分为3组：轻度扩张组12例、中度扩张组27例、重度扩张组10例。对比研究结果如下：(1) 3组病例的扩张侧与正常侧比较,扩张侧邻近脑实质厚度减小,脑实质体积未见明显差异;(2) 3组病例间的扩张侧侧脑室宽度、体积及大脑半球体积均存在差异（P<0.05）,扩张侧脑实质厚度及体积未见明显差异;(3)随访发现轻中度扩张组侧脑室宽度逐渐减小者占76%,重度扩张组流产率达80%。结论孤立性单侧侧脑室扩张对脑实质的体积没有影响,轻中度扩张胎儿预后好,这为侧脑室扩张胎儿的评估、预后和干预提供了重要影像学信息。     

基于Sihler’s技术的踝和足背皮神经的整体分布模式研究

目的 揭示踝及足背皮神经的整体分布模式,为皮瓣移植感觉重建提供形态学指导。 方法 成年尸体24具,紧贴肌表面摘取含皮下脂肪的踝及足背皮肤,用改良的Sihler’s染色法显示并观察皮神经整体分布模式。 结果 在Sihler’s染色的标本中,肉眼可见隐神经支配踝前区（40.01±7.6）%、踝后区（30±6.7）%、以及部分足背内侧缘。腓浅神经支配踝前区（60.03±6.8）%,其足背内侧皮神经支配足背内侧区、第1、2趾背及第3趾背内侧半;95.83%的足背中间皮神经分布到第3趾背外侧半、第4、5趾背。腓肠神经支配踝后区（70±5.3）%,其足背外侧皮神经支配足背外侧缘皮肤。腓深神经分布到第1、2趾背相对面。初级神经支密度以踝前区最高,次级及以下神经支密度和总的神经支密度均以足背内侧区最高。 结论 在踝或足背的皮瓣移植中,建议把踝前区或足背内侧区设计为利于感觉重建的首选供区或感觉需求较高的受区。     

Dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria repens in Italy, an emergent zoonosis: report of 60 new cases

AIMS: Sixty new cases of human dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria repens, occurring in Italy between 1990 and 1999, are presented. This is the most extensive case study of this zoonosis reported worldwide by a single study group. The aim is to utilize this large experience to characterize the different histopathological findings in the parasitic lesions in man. METHODS AND RESULTS: Diagnosis was performed on histological sections of the nematode enclosed in the nodules excised at biopsy or surgery. The nematode was located in the subcutaneous tissue (49 cases), the epididymis (two cases), the spermatic cord (two cases), the lung (two cases), the breast (two cases), the omentum (two cases) and under the conjunctival tissue (one case). The majority of cases (46) were from Piedmont; the remainder were from Emilia-Romagna, Sardinia, Sicily, Tuscany, Apulia and Lombardy. The histopathological features of the lesions are described and the clinical and epidemiological aspects of the zoonosis are discussed. The prevalence in Italy in general and in the area of Piedmont in particular, comprising the provinces of Alessandria, Asti, Novara and Vercelli, which is one of the most severely affected areas of the world, is emphasized. The evident increase in the number of cases in the last few years is a clear indication that it is an emergent zoonosis. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend that each and every case observed be recorded, to enable the true extent of human dirofilariasis in Italy to be assessed, and that a reference centre be set up in the area to collate the data. The importance of the histopathologist's role in the diagnosis is stressed.     

腰椎弓根延长术截骨部位与神经根关系的解剖学研究

目的　观察腰椎弓根延长术截骨部位与其毗邻神经根的解剖关系,为腰椎弓根延长术离断椎弓根提供解剖数据。  方法　16例成人防腐脊柱标本, 自T12~S1去除软组织、棘突、椎板、关节突关节、横突, 充分暴露硬膜囊、神经根和腰椎弓根, 精细磨削椎弓根至椎弓根-椎体连接处,测量该部位椎弓根上缘至上位神经根下缘的间距(PSRD),椎弓根下缘至下位神经根上缘的间距(PIRD),椎弓根内缘至硬膜囊外缘或内侧神经根外缘的间距(PMRD),椎弓根外缘至外位神经根内缘的间距(PLRD),所有解剖参数都做双侧测量。  结果　腰椎弓根至上、下、内、外神经根的间距范围分别是4.9~8.6 mm,1.0~2.5 mm,0~1.6 mm,0.7~11.5 mm,左、右两侧数据无显著性差异(P>0.05),男、女之间数据无显著性差异(P>0.05)。  结论　腰椎弓根截骨延长时,截骨部位的内缘和下缘毗邻的神经根相对于上缘和外缘损伤可能性大,透视下对椎弓根内缘和下缘截骨时要十分小心。     

中枢神经系损伤后不同时期星形胶质细胞的变化

将神经毒６－羟多巴胺注入大鼠一侧中脑腹侧被盖区，用胶质原纤维酸性蛋白抗体对损伤鼠中脑切片进行免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法检测，观察星形胶质细胞在受损伤１ｄ至３０ｄ的不同时期的变化，术后１￣３ｄ，针道所经处见到ＧＦＡＰ阳性反应的细胞纤维，其胞体增大，纤维短粗。术后１周，针道周围反应性胶质细胞增多，有些反应性胶质细胞发出长的突起横向延伸垂直于针道，损害区附近血管增生，紧贴血管外周的胶质细胞也出现反应性变化。术     

聚乳酸共聚物复合缓释药物的材料特征与实验应用

背景：聚乳酸共聚物复合药物缓释材料能够降低药物的毒副作用,延长药物作用时间,提高药物治疗效果,是目前药物研究的热点之一。 目的：明确各种聚乳酸共聚物复合药物缓释材料的特征以及实验应用效果。 方法：将不同种类的药物与聚乳酸进行共聚结合形成聚乳酸共聚物复合药物缓释材料,分析多种聚乳酸共聚物复合药物缓释材料的释药特征,并分析动物实验研究中聚乳酸共聚物复合缓释药物材料的治疗效果。 结果与结论：研究发现多种治疗药物均可以与聚乳酸结合形成聚乳酸共聚物复合药物缓释材料系统,其中包括抗肿瘤类药物、抗菌、抗病毒类药物、抗结核类药物、心脑血管疾病防治类药物以及代谢类药物。这些药物与聚乳酸结合形成共聚物缓释系统后,可以延长药物作用时间,有效稳定血药浓度,达到靶向性治疗的作用,明显提高药物治疗作用效果。     

Influence of gelatin complexation on cell proliferation activity and proteolytic resistance of basic fibroblast growth factor

The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of gelatin complexation on the biological activity of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and its resistance to trypsin digestion. When bFGF was mixed at 37°C with acidic gelatin with an isoelectric point(IEP)of 5.0, the activity to promote in vitro proliferation of BHK cells became lower compared with that of free bFGF,in contrast to mixing with the basic gelatin with an IEP of 9.0. A maximum reduction in the bFGF activity was observed for the bFGF-gelatin complex prepared at a mixing molar ratio of 1/1. The bFGF activity of cell proliferation reduced at the initial period after mixing with the acidic gelatin at 37°C, followed by no substantial change. Complexation with the acidic gelatin at 4°C had no influence on the bFGF activity, irrespective of the bFGF/gelatin ratio and complexation time. The biological activity of bFGF was reduced by the trypsin treatment, but the reduced extent was suppressed through gelatin complexation at 37°C. In an electrophoresis study, the protective effect of gelatin complexation on the trypsin digestion was also confirmed in terms of the molecular weight loss. It is possible that the complexing gelatin covers bFGF molecules, resulting in suppression of their interaction with the cell surface receptor as well as protection from their enzymatic attack.