神经细胞分泌因子促进骨骼肌细胞生长

BACKGROUND: There is no effective treatment for muscle atrophy caused by peripheral nerve damage. Skeletal muscle cells, a structural unit of muscle contraction, can be used for studies on muscle atrophy when cultured in vitro. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the promotion effect of neuron-secreted factors on the growth of skeletal muscle cells in vitro. METHODS: Skeletal muscle cells primary cultured in vitro were divided into two groups: experimental group with neuron-secreted factors, and control group with common culture medium, respectively. Afterwards, the number of skeletal muscle cells and expression level of alpha actin were detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The number of skeletal muscle cells and expression level of alpha actin in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, neuron-secreted factors have the ability of promoting the growth of skeletal muscle cells and may be helpful for denervated muscle atrophy. Subject headings: Tissue Engineering; Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle; Actinin; Neurons; Cells, Cultured 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

生长因子对骨骼肌损伤与修复的作用

BACKGROUND: Growth factors involved in the regulation of cellular processes play an important role in the wound healing and tissue regeneration. OBJECTIVE:To elaborate the role of a variety of cellular processes involving growth factors in the repair of skeletal muscle injury, and to provide the references for the treatment and rehabilitation strategies, and the synthesis of biomaterials with growth factor for the skeletal muscle after injury. METHODS: A computer-based online search was conducted in PubMed, Mendeley, Google Scholar, and CNKI databases from 1995 to November 2015 to screen the relevant literatures using the keywords “skeletal muscle, damage repair, insulin-like growth factor, epidermal growth factor, growth factor”. Data screening, processing, and summary were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Fifty-one eligible literatures were included. Exercise training promotes the repair and regeneration of the injured skeletal muscle cells and the recovery of the function by activating satellite cells in the sarcolemma and basement membrane to produce the numerous myoblasts. The repair involves the complex biological process regulated by growth factors. Exogenous growth factors up-regulate the mRNA expression of endogenous growth factors, stimulate the proliferation of the myoblasts, accelerate the fusion between myotubes and muscle fibers, promote the repair of skeletal muscle injury, inhibit the formation of scars, thereby enhancing the healing quality. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

20 W微波照射骨骼肌卫星细胞的增殖与分化：兔骨折内固定模型研究

BACKGROUND:Low power microwave irradiation has been shown to promote the healing of fractures with internal fixation; however, its action mechanisms on the skeletal muscle around the fracture site are unclear. OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of low power microwave irradiation (20 W) on the proliferation ability of skeletal muscle satellite cells in a rabbit model of femoral fracture with internal fixation. METHODS:Forty male New Zealand rabbits were used to establish femoral fracture followed by internal fixation models, and then were equally randomized into spontaneous recovery and microwave treatment groups. Low power microwave irradiation (20 W) was given for 30 consecutive days in the microwave treatment group on day 4 after modeling, while no microwave irradiation was given in the spontaneous recovery group. Rabbit thigh muscles adjacent to the implant were obtained to isolate skeletal muscle satellite cells. Immunohistochemical staining, hematoxylin-eosin staining and quantitative RT-PCR were used to evaluate the ability of the proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle satellite cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSON: Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that there was no significant difference in the morphology and histology of skeletal muscle tissues between the spontaneous recovery and microwave treatment groups. However, the relative mRNA expression of MyoG in the cultured skeletal muscle satellite cells in vitro and the number of α-sarcometric actin-postive cells in the microwave treatment group were significantly increased compared with the spontaneous recovery group (P < 0.05). The proliferative ability of skeletal muscle satellite cells was inhibited at the early stage, but not at the later stage. Our results suggest that low power microwave irradiation (20 W) can promote the proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle satellite cells around the implant in a rabbit model of femoral fracture with internal fixation, and thereby confirm the efficacy and safety of low power microwave irradiation for the internal fixation of fractures. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

转化生长因子β信号与肌肉调控

BACKGROUND: Transforming growth factor-β signaling widely existing in cells mediates cell growth, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis. The activation of transforming growth factor-β signaling can result in muscular dystrophy. However, there have been some contradictions regarding the effects of the transforming growth factor-β signaling on muscular dystrophy. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the latest progress in the effects of the transforming growth factor-β signaling on muscle mass and function regulation to provide the solutions for the treatment of muscular dystrophy. METHODS: A computer-based online search was conducted in PubMed and Wanfang databases from 2005 to 2015 to screen the relevant literatures using Chinese and English key words “transforming growth factor-β, muscle, regulation mechanism, treatment”. A total of 102 literatures were retrieved, and 22 eligible literatures were included, summarized, and analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The activation of transforming growth factor-β signaling as a common cause of most muscle disorders promotes the activation of muscle satellite cells, differentiation of myocytes, myoblast infusion, the expression of muscle-specific proteins, and the inhibition of collagen synthesis, which facilitates muscular fibrosis and scar formation. Transforming growth factor-β signaling is involved in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, spinal scoliosis, type I diabetes induced skeletal muscle regenerative disorders, myocardial and cardiac remodeling. The inhibition of transforming growth factor-β signaling may result in incomplete muscle recovery. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

骨骼肌减少症与运动训练对肌卫星细胞影响的研究现状及展望

BACKGROUND: The phenomenon of atrophy or reduction of muscle, causing degenerative changes of muscle functions, appears along with age. Sports training, in which muscle satellite cells are of great importance, is beneficial to increase in muscle mass and improvement of muscle function.  OBJECTIVE:To summarize regulatory mechanism of satellite cells in skeletal muscle mass; changes of satellite muscle cells in the degenerative process of muscle mass and strength; declining and reverse effects of sports training intervention; situations and problems of current research and prospective of the future.  METHODS: A computer-based online search was conducted in PubMed database by using the key words of “sarcopenia, skeletal muscle, satellite cells” from 1986 to 2015. The language was limited to English. The eligible papers were further analyzed and reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 168 papers were screened. Finally, 39 papers were selected according to the titles and objectives. Skeletal muscle atrophy is shown as II type muscle fiber atrophy, and the II type muscle fiber satellite cell content decreases simultaneously. Exercise is beneficial to increase muscle mass and improve muscle function in older people. Both resistance and endurance trainings can increase the skeletal muscle, especially the II muscle fiber satellite cell content with a further increase in the satellite cell activation and proliferation. The number and activation degree of satellite cells are related to muscle aging, and satellite cells and proliferation factors regulate muscle cell formation. Therefore, future researches should not only focus on the increase of satellite cell bank, but also explore effective ways to promote the activation of satellite cells, such as exercise training, nutrition and drugs. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

骨骼肌生长因子、肌球蛋白及骨骼肌胶原与骨骼肌的损伤与修复

BACKGROUND: Regeneration and repair of injured skeletal muscle are influenced by a variety of factors. Skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain and skeletal muscle collagen content are known to be involved in the repair of injured skeletal muscle. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the changes and roles of skeletal muscle growth factors, myosin, and collagen in the repair of injured skeletal muscle. METHODS: A computer-based online search was conducted in PubMed and Wanfang databases from 2002 to 2015 to screen the relevant literatures. Roles of skeletal muscle growth factors, myosin, and collagen in the repair of injured skeletal muscle was summarized by collecting the data regarding the factors influencing exercise and the repair of injured skeletal muscle, and growth factors involved in the regeneration and repair of injured skeletal muscle. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Insulin-like growth factor, fibroblast growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor regulate inflammation after skeletal muscle injury extensively. Myosin heavy chain is considered as a specific marker for skeletal muscle regeneration. Types I and III collagen and fibronectin functioning as a skeleton for skeletal muscle fiber play critical roles in the regeneration and repair of injured skeletal muscle. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

运动诱导骨骼肌线粒体生成中沉默信息调节因子1的作用

BACKGROUND:Silent information regulator factor-1 is an energy metabolism regulator newly received attention in sports science, which playing roles in skeletal exercise-induced muscle mitochondrial biogenesis with other regulatory factors. OBJECTIVE:To review the effect and mechanism of silent information regulator factor-1 on skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in exercise. METHODS: The PubMed database and Highwire database were retrieved with computer for the articles on exercise, silent information regulator factor-1 and skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis from January 2000 to January 2013 with the key words of “SIRT1, AMPK, PGC-1α, mitochondrial biogenesis, skeletal muscle, exercise” in English. After primary search, the articles about the association between silent information regulator factor-1 and skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in exercise were selected. Articles on repeated experiment were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Totally 165 relevant articles were selected, and articles on repetitive research were excluded, so finaly 62 articles were included. As a NAD+-depended deacetylase, silent information regulator factor-1 induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis by up-regulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator after activated during exercise. The molecular mechanism involved adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and hypoxia-inducible factor 2α. In recent years, the effect of silent information regulator factor-1 on skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis was doubt, the researchers though that silent information regulator factor-1 was not required for exercise-induced muscle mitochondrial biogenesis.Silent information regulator factor-1 plays an important role in exercise-induced muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. But protein and activity detection methods are different in experimental results.     

少肌症对骨骼肌的影响、分子机制及其防治

BACKGROUND: There is an urgent need to explore the loss of skeletal muscle mass during aging (sarcopenia), and its molecular mechanisms of action, and prevention and treatment strategies. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the latest progress in molecular mechanisms of sarcopenia, and to provide a fundamental for promoting functional recovery and regeneration of skeletal muscle. METHODS: A computer-based online search was conducted in PubMed and Wanfang databases from 2005 to 2015 to screen the relevant literatures using Chinese and English key words “sarcopenia, skeletal muscle, mechanism, therapy”, respectively. Consequently, 31 eligible literatures were collected, summarized, and analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Sarcopenia is closely correlated with oxidative stress caused by mitochondrial respiratory failure, inhibition of activating factors for regulating satellite cells, reduction in insulin secretion, decreased sensitivity, protein synthesis, and low protein diet. There are common features and molecular mechanisms in sarcopenia and disuse muscle atrophy. Further exploration of exercise and diet strategies for the treatment of sarcopenia is required. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

猪心脏瓣膜成肌纤维细胞的分离、鉴定与培养

BACKGROUND: Valvular interstitial cells are the main components of the heart valves. Myofibroblasts, as a kind of valvular interstitial cells, can express alpha-smooth muscle actin and type I collagen fiber, and hold differentiation potential. These cells cannot only play a support role in the valve structure, but also play a regulatory role in the process of the valve normal physiological and pathological responses. OBJECTIVE:To obtain a reliable method of separation, primary culture and identification of myofibroblasts laying a foundation for further study on the cardiac valvular calcification. METHODS: Aortic valve myofibroblas extracted from porcine hearts were primary cultured by trypsin and collagenase combined digestive method, common enzyme-digestion method and tissue-culture method, respectively. The myofibroblast activity and morphology were observed using microscope, and myofibroblasts were identified using light microscope and immunocytochemistrial method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Myofibroblasts had a higher activity and purity cultured by trypsin combined with collagenase II digestion method. Aortic valve myofibroblasts were positive for alpha-smooth muscle actin and negative for von Willebrand factor under fluorescence microscope, suggesting that myofibroblasts were successfully obtained. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

肝血窦壁细胞的研究进展

肝窦壁细胞是肝脏的非实质细胞 ,对于肝脏的生理和病理都具有非常重要的作用。本文就肝窦壁细胞的形态、功能及其与肝脏的病理生理的关系进行了简要的概述 ,并就肝窦壁细胞的研究进展作一综述 ,以期为这方面的研究提供一些线索     

T cells as antigen-presenting cells

Human T cells express major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II antigens and adhesion molecules characteristics of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and recent in vitro and in vivo evidence supports and antigen-presenting function for T cells. In this guise, T cells provide downregulatory signals for the immune response by inducing anergy in T cells that have already been activated and cytotoxicity in resting T cells. Here, Werner Pichler and Tony Wyss-Coray suggest that this may represent an important negative mechanism for T-cell homeostasis.     

T cells,dendritic cells and epithelial cells in intestinal homeostasis

The mucosal immune system of the intestinal tract is continuously exposed to both potential pathogens and beneficial commensal microorganism. A variety of mechanisms contribute to the ability of the gut to either react or remain tolerant to antigen present in the intestinal lumen. Antigens of the gut commensals are not simply ignored, but rather trigger an active immunosuppressive process, which prevents the outcome of immunopathology. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the mechanism of intestinal homeostasis, with particular focus on the complex crosstalk between T cells, dendritic cells and intestinal epithelial cells.     

Antigen-presenting cells for unprimed T cells

The triggering requirements of T cells differ for primed and unprimed cells: primed T cells can be triggered to produce lymphokines without viable antigen-presenting cells (APCs), apparently by crosslinking the T-cell receptor (TCR). Unprimed T cells do, however, require viable APCs and here Jonathan Sprent and Mary Schaefer review what type of cells can carry out this function, with particular reference to APCs for unprimed CD8+ cells.     

抗原致敏DC与CIK共培养体外抗肾癌效应的研究

目的： 探讨肾癌(RCC)抗原致敏树突状细胞(DC)与同源细胞因子诱导杀伤细胞(CIK)共培养后的DC-CIK细胞对RCC的杀伤活性。 方法： 将健康成人外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）来源的DC经RCC(786-0细胞株)抗原致敏后与同源CIK细胞共培养，实验分3组：RCC抗原致敏DC与CIK共培养组（A组），未致敏DC与CIK共培养组（B组），单纯CIK组（C组）。流式细胞仪检测DC及CIK免疫表型。MTT法检测3组效应细胞对786-0细胞杀伤活性。 结果： 效靶比 20∶1 时，A、B、C组对786-0细胞杀伤活性分别为（70.64±8.26）%、（53.40±7.33）%、（46.64±6.01）%，各组比较差异显著（P<0.05）；以前列腺癌PC3细胞作靶细胞对照，A组对786-0及PC3细胞的杀伤活性有显著差异（P<0.05）。 结论： RCC抗原致敏DC与CIK共培养后的DC-CIK细胞可明显提高CIK细胞对RCC的杀伤特异性和杀伤活性。     

肿瘤干细胞与胶质瘤细胞起源

经过过去20年的努力,癌基因和抑癌基因在神经胶质瘤形成及发展中的核心地位已达共识.然而,在生命科学研究突飞猛进、肿瘤诊断与治疗手段日新月异的今天,我们尚未确立这些核心分子在胶质瘤中作用的靶标,因此,胶质瘤的细胞起源-这一决定着人类最终克服胶质瘤的根本问题再度引起人类的关注.