肝硬化患者并发医院感染临床分析

目的探讨肝硬化患者医院感染的临床特征。方法回顾性分析220例肝硬化患者的临床资料,统计医院感染发生率、观察感染部位、病原菌构成、影响感染的相关因素和感染对预后的影响。结果在220例患者中发生医院感染50例（22.7%）;自发性腹膜炎28例（56.0%）;在50例医院感染患者中共培养出细菌80株,其中革兰氏阴性杆菌45株、革兰氏阳性球菌23株和真菌12株;医院感染相关因素包括年龄大、Child-Pugh分级差、侵袭性操作、并发症、预防应用抗生素和住院时间长（P〈0.05）;医院感染患者病死率为20.0%,显著高于无感染患者的4.6%（P〈0.05）。结论肝硬化合并医院感染发生率较高,对预后有不良的影响,应针对医院感染进行必要的预防。     

老年病房医院感染分析与对策

目的 了解老年病房患者医院感染发病率、危险因素及病原菌的分布,探讨其控制措施.方法 用前瞻性和回顾性调查相结合的综合性监测方法,对该院老年病房2007年至2010年的住院患者医院感染情况进行分析.结果 2512例患者中发生医院感染169例,总感染率为6.75％;医院感染患者中下呼吸道最为常见(53.25％),其次为上呼吸道(22.49％);年龄、基础疾病、侵入性操作、住院时间、多种抗生素的联合使用、激素应用等均构成老年患者院内获得性感染的危险因素.结论 老年患者易发生医院感染,积极治疗基础疾病,缩短住院时间、尽量避免侵入性操作等危险因素,增强机体免疫力,合理使用抗生素,才能降低医院感染发生率.     

乙肝肝硬化失代偿期患者合并医院感染的临床调查

目的分析乙肝肝硬化失代偿期患者合并医院感染的情况并提出相应措施。方法回顾性分析武汉科技大学附属汉阳医院2011年3月-2012年3月收治的262例乙肝肝硬化住院患者发生医院感染的情况。结果 262例患者中发生医院感染者49例(18.7%);易感部位主要是腹膜、呼吸道、肠道及泌尿道;发生医院感染的时间为(20.1±0.7)d;病原学标本检查:主要是大肠埃希菌,其次是肺炎克雷伯菌以及白色念珠菌等。导致乙肝肝硬化失代偿期患者出现医院感染的相关因素主要是:年龄≥60岁,Child-Pugh分级C级,有并发症,有侵入性操作史,住院时间≥15 d,采用2种或以上的抗生素。结论合理使用抗生素,尽量减少入侵性操作等帮助乙肝肝硬化失代偿期患者提高其机体的免疫抵抗力,降低医院感染的发生率。     

失代偿期慢性乙型肝炎肝硬化患者医院感染的相关因素分析及预防策略

目的:分析失代偿期慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)肝硬化患者医院感染的影响因素和预防策略,为减少医院感染的发生提供临床参考依据。方法:回顾性分析2013年2月至2016年2月我院收治的104例失代偿期CHB肝硬化患者的临床资料,总结患者感染部位及病原茵构成,通过单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析法分析医院感染的相关危险因素。结果:104例失代偿期CHB肝硬化患者发生医院感染21例(20.19%),感染部位主要以呼吸系统和腹腔为主,分别占38.10%和28.57%;单因素分析结果显示,年龄、肝功能分级、并发症、血清白蛋白、侵入性操作、预防性应用抗茵药物、住院期间、白细胞与失代偿期CHB肝硬化患者医院感染密切相关(P0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,住院时间、侵入性操作、血清白蛋白、肝功能分级及预防性应用抗茵药物是患者医院感染的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论:住院时间、侵入性操作、血清白蛋白、肝功能分级及预防性应用抗茵药物是失代偿期CHB肝硬化患者医院感染的独立危险因素,应合理应用抗茵药物,减少住院时间及侵入性操作,并改善患者的肝功能和营养状况。     

肝硬化患者院内感染预测模型的建立及验证

目的研究肝硬化并发院内感染独立危险因素,并运用危险因素建立预测模型。方法回顾性分析2010年1月-2015年10月在恩施土家族苗族自治州中心医院住院肝硬化患者的临床资料,运用Logistic多因素分析,建立预后模型。用独立的临床病例资料进行验证评估模型判断能力。结果 532例肝硬化患者,其中院内感染68例(12.78%)。Logistic回归分析结果显示年龄、并发症、住院时间、肝功能分级、低蛋白血症、侵入性操作是肝硬化院内感染的独立危险因素。对构建的预测模型的预测能力进行评估发现:模型预测的灵敏度为84.00%,特异度为91.18%,总正确率为89.25%。结论年龄、并发症、住院时间、肝功能分级、低蛋白血症、侵入性操作是肝硬化医院内感染的独立危险因素,本研究构建的预测模型能够较为准确地预测肝硬化患者是否发生院内感染。     

老年慢性心力衰竭患者医院感染相关因素分析

目的探讨老年慢性心力衰竭患者发生医院感染的相关因素,为临床防治感染提供依据。方法回顾性分析2011年4月至2014年1月我院收治的378例老年慢性心力衰竭患者的临床资料,收集老年慢性心力衰竭患者医院感染的发生情况,并分析其相关因素。结果共56例老年慢性心力衰竭患者发生医院感染,感染率为14.8%;其中呼吸道感染28例,泌尿系统感染14例,消化系统感染7例,口腔感染5例,皮肤黏膜感染2例。医院感染与患者的年龄、病程、心功能分级、住院时间、侵入性操作、合并糖尿病和肺部疾病明显相关(χ2=6.077、4.779、30.375、4.025、4.273、11.399和7.005,均为P<0.05)。年龄>70岁、住院时间>14 d、有侵入性操作和合并糖尿病是老年慢性心力衰竭患者发生医院感染的独立危险因素(OR=3.612、1.965、3.014和2.735,均为P<0.05)。结论老年慢性心力衰竭患者的医院感染发生率较高,与多个因素相关。临床上应针对医院感染相关危险因素,制定相应的防治措施,减少医院感染发生。     

老年脑梗死患者发生医院感染危险因素分析

目的研究脑梗死患者发生医院感染的危险因素,为预防医院感染提供理论依据。方法 247例脑梗死患者按是否发生医院感染分为两组,比较机械通气、意识障碍、侵入性操作、年龄、预防应用抗生素等因素对医院感染的影响。结果合并意识障碍、机械通气、侵入性操作、预防应用抗生素等因素发生医院感染的机会大于非合并以上因素患者（P〈0.05）。结论老年脑梗死患者发生医院感染是多种因素作用的结果,要采用多种措施预防医院感染。     

老年肾病综合征患者院内感染情况及影响因素分析

目的探讨老年肾病综合征(NS)患者院内感染的情况及其影响因素。方法选取2015年1月至2017年12月在我院肾病科住院治疗的300例老年NS患者为研究对象,调查患者的性别、年龄、病程、住院时间、血肌酐等情况以及免疫抑制剂使用、侵入性操作等情况;采集患者皮肤、消化道、呼吸道等感染部位分泌物进行细菌培养,对细菌进行药敏试验及病原菌鉴定。对影响老年NS患者发生院内感染的因素进行单因素和多因素logistics回归分析。结果老年NS患者的院内感染发生率为25. 0%,其中以呼吸道感染、置管感染为主,病原菌中革兰阳性菌占49. 3%、革兰阴性菌占46. 7%,真菌占3%。单因素分析结果显示,发生院内感染患者的年龄、病程、住院时间、血肌酐水平、血浆白蛋白水平以及是否使用糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂、是否进行侵入性操作与无院内感染患者比较差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。多因素logistics回归分析结果显示,年龄、住院时间、血浆白蛋白水平、进行侵入性操作是影响老年NS患者发生院内感染的独立危险因素。结论老年NS患者院内感染发生率较高,高龄、住院时间长、低血浆白蛋白水平、侵入性操作是导致患者发生院内感染的高危因素。     

老年脑卒中相关性肺炎病原学特点及危险因素分析

目的探讨老年脑卒中相关性肺炎(SAP)的病原学特点及危险因素。方法对239例老年脑卒中患者的慢性基础疾病、意识状态、有无侵入性操作、病原学检查结果、药物使用情况等临床资料进行回顾性调查,比较分析SAP的病原学特点及相关危险因素。结果 239例老年脑卒中患者发生SAP 56例,感染率为23.4%,例次感染率为26.8%,感染病原菌以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主,占65.0%,排在前三位的病原菌依次是铜假绿单胞菌(23.8%)、鲍蔓不动杆菌(16.3%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(15.0%)。住院天数≥30 d、有侵入性操作、有意识障碍、使用多种抗菌药物、有慢性基础病等是SAP的危险因素。结论老年脑卒中患者是SAP的高危人群,应重点监测,控制相关危险因素,积极采取个性化的预防措施,以有效地降低SAP的发生率。     

肺癌患者医院感染调查分析

目的对肺癌患者发生医院感染的状况进行调查分析。方法对126例肺癌患者发生医院感染的状况进行分析。结果 126例肺癌患者中分离出病原菌148株,病原菌以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主(62.84%),革兰氏阳性杆菌(29.73%),真菌(7.43%);细菌的耐药性普遍较高;感染的相关因素有:年龄、住院时间、肺癌临床分期、侵袭性操作、放疗/化疗、抗生素的使用、免疫抑制剂或激素、伴有基础疾病。结论肺癌患者医院感染病原菌以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主,病原菌常为多药耐药。合理控制院内感染的相关因素,对指导临床合理用药具有重要意义。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.