轻度认知功能障碍人群中APOE基因与核磁共振影像改变在阿尔茨海默病早期诊断中的应用

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)作为一种隐匿进展的神经退行性疾病,是痴呆最主要的类型,临床主要表现为进行性的认知功能下降和行为损害。轻度认知功能障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI),是指已有认知功能障碍,但尚未达到痴呆诊断标准的一种介于痴呆和正常衰老之间的中间状态。MCI作为AD的临床前阶段,是对AD进行早期干预的最佳时期,一方面MCI患者转化为AD的风险远高于普通人,每年有10%~15%的MCI患者发展为临床可诊断的AD,而健康人中这一比率仅为1%~2%[1]。     

轻度认知障碍的中西医研究进展

轻度认知功能障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)是正常老化过程与老年性痴呆之间的一种过渡阶段,其向阿尔茨海默病(AD)转化的风险很高,是公认的高危人群.对MCI患者进行早期识别与干预可延缓病程进展,目前MCI已成为痴呆研究的焦点.本文拟对近期有关MCI的定义、诊断标准及流程、临床分型、神经心理学评估,以及相关临床实验室检查等方面对轻度认知障碍的诊断做一综述.     

老年轻度认知功能障碍的相关因素研究

老年痴呆因其智力致残,会给家庭和社会造成沉重负担,而且中晚期治疗效果不佳,因此,对老年痴呆的早期防治已经成为社会发展的需要.老年人轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)是介于正常衰老和痴呆之间的一种认知损伤状态,是一种不稳定的过渡状态,具有转化为痴呆的高风险.此外,MCI也可以使老年人进入医疗机构的风险增高,严重干扰老年人的正常生活并增加家庭和照料者的压力,降低了老年人及其家庭成员和照料者的生活质量.因此积极研究MCI的相关因素以及MCI进展为痴呆的危险因素,寻找可干预的治疗因素,不仅可能为老年期痴呆的防治提供切实可行的有效途径,且有助于改善老年人的生活质量,减轻家庭及社会的巨大压力.本文综述MCI的危险因素如下.     

轻度认知功能障碍研究进展

轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)是介于正常老化和痴呆之间的一种临床状态。根据认知领域损害的类型和数量将MCI分为4个亚型,即遗忘型;伴记忆障碍的多个领域型;无记忆障碍的单一领域型;无记忆障碍的多领域型。MCI可转化为阿尔茨海默病(AD)或其他痴呆、可停留在认知障碍阶段、有些患者认知可恢复正常。遗忘型MCI可能为AD的早期表现,而非遗忘型MCI更有可能发展为其他类型的痴呆如血管性痴呆、额颞叶痴呆或Lewy小体病性痴呆。多领域型MCI特别是伴记忆障碍的多领域型MCI其转化为AD的可能性最高,而单一领域型MCI(遗忘型和非遗忘型)常转化为正常认知状态。但目前对MCI的治疗或预防MCI向痴呆的转化尚无有效方法。许多方法正处在研究阶段,其效果有待进一步确认。     

头针结合体针治疗中风后轻度认知障碍34例

血管性轻度认知功能障碍(V-MCI)是介于正常老年人和痴呆之间的一种功能障碍,可进一步发展血管性痴呆.研究表明,我国每年新发卒中病例约250万,发病后1年内有近70％的患者存在认知功能障碍[1];65岁以上人群中痴呆的患病率约为5％,其中血管性痴呆占20％左右.因此寻找有效治疗轻度认知障碍(MCI)的方法尤为重要.本研究旨在评价针灸对MCI的临床疗效.     

老年轻度认知功能障碍的神经心理学研究及康复训练的疗效观察

轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)是介于正常衰老和痴呆之间的一种认知损害状态,据统计每年约有10%～15%的遗忘型MCI患者发展为阿尔茨海默病(AD),而正常人每年转化率仅为1%[1],因此认识MCI的神经心理学特点、早期诊断并进行干预治疗对预防AD和其他类型痴呆的发生具有重要意义.目前国内外对MCI的认知损害特点没有统一的认识,而且没有统一的概念和诊断标准,本研究采用神经心理学方法对MCI患者和正常老年人的认知功能进行全面的评价分析,探讨MCI认知功能损害特点并对认知康复训练的疗效进行观察.     

一体化正电子发射断层显像磁共振在阿尔茨海默病的研究进展

正阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是一种以进行性认知功能障碍和行为损害为主要特征的神经退行性疾病,是老年痴呆中最常见的一种类型。轻度认知功能障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)是处于正常老化与痴呆之间的一种认知状态,具有转化为AD或其他痴呆类型的高风险。目前诊断AD的影像技术主要是功能MRI和正电子发射断层显像(positron emission tomography,PET)。近年来研究表     

轻度认知障碍情景记忆损伤的神经心理学研究进展

<正>轻度认知障碍(MCI)指介于正常老化与痴呆之间的一种认知缺损状态,表现为与年龄和教育程度不相称的认知功能减退,但不影响日常生活能力,并尚未达到痴呆的临床诊断标准〔1〕。许多研究表明每年大约有10%~15%的MCI患者转变为痴呆,其中绝大部分转化为阿尔茨海默病(AD)〔2〕。作为MCI的分型,遗忘型轻度认知障碍(a MCI)最易转变为AD。情景记忆是指以时间和空间为坐标对个人亲身经历的、发     

轻度认知障碍动物模型进展

轻度认知障碍(MCI)是介于正常衰老和痴呆,尤其是阿尔茨海默病(AD)之间的一种认知缺损状态.研究发现每年约10%～15%的MCI患者发展为痴呆,而相同年龄的健康老年人每年发生AD的概率为1.0%～2.0%[1].     

城镇老年居民认知功能评估

随着对痴呆认识地深入,将治疗和干预转向早期以成为一种共识,而轻度认知功能损害(MCI)是介于认知功能正常衰老与痴呆之间的一种过渡阶段,是一种可干预的痴呆前状态,也是进行预防性干预的最佳阶段,因此凸显出早期筛查MCI的意义,发展快速、客观的MCI筛查工具也成为当务之急.蒙特利尔认知评估表(MoCA),其评估的认知领域全面,国内多项研究[1,2]均表明MoCA用于认知功能评估和筛查MCI,其敏感性要优于常用的简易精神状况量表(MMSE).本研究选用MoCA北京版对121例60～ 76岁城镇老年居民进行认知功能评估,以了解该群体的认知功能水平及其影响因素.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.