颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作患者脑动脉狭窄的分布特征

目的通过数字减影血管造影检查,研究颈动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作与颅内外供血动脉狭窄的关系。方法对251例颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作患者的全脑血管造影术资料进行分析,计算颅内外血管狭窄发生率,对不同年龄组患者颅内外血管狭窄情况进行统计学比较。结果 251例颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作的患者,有248例检出了脑动脉狭窄,占98.8%。共检出病变血管688支,前循环病变587支(85.3%),后循环病变101支(14.7%)。青年组颅内动脉狭窄高于颅外动脉,老年组颅外动脉狭窄高于颅内动脉,老年组颅外动脉狭窄高于中年组和青年组,中年组颅外动脉狭窄高于青年组。结论本研究资料提示,前循环动脉狭窄为颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作的主要原因。不同年龄患者脑动脉狭窄的空间分布明显不同。     

64层CT对缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄分布特征的研究

目的探讨动脉粥样硬化性缺血性脑血管病患者颅内外动脉狭窄的部位和年龄分布特征。方法选择存在脑动脉狭窄的缺血性脑血管病患者144例,按年龄分为青年组(18～44岁,12例)、中年组(45～59岁,45例)和老年组(≥60岁,87例)。通过CT血管造影检查,对脑动脉不同狭窄部位及年龄分布特征进行分析。结果 144例动脉狭窄或闭塞患者中,共检测到病变血管414支,单支性血管狭窄24例(16.7%),多发性狭窄120例(83.3%,P<0.01)。单纯颅内动脉狭窄和颅内合并颅外动脉狭窄发生率明显高于单纯颅外动脉(60.4%vs 31.3%vs8.3%,P<0.01)。颅内、外动脉病变好发部位依次为:大脑中动脉和椎动脉颅外段。单纯前循环狭窄和前后循环均狭窄发生率明显高于单纯后循环狭窄(35.4%vs 41.7%vs 22.9%,P<0.05,P<0.01)。青年组和中年组单纯颅内动脉狭窄发生率明显高于老年组(83.3%vs 75.6%vs 49.4%,P<0.05)。老年组单纯颅外动脉狭窄发生率明显高于中年组(12.6%vs 2.2%,P<0.05)。结论缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄以多发性为主;颅内动脉狭窄的发生率高于颅外动脉;脑动脉狭窄分布有随年龄变化的特征性。     

120例颅内外脑供血动脉严重狭窄或闭塞患者全脑血管造影分析

目的 探讨颅内外脑供血动脉狭窄或闭塞患者的全脑血管造影特点.方法 对经全脑血管造影证实的120例颅内外脑供血动脉严重狭窄或闭塞病例的血管造影资料进行分析.根据年龄将患者分为青年组(6～44岁,48例)、中年组(45～59岁,41例)和老年组(≥60岁,31例).结果 全组病例共有狭窄或闭塞324处,单纯颅内动脉狭窄占47%,显著高于单纯颅外动脉狭窄占35%和颅内外狭窄并存占18%.青年组单纯颅内动脉狭窄比例为79%,显著高于中年组(29%,P<0.01)和老年组(19%,P<0.01);青年组单纯颅外血管狭窄比例为10%,显著低于中年组(46%,P<0.01)和老年组(58%,P<0.01);青年组前循环狭窄比例为97%,显著高于中年组(75%,P<0.01)和老年组(56%,P<0.01).脑梗死患者单纯颅内动脉狭窄占35%,单纯颅外动脉狭窄占42%,颅内外动脉狭窄并存占23%;短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)患者单纯颅内动脉狭窄占44%,单纯颅外动脉狭窄占39%,颅内外动脉狭窄并存占17%.82%的脑(室)出血发生于单纯颅内动脉狭窄患者.共107例患者存在梗死灶,其中99例梗死灶与动脉狭窄部位存在相关性.部分患者存在高血压、吸烟、高脂血症、高龄和糖尿病等危险因素,与狭窄分布模式有一定关系.结论 脑供血动脉狭窄的最多发部位是颈内动脉.单纯颅内动脉狭窄以青年人多见,随年龄的增长颅外动脉狭窄比例逐渐增高,颅内外动脉狭窄并存情况逐渐增多,前循环狭窄比例逐渐降低,而后循环狭窄比例逐渐升高.脑梗死、TIA和脑(室)出血患者动脉狭窄好发部位各不相同.缺血性脑血管病患者梗死灶与动脉狭窄部位密切相关.高血压对患者形成颅内外动脉狭窄影响最大,高龄和糖尿病对颅外动脉狭窄影响较大.     

缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄的分布

目的探讨不同年龄缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄的分布规律。方法缺血性脑血管病患者340例行全脑血管造影,其中短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者105例(TIA组),脑梗死患者235例(脑梗死组);又根据年龄分为青年组(54例)、中年组(137例)、老年组(149例)。结果脑梗死组吸烟、饮酒明显高于TIA组(P<0.05);老年组颈动脉狭窄、颅外动脉狭窄高于中年组和青年组,中年组高于青年组(P<0.05);青年组颅内动脉狭窄高于颅外动脉狭窄,老年组颅外动脉狭窄高于颅内动脉狭窄(P<0.05);缺血性脑血管病和脑梗死患者前循环动脉狭窄高于后循环(P<0.01);老年组前后循环及后循环动脉狭窄明显高于中年组和青年组(P<0.01);中年组前后循环及后循环动脉狭窄高于青年组(P<0.01)。结论动脉粥样硬化性缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄的分布有疾病和年龄特征性。     

缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄的分布及特征

目的　探讨动脉粥样硬化性缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄的分布特征。方法　选择连续行主动脉弓 +全脑血管造影检查的成年缺血性脑血管病患者 196例 ,将其中 171例存在脑动脉狭窄的患者按年龄分为青年组 (18～4 4岁 )、中年组 (45～ 5 9岁 )及老年组 (≥ 6 0岁 ) ,分析脑动脉狭窄随年龄变化的分布规律。结果　 171例脑动脉狭窄的患者中颅内动脉狭窄的发生率 (80 .7% )明显高于颅外动脉 (5 6 .1% )。青年组单纯颅内动脉狭窄的比例较高 ,主要发生在大脑中动脉。中年组及老年组颅内、外动脉狭窄并存的比例较高。颅外动脉病变数目随年龄不断增加(P <0 .0 0 1)。结论　动脉粥样硬化性缺血性脑血管病患者颅内动脉狭窄的发生率高于颅外。脑动脉狭窄的分布有年龄特征性     

影像学诊断颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的Willis环侧支开放及脑梗死形式

目的探讨颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的缺血性脑血管病患者Willis环侧支循环代偿及脑梗死形式。方法选择2012年3月~2014年3月天津医科大学总医院神经内科收治的颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的缺血性脑血管病患者98例,其中新发脑梗死患者64例。头颅CT血管成像或磁共振血管成像显示,颅内外脑动脉狭窄情况及颅底动脉环开放形式。按颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞部位分为颅内组11例、颅外组40例及内外并存组47例,分析比较3组Willis环开放情况及脑梗死形式。结果内外并存组男性比例明显高于颅内组(91.49%vs 54.55%,P<0.05),糖尿病和吸烟是颅外颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的独立危险因素(P=0.037,P=0.042)。3组Willis环各分型发生率比较,无统计学差异(P>0.05)。颅外组皮质脑梗死较内外并存组增多(44.00%vs 13.64%,P<0.05);内外并存组分水岭脑梗死较颅外组增多(59.09%vs 28.00%,P<0.05)。前交通动脉开放者颈内动脉分布区大面积脑梗死的发生较无开放者发生率低(4.00%vs 23.08%,P=0.048)。结论颈内动脉不同部位重度狭窄或闭塞Willis环开放形式无统计学差异,提示脑卒中发病有多种机制参与,前交通动脉开放可以降低大面积脑梗死的发生率。     

颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的侧支循环途径

目的探讨颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的侧支循环途径。方法对100例老年颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者,采用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)技术评估侧支循环变化。结果大脑中动脉主干重度狭窄或闭塞59例,TCD显示软脑膜吻合侧支通路开放34例,占57.6%。颈内动脉起始部重度狭窄或闭塞30例,侧支通路开放24例,占80.0%,其中前动脉交通侧支开放8例,后动脉交通侧支开放2例,前动脉交通与后动脉交通侧支同时开放4例,眼动脉侧支开放6例,前动脉交通、后动脉交通和眼动脉侧支同时开放4例。锁骨下动脉重度狭窄7例,TCD发现窃血改变4例,占57.1%。椎动脉重度狭窄或闭塞3例中,2例椎动脉起始部闭塞患者出现颈外动脉-椎动脉侧支开放。左侧颈总动脉闭塞伴头臂干中度狭窄1例,TCD显示椎动脉-颈外动脉-颈内动脉侧支通路开放。结论 TCD技术有助于了解颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的侧支循环途径。     

老年颈内动脉颅外段重度狭窄或闭塞后患者的颅内血流改变

目的探讨老年颈内动脉颅外段(EICA)重度狭窄或闭塞后患者颅内血流的改变及病情的变化。方法选择EICA重度狭窄或闭塞患者95例,按照年龄分为老年组(62例)和中年组(33例)。经颅多普勒超声检测患侧大脑中动脉的平均血流速度、搏动指数,判断侧支循环开放情况,根据美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)进行神经功能缺损评分。结果与中年组比较,老年组搏动指数和NIHSS评分明显升高,平均血流速度明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组间侧支循环开放情况差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论老年患者EICA重度狭窄或闭塞后,侧支循环开放的情况无明显变化,但患侧大脑中动脉的血流速度较低,动脉弹性差,临床病情重。     

306例缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄特点分析

目的为缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄的临床防治提供依据。方法筛选经数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查证实存在脑动脉狭窄的缺血性脑血管病患者306例,根据年龄分为青、中、老年组,对其颅内外动脉的狭窄程度、分布特征及特点等进行比较。结果单纯颅内动脉狭窄128例、单纯颅外动脉狭窄78例,单纯前循环动脉狭窄142例、单纯后循环狭窄63例,单支性血管狭窄者96例、多发性狭窄者210例;老年组单发性血管狭窄占23.28%,明显低于中年组（17.87%）和青年组（7.36%）,P〈0.01;青年组颅内动脉狭窄占83.62%,明显高于中年组（44.79%）和老年组（28.30%）,P〈0.01;老年组前循环狭窄占31.45%,明显低于青年组（74.51%）和中年组（56.25%）,P〈0.01。结论缺血性脑血管病患者颅内外动脉狭窄的分布具有年龄差异,早期对相关因素进行干预有利于降低缺血性脑血管病的发病率。     

缺血性脑卒中患者颅内外脑动脉狭窄的分布及其危险因素分析

目的探讨缺血性脑卒中患者颅内外脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的分布特征及其危险因素。方法选择存在颅内外脑动脉粥样硬化性病变的缺血性脑卒中患者155例,按年龄分为中青年组(年龄33~59岁,51例)和老年组(年龄≥60岁,104例)。通过全脑血管造影检查,对颅内外脑动脉狭窄的分布特征及危险因素进行分析。结果155例患者中共有狭窄或闭塞472处,颅内外病变分别以大脑中动脉狭窄及颈内动脉颅外段最易发生。单发脑动脉病变80例(51.6%),其中单纯颅内动脉病变44例(55.0%),单纯颅外动脉病变36例(45.0%);颅内外动脉并存病变75例(48.4%),其中颅内外动脉串联病变27例(36.0%)。单纯前循环狭窄58例(37.4%),单纯后循环狭窄19例(12.3%),前后循环并存狭窄78例(50.3%)。与中青年组比较,老年组单纯颅内动脉狭窄和前循环狭窄明显降低(22.1%vs 41.2%,31.7%vs 49.0%,P<0.05)。部分患者存在高血压、高脂血症等危险因素与颅内外动脉狭窄分布模式存在相关性。结论颅内外脑动脉狭窄的分布有年龄特征性,随着年龄增长,逐渐以颅内外动脉及前后循环并存狭窄为主。高血压和高脂血症与颅内外动脉并存狭窄有关。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.