回收式自体输血的临床应用体会

目的回顾我院回收式自体输血的术中应用及患者术后恢复情况,评价回收式自体输血的安全性和有效性。方法回顾725例术中应用回收式自体输血的患者回收、回输血液量、术后输注异体血以及治愈情况。比较其中未输异体血的140例回收式自体输血患者术前、术后1d和术后5d的红细胞计数（RBC）、血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞比容（Hct）、白细胞计数（WBC）、血小板计数（PLT）。结果经血液回收机回收血液总量1501920ml,平均每例2072ml。725例患者中,死亡7例术后,其余患者均康复出院。术后1d与术前比较RBC、Hb、Hct、PLT、WBC间差别有显著性意义（P〈0.05）;术后5d与术前各指标间差别无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。结论回收式自体输血可以减少异体血的输注,缓解血源紧张,降低输血并发症及医疗费用,在抢救大出血时发挥着积极作用。     

自体血液回收对机体凝血功能的影响

目的研究术中自体血液回收对机体凝血功能的影响。方法选择术中出血量超过1000ml的病人40例,随机分为回输组(n=20)和非回输组(n=20)。记录每例患者术中出血量、回收血量、输入异体浓缩红细胞量;取2组病人术前及术后6、24h的静脉血,测定红细胞数(RBC)、血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(Hct)、血小板计数(PLT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血酶时间(APTT)。结果回收组平均每例回输血液1528ml,输入异体浓缩红细胞量186ml,显著少于非回收组的1120ml(P<0·05)。2组各对应点时间RBC、Hb、Hct、PLT、PT、APTT无显著差异。结论自体血液回收技术可以显著减少手术中异体血的输入量,且此技术对机体的凝血功能无不良影响。     

急性等容性血液稀释自体输血联合控制性降压在骨科大手术中的应用

目的 探讨急性等容性血液稀释(ANH)自体输血联合控制性降压在骨科大手术中的血液保护作用.方法 选择骨科手术患者75例,麻醉后快速输注羟乙基淀粉稀释血液,经中心静脉采集自体血保存备用,当各术式主要手术步骤完成时或术中出血量≥500 ml时开始回输自体血,术中联合硝酸甘油控制性降压以减少出血.记录采血前后HR、BP、中心静脉压(CVP)变化,记录ANH前后及自体输血前后Hb、PLT、红细胞压积(Hct)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)指标变化.结果 75例患者共采血29 650 ml,平均采血量395 ml,平均输入稀释液965 ml.采血前后患者血流动力学指标稳定,ANH后Hb、PLT、Hct下降,PT、APTT延长,且FIB减少(P<0.01),Hct符合急性等容性血液稀释预期目标.自体输血后Hb、PLT、Hct回升,PT、APTT缩短且FIB增加(P<0.01).结论 骨科大手术时采用轻度ANH自体输血联合控制性降压技术,能够保持患者血流动力学稳定,自体输血效果显著,可以代替或减少异体输血,是一种安全有效、操作简单、经济实惠的血液保护方法.     

急性等容量血液稀释联合术中自体血回输在脑肿瘤手术中的应用

目的观察术前急性等容量血液稀释（ANH）联合术中自体血回输（ICS）用于脑肿瘤手术患者的节血效果和对凝血的影响。方法选择45例择期脑肿瘤手术患者（估计出血量〉800ml,ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级）,随机分为三组,每组各15例。Ⅰ组采用ANH联合术中自体血回输,Ⅱ组采用单纯术中自体血回输,Ⅲ组为未处理组。分别检测麻醉前（T1）、采血后10分钟（T2）、保存的自体血（包括术前和术中）回输前10分钟（T3）、回输后10分钟（T4）、术后24小时（T5）、术后48小时（T6）各时点的血色素（Hb和Hct）水平、凝血功能（PT、APTT、FIB）、血电解质（K＋、Na＋、CL-）及术中术后出血量及异体输血情况。结果三组血清电解质变化、血红蛋白水平及红细胞比容未见明显差异（P〉0.05）;APTT指标Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组在T3和T4都有延长,但Ⅰ组在T5和T6时已经恢复到术前水平（P〈0.01）,而Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组在T5和T6时未恢复到术前水平（P〉0.05）。结论术前急性等容量血液稀释（ANH）联合术中自体血回输与其他两种方法相比,未增加手术风险,并且可改善凝血功能。     

回收式自体输血对脑膜瘤术后血肿的影响

目的:探讨回收式自体输血是否影响脑膜瘤术后血肿的发生,拓宽血液回收机在开颅手术中的应用.方法:90例择期脑膜瘤手术病人随机分为M组(实验组,n=60)和C组(对照组,n=30),M组病人采用美国Haemonetics Cell-Caver5血液回收机,行术中血液回输,分别于失血前、失血后、回输后监测血气、Hb和Hct.C组病人根据术中出血情况输注异体血.随访两组病人术后输注异体血的量、术后血肿发生情况及感染情况.结果:两组病人术中血流动力学稳定,术中Hb和Hct可维持在正常范围内.两组病人术后输注异体血量相似.术后血肿无显著差异.M组术后感染率低.结论:回收式自体输血不会影响脑膜瘤术后血肿的发生,可以安全使用.但应加强围术期的管理,以策安全.     

围手术期预存、回收、回输自体血在髋、膝关节置换术中的联合应用

目的探讨预存式自体血和术中、术后回收、回输自体血在髋、膝关节置换术中的联合应用效果。方法收集2000年6月至2008年12月,我院治疗84例病人107个髋、膝关节置换手术（其中单髋关节置换手术12例）。结果84例病人术中及术后回输预存式自体血400～800mL,平均560mL、回收式自体血200～500mL,平均320mL,术后通过CBC-Ⅱ回收自体血400～900mL,平均650mL。结论在行髋、膝关节置换中,联合采用预存自体血、术中血液回输及术后CBC-Ⅱ回收自体血进行回输技术。可提高手术安全性,减少围手术期同种异体血的输血量。     

高血容量血液稀释-自体血回输在外科手术中的应用

目的:探讨外科大手术患者行高血容量血液稀释-自体血回输的血液保护效果。方法:120例择期外科手术患者(预计出血量>800ml,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级),随机分为3组(n=40):A组采用高血容量血液稀释-自体血回输技术,B组单纯自体血回输技术,C组不采取以上血液保护措施。各组分别于术前,术后24h,术后48h采集静脉血样检测:血红蛋白水平(Hbg)、红细胞压积(Hct)、血小板计数(PLT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FBG),记录术中液体出入量、术中出血量、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)的变化。结果:与A组相比,B、C组术后24h和术后48h的血小板数量和凝聚功能明显降低(P<0.05),术中出血量及异体输血率则明显提高(P<0.01)。结论:外科大手术中联合应用高血容量血液稀释-自体血回输,能明显减少异体输血,安全性高。     

自体血回输技术在心脏瓣膜置换术中的应用研究

目的探讨自体血回输在心脏瓣膜置换术中的应用价值。方法对43例择期行心脏瓣膜置换术患者采用京精自体血液回收机3000P型进行洗涤式自体血回输,并对患者术前和术后24小时血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞比容（Hct）、红细胞计数（RBC）、白细胞计数（WBC）、血小板计数（PIt）、凝血活酶时间（Pr）、活化部分凝血酶时间（Am）、术后24小时引流量进行分析。结果43例患者所有的回收血经过血液回收机处理后共获得洗涤后浓缩红细胞为36400ml。手术前后患者RBC、APTT无明显变化（P〉0．05）,Hb、Hct低于术前（P〈0．05）,但也都位于正常参考值范围内,PIt比术前明显降低（P〈0．01）,WBC较术前明显增高（P〈0．01）,术后引流量均在可接受的范围内。所有患者在回输血过程中均无明显的不良输血反应。结论回收式自体血液回输可有效减少心脏瓣膜置换术中血液丢失,减少异体血输注量,减少输血费用,避免血液传播疾病及各种输血反应的发生。     

急性等容血液稀释联合控制性降压在脊柱手术中的应用

目的观察急性等容血液稀释（ANH）联合控制性降压（CH）对脊柱手术患者的有效性和安全性。方法患者麻醉后经桡动脉放血500~700 mL,同时通过外周静脉输入等量的聚明胶肽注射液,切皮前用酚妥拉明CH,手术结束前25 min停CH,并回输自体血,分别观察人手术前、采血后、CH后、回输自体血前、后患者的平均动脉压（MAP）、HR、失血量等指标的变化。结果采血后的MAP、Hb、Hct、Ph、FIB有所下降,CH后与采血后相比仅有MAP的下降。回输前Hb、Hct、FIB又有所下降,回输前各项指标基本恢复正常。出血量与既往回顾病例比较明显减少。结论 ANH联合CH能显著降低失血量,达到有效地减少同种异体输血,充分完成血液保护。     

回收式自体血回输应用于外科手术的临床观察

目的 观察回收式自体血回输应用于外科手术的临床效果.方法 对100例预计出血量大于500 mL的外科手术病人,采用自体血液回收机进行血液收集和回输(试验组);相同或类似手术100例单纯输注异体血(对照组).观察2组病人失血量、血液回收量、异体血输注量、输血反应、输血费用、血库日均供给手术病人血量.结果 试验组手术失血量(1 615.0±69.6)mL,血液回收输注量(823.3±67.6)mL,异体血输注量(316.3±58.4)mL;对照组手术失血量(1 628.0±715)mL,异体血输注量(803.5±77.4)mL,2组异体血输注量比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).试验组病人输血反应发生率、输血费用和血库日均供给手术病人血量明显低于对照组(均P＜0.05).结论 回收式自体血回输应用于外科手术,安全可靠,可产生巨大的经济效益和社会效益.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.