临床容易忽视的非创伤性横纹肌溶解症

目的探讨非创伤性横纹肌溶解症(rhabdomyolysis,RM)的病因及诊治要点,减少误诊误治。方法回顾分析2例非创伤性RM的临床资料。结果例1因意识障碍、低血压入院;例2因蛇咬伤入院,合并多脏器功能衰竭。2例入院后均出现肌酸激酶渐进性增高,例1同时肌红蛋白增高,均确诊非创伤性RM。例1经积极扩充血容量等治疗痊愈,例2因多器官功能衰竭放弃治疗。结论非创伤性RM的病因较多,临床上以肌肉损害和肌红蛋白尿为主要表现,治疗以积极补液及防治并发症为主。     

横纹肌溶解综合症的研究进展

横纹肌溶解综合症（RM）是指由各种原因所致的横纹肌的破坏和崩解,使得肌酸激酶、肌红蛋白等细胞内成分进入血液循环,引起机体内环境紊乱,甚至急性肾功能衰竭的一组临床综合征。单纯的RM大多预后较好,但RM合并急性肾功能衰竭等严重并发症时,死亡率会大幅上升;研究表明,15%~40%RM患者合并急性肾功能衰竭,死亡率高达20%。明确的病因及是否合并并发症是决定患者预后的关键,近年来尽管很多学者对运动、药物、食物、感染、内分泌代谢性疾病等因素所致的RM做了一系列的动物实验及临床实验研究,但由于导致RM的病因多种多样,病理机制复杂且RM早期临床表现不典型,临床上仍很容易误诊和漏诊,更多RM的发病因素和发病机理以及合理、有效的治疗手段仍需进一步的临床研究。本文主要就RM的病因、病理机制及血液净化治疗等方面的临床研究进展作一综述,以期开拓临床医师对横纹肌溶解症的新视野,使其对RM能做到早预防、早发现、早治疗。      

特殊军事训练致非外伤性横纹肌溶解症临床资料分析及治疗

横纹肌溶解症 (rhabdomyolysis,RM )是指各种原因引起的横纹肌细胞受损后细胞内容物释放入血所引起的综合征 ,其病因可分为外伤性和非外伤性。近 2 0年 ,中外学者认为非外伤性横纹肌溶解症多由于中毒、药物、感染等因素所致。而由于大运动量训练所致的非外伤性横纹肌溶解症报道较少 ,临床医生对此病认识不足[1] ,往往使患者由于并发急性肾功能衰竭 (acuterenalfailure ,ARF)及多脏器功能障碍综合征(multipleorgandysfunctionsyndrome ,MODS)而危及患者生命。为进一步引起临床医生的重视 ,现将我院 1988～ 2 0 0 2年因特殊军事训练所致横…     

过量运动中致横纹肌溶解综合征并发急性肾功能衰竭1例的护理

横纹肌溶解症(RM)是指可逆或不可逆的横纹肌细胞受损,使细胞膜的完整性改变,细胞内物质如蛋白、离子、酶等物质释放入血最后从尿中排出,其主要临床特征是:血清磷酸肌酸激酶(CPK)升高,血和尿中的肌红蛋白阳性,伴肌痛、肌紧张和肌内注入感。RM导致急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的发生率为20%～33%,而且RM在急性肾功能衰竭的发病原因中大约占     

1例肾移植术后严重横纹肌溶解症患者的护理

横纹肌溶解症(RM)是一组由各种原因所致的横纹肌细胞膜完整性改变,细胞内物质漏出,包括酶类、钾、磷、肌酐和肌蛋白等释放入血液中的临床综合征[1].临床表现为肌痛、肌无力,尿色异常,也可有发热和全身不适症状,血清肌酸激酶(CK)和血肌红蛋白显著增高,肝肾功能异常,严重者可出现急性肾功能衰竭.单用他汀类引起横纹肌溶解症的发生率为0.1％-0.5％,联合用药发生率上升至0.5％-2.5％.这些包括贝特类、烟酸、维拉帕米、胺碘酮、地高辛、华法林、环孢素A、咪唑类抗真菌药及大环内酯类抗生素等[2].2010年4月9日,我院肾移植病区收治1例肾移植术后并发严重横纹肌溶解症,出现急性肾功能衰竭、下肢肌力丧失的患者,经积极地治疗及护理,患者康复出院,现报道如下.     

糖尿病酮症酸中毒横纹肌溶解致急性肾功能衰竭一例

目的 报道糖尿病酮症酸中毒（DKA）横纹肌溶解（RM）并致急性肾功能衰竭的临床诊治经验。〖HTH〗方法〖HTSS〗 2009年10月8日收治1例DKA患者,病程中出现意识障碍、RM、急性肾功能衰竭,行连续性血液净化治疗。结果 48 h后患者意识障碍恢复,血肌酸激酶下降,酸中毒纠正,治疗效果显著。结论 提高对DKA患者发生RM的认识和常规肌酶谱的动态监测,做好早期诊断以及预防极其重要,是RM合并急性肾损伤（AKI）治疗的关键,有利于提高糖尿病患者的生存率。     

运动性横纹肌溶解症

目的:就运动性运性横纹肌溶解症的概念、病因、发病机制、临床特征及防治作一概述,以便指导临床工作和科学训练。资料来源:检索Medline1989-01/2006-04与横纹肌溶解症相关的文章,检索词“rhabdomyolysis”,并限定文章语言种类为English。检索清华全文数据库2000-01/2006-04关于横纹肌溶解症相关的文章,限定文章语言种类为中文,检索词“横纹肌溶解症”。资料选择:对资料进行初审,选取包括横纹肌溶解症的文献,开始查找全文。纳入标准:横纹肌溶解症的研究。排除标准:重复研究、Meta分析类文章。资料提炼:共收集到199篇关于横纹肌溶解症研究文章,其中48篇为综述类文章,17个实验研究,134篇为临床个案报道。资料综合:17个试验包括约74例患者和340只实验动物,证实了不科学的运动训练可导致机体能量耗损,自由基产生增加,组织渗透性加强,从而引起炎性因子释放,造成肌肉组织的损伤,部分患者甚至出现急性肾功能衰竭及多脏器功能障碍综合征等并发症。当前主要是针对病因治疗,减少肌肉损伤,恢复血流,防治急性肾功能衰竭。结论:运动性横纹肌溶解症是一组由于过度运动后所致的骨骼肌损伤。临床表现为肌痛、肿胀、无力、棕色尿。主要特征是血清肌酸激酶、肌球蛋白升高,以及肌球蛋白尿,常合并急性肾功能衰竭。早期病因的治疗,恢复血流,防治急性肾功能衰竭对改善预后有着重要的临床意义。     

持续性肾脏替代治疗抢救横纹肌溶解急性肾功能衰竭

横纹肌溶解综合征（rhabdomyolysis，RM）并发急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）较常见且病死率高。临床上创伤、炎症、代谢紊乱等多种原因均可导致横纹肌溶解，严重时可产生肌红蛋白尿，进而发生肾小管阻塞坏死。其发生往往与肌溶解临床表现不明显，诊断和处理延误或不当有关，因此，早期的诊断和及时治疗至关重要。最近我院连续治疗3例横纹肌溶解引起的ARF，报道如下。     

地震致大面积创伤伴挤压综合征患者 的护理

挤压综合征（crush syndrome）,又称外伤性无尿综合征,缺血性肌坏死综合征、Bywaters综合征、外伤性肌红蛋白尿急性肾功能衰竭综合征。是指人被石块土方压埋,尤其是肌肉丰满的肢体被压1h以上（如大腿）,而后引起身体一系列的病理改变,临床上主要表现为少尿甚至无尿,以肾功能衰竭为特点。肾功能衰竭是一种严重的情况。“5.12”地震灾害发生以来,我院ICU收治了148例重症地震伤员,其中有12例患者创伤严重,合并挤压综合征,且只在院外简单清创包扎后转入我院。治疗初期主要是稳定血流动力学等支持治疗,     

急性肾功能衰竭137例病因及预后的分析

目的:探讨急性肾功能衰竭的病因及与预后的关系。方法:对 137例急性肾功能衰竭患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:137例急性肾功能衰竭病例中,病因以肾实质性因素最多(111例),其中毒蕈中毒56例、鱼胆中毒 21例、各种肾炎 10例。其次为肾前性因素(19例),包括败血症及感染性休克 13例、产后大出血 3例。肾后性 4例。在全部病例中,以农民病员居多(72例)。死亡19例,其中因败血症、感染性休克及产后大出血导致者共12例。结论:毒蕈中毒和鱼胆中毒是急性肾功能衰竭的主要病因,肾前性因素是导致死亡的主要原因。     

非创伤性横纹肌溶解综合征致急性肾损伤18例临床分析及预后

目的 探讨非创伤性横纹肌溶解综合征（rhabdomyolysis,RM）合并急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury,AKI）的病因、临床特点和转归.方法 RM合并AKI患者18例,平均年龄55.3±11.2岁,其中男10例,女8例.所有患者均检测血清肌酸磷酸激酶（CPK）、血肌红蛋白（Mb）以及血电解质丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Scr）、血气分析等.采用综合治疗方案：全部病例尽快补足血容量和碱化尿液,对肿胀肢体进行局部对症处理,采用利尿保肾、纠正酸碱平衡和电解质紊乱、血液净化等治疗.结果 RM-AKI经液体复苏及血液净化综合治疗,本组2例因合并基础疾病,并发多脏器功能衰竭死亡（病死率13.33％）,其他16例肾功能完全恢复正常出院.结论 RM并非少见疾病,且目前非创伤性比例较高,其为AKI的主要病因之一;血清肌酶和血生化检测可提高RM-AKI早期诊断率;早期综合治疗、早期血液净化治疗,可提高治愈率;但患者年龄偏大,合并基础疾病者死亡率较高.     

Bench-to-bedside review: Rhabdomyolysis – an overview for clinicians

Rhabdomyolysis ranges from an asymptomatic illness with elevation in the creatine kinase level to a life-threatening condition associated with extreme elevations in creatine kinase, electrolyte imbalances, acute renal failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Muscular trauma is the most common cause of rhabdomyolysis. Less common causes include muscle enzyme deficiencies, electrolyte abnormalities, infectious causes, drugs, toxins and endocrinopathies. Weakness, myalgia and tea-colored urine are the main clinical manifestations. The most sensitive laboratory finding of muscle injury is an elevated plasma creatine kinase level. The management of patients with rhabdomyolysis includes early vigorous hydration.     

Bench-to-bedside review: Rhabdomyolysis -- an overview for clinicians

Rhabdomyolysis ranges from an asymptomatic illness with elevation in the creatine kinase level to a life-threatening condition associated with extreme elevations in creatine kinase, electrolyte imbalances, acute renal failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Muscular trauma is the most common cause of rhabdomyolysis. Less common causes include muscle enzyme deficiencies, electrolyte abnormalities, infectious causes, drugs, toxins and endocrinopathies. Weakness, myalgia and tea-colored urine are the main clinical manifestations. The most sensitive laboratory finding of muscle injury is an elevated plasma creatine kinase level. The management of patients with rhabdomyolysis includes early vigorous hydration.     

酒精中毒合并横纹肌溶解症的诊治体会

目的：探讨酒精中毒合并横纹肌溶解症（RM）的临床特点、病因及诊治方法。方法：总结分析15例酒精中毒合并横纹肌溶解症患者的临床资料及治疗、预后情况。结果：15例患者均为重度酒精中毒,并发急性肾衰竭（ARF）6例,昏迷时间及饮酒至入院时间长,酗酒合并挤压伤、吸入性肺炎、血糖代谢紊乱是主要原因,行连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）2例,血液透析（HD）1例。痊愈14例（93.3%）,死亡1例（6.7%）,为挤压伤并发尿毒症、多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）。结论：酒精中毒合并横纹肌溶解症常见于酗酒者,早期都为昏迷患者,酗酒合并挤压伤、感染、血糖异常、电解质紊乱是其主要诱因,血肌酸激酶（CK）是反映RM肌肉损害程度和范围最敏感的指标,RM常并发ARF,MODS是其主要死亡原因。早期诊断,及时去除病因、补液、碱化尿液及合理应用血液净化技术是降低病死率的关键。CRRT可清除细胞破坏崩解产物,对预防和减轻肾功能不全疗效确切。     

Ultrasound in newborns and children suffering from non-traumatic acute abdominal pain: imaging with clinical and surgical correlation

The purpose of this article is to review ultrasonographic appearance of the most common causes of non-traumatic acute abdominal pain in pediatric patients and to understand the applications and limitations of this technique giving a practical approach showing different clinical cases. A pictorial review of cases was made presenting the most common causes of neonatal and pediatric non-traumatic acute abdominal pain; sonographic features are discussed. Ultrasound in conjunction with Color Doppler imaging is a valuable tool in the evaluation of neonatal and pediatric non-traumatic acute abdominal pain; causes of acute abdomen in children could vary depending on the ages of the children.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40477-014-0087-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Elimination kinetics of myoglobin and creatine kinase in rhabdomyolysis: implications for follow-up

OBJECTIVE: Creatine kinase and myoglobin are markers of muscular damage in rhabdomyolysis. Whereas myoglobin is considered to be the principal compound causing tubular damage, serum creatine kinase level is presently guiding therapeutic interventions in clinical practice to prevent acute renal failure. Because differences in elimination kinetics of these two compounds may influence therapeutic decisions, we studied elimination kinetics of myoglobin and creatine kinase in patients with rhabdomyolysis. DESIGN: Open, noncomparative study. SETTING: Intensive and intermediary care units in a university hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 13 consecutive patients with rhabdomyolysis whose baseline serum creatine kinase exceeded 5000 IU/L. Ten of 13 patients were treated with forced alkaline diuresis, and none were dialyzed. RESULTS: Myoglobin had faster elimination kinetics than creatine kinase (p <.01), and the average times to reach the 50% level of initial values were 12 hrs for myoglobin and 42 hrs for creatine kinase. Elimination of myoglobin was not affected by glomerular filtration rate. Compared with creatinine clearance (mean, 102 mL/min), myoglobin clearance was low (mean, 3 mL/min), both in patients with preserved renal function (n = 11) and in those with acute renal failure (n = 2). CONCLUSION: Serum myoglobin has faster elimination kinetics than creatine kinase in patients treated with forced alkaline diuresis for rhabdomyolysis. Considering the etiologic role of myoglobin, our data suggest that serum myoglobin level, rather than that of creatine kinase, should be used to guide therapy in patients with rhabdomyolysis.     

Unmasking artifactual increases in creatine kinase isoenzymes in patients with renal failure

Previous reports have suggested that creatine kinase isoenzymes are elevated in patients with chronic renal failure and thus are less useful in the evaluation of chest pain in such patients. Our data in 88 patients with chronic renal failure receiving maintenance dialysis confirm this observation for total plasma creatine kinase. However, elevations in MB and BB creatine kinase, although statistically significant, were biologically unimpressive (5.9 +/- 0.05 [SEM] IU/L compared with 4.8 +/- 0.04 IU/L for MB creatine kinase [p less than 0.02], and 5.5 +/- 0.08 ng/ml compared with 3.2 +/- 0.05 ng/ml for BB creatine kinase [p less than 0.0002] ), and were unlikely to cause diagnostic confusion. In 92% of patients with chronic renal failure, plasma MB creatine kinase activity was within the normal range (less than 13 IU/L). Eight percent of patients manifested abnormal MB creatine kinase values; the highest was 20 IU/L. The glass bead method for measuring MB creatine kinase was used to avoid the potential confusion induced by non-creatine kinase-mediated fluorescence, which occurs in the region of MB and BB creatine kinase on electrophoresis. The infrequent and modest increases in plasma MB creatine kinase observed in patients with chronic renal failure should be appreciated, but it should not cause diagnostic confusion, because acute myocardial infarction usually results in more substantial elevations of MB creatine kinase.     

123例慢性肾脏病基础上急性肾衰竭临床分析

目的了解慢性肾脏病基础上急性肾衰竭（A／C）发病情况及临床特点。方法回顾性分析本科1995年1月至2008年12月临床诊断慢性肾脏病基础上急性肾衰竭（ARF）病例发病率、病因、与基础肾脏病关系及预后影响因素。结果123例符合选择标准,占同期急性肾衰竭病例数65．5％;A／C常见病因分别为药物性（主要为抗生素、NSAIDs和ACEI）56例、肾前性因素31例、狼疮性肾炎活动8例,其中药物性最常见,超过1／3;糖尿病肾病（DN）患者是发生A／C的主要人群,123例中有43例（占35．0％）;63例需血液透析,28例患者血肌酐恢复到原有水平,38例转为维持性透析,病死率3．3％;多因素回归分析示老年患者、高血压、需要接受血液透析、糖尿病,提示预后不良。结论A／C是急性肾衰竭主要病因,药物性最常见。A／C治疗关键在于预防。应重视糖尿病肾病诊治。