CTA-MIP对急性大脑中动脉闭塞脑梗死侧枝循环及预后的评估

目的证实CTA-MIP得到的侧枝循环评分与急性大脑中动脉闭塞患者临床预后的相关性,从而为此类患者的早期诊断及治疗决策提供新的依据。方法回顾性分析115例大脑中动脉M1段急性闭塞的脑梗死患者。根据CTA-MIP对其患者侧枝循环评分;根据90 d的mRS分为预后好组(mRS≤2)和预后差组(mRS2)。利用多因素逻辑回归分析,判定侧枝循环状态与临床预后的关系。结果 115例患者中57例预后好,58例预后差。基线期的NIHSS评分(P=0.001)和年龄(P=0.038)是预后的独立预测因素。女性患者的预后相对较好(P=0.003)。侧枝循环评分可以预测患者的转归,超过2分者预后多数好(P=0.023)。结论对于急性缺血性脑卒中患者,可通过CTA急诊获得侧枝循环状态,间接推断半暗带的信息,评估患者预后。     

大脑中动脉闭塞患者侧枝循环开放与脑梗死的关系及其影响因素

目的探讨大脑中动脉闭塞患者侧枝循环开放程度与脑梗死的关系及其影响因素。方法收集65例大脑中动脉闭塞患者的临床资料,按脑血管DSA表现将侧枝循环开放程度进行评估分级,再根据分级结果将患者分为侧枝循环代偿良好组(27例,3⁴级)与侧枝循环代偿不良组(38例,04级)与侧枝循环代偿不良组(38例,0²级)。比较两组患者头部CT片上脑梗死体积的差异及其影响因素。结果侧枝循环代偿良好组脑梗死体积(4.89±3.41 cm3)明显小于代偿不良组(25.75±11.45 cm3)(P<0.05),入院时NIHSS评分、住院时间及住院费用也均低于代偿不良组(均P<0.05);低密度脂蛋白(LDL)在两组间差别有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论大脑中动脉闭塞患者侧枝循环开放程度与脑梗死的发生密切相关,良好的侧枝代偿可改善临床结局;高LDL可能促进侧枝循环开放。     

大脑中动脉M2段急性闭塞机械取栓临床疗效评估

目的 评估机械取栓应用于大脑中动脉（middle middle cerebral artery,MCA）M2段急性闭塞的有效 性和安全性。 方法 回顾性收集MCA M2段急性闭塞并实施机械取栓患者的临床资料,以90 d mRS评分分为良好 结局（mRS评分0～2分）与不良结局（mRS评分＞2分）组,比较两组基线临床资料、入院NIHSS评分、是 否合并静脉溶栓、闭塞部位、颅内出血（symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage,SICH）、再通时间等资料 的差异。 结果 共入组行机械取栓术的MCA M2段急性闭塞患者12例（男女各6例）。平均年龄（71.4±8.1)岁, 入院NIHSS评分中位数为18分,术后即刻血管再通[改良的脑梗死溶栓（modified thrombolysis in cerebral i nfarcti on,mTI CI ）2b～3级]11例（91.6%）,出血3例（25.0%）,其中SI CH 1例（8.3%）,24 h时血管再通11 例（91.6%）。90 d良好结局组4例,不良结局组8例。良好结局组入院NIHSS评分低于不良结局组（中位 数14分 vs 22分,P =0.038）,两组间其余因素差异无统计学意义。 结论 MCA M2段急性闭塞机械取栓的有效性及安全性有待观察,患者入院时NIHSS评分较低与 90 d预后良好有关。     

急性大脑中动脉栓塞患者梗死灶的核磁共振影像学特点

目的分析急性心源性栓塞性大脑中动脉M1段闭塞后脑梗死的磁共振影像学特点。方法对符合TOAST标准心源性栓塞脑梗死并且DWI、MRA证实为急性大脑中动脉M1段闭塞脑梗死33例患者进行入院时病灶体积、形态及NIHSS评分及入院2周的NIHSS评分。结果（1）入院时DWI显示的梗死体积为（65．62±84．72）mm,NIHSS评分为（11．65±8．51）分;多发病灶15例（45．45％）,单发病灶18例（54．55％）;（2）入院2周时梗死体积与NIHSS评分呈正相关（r=0．625,P〈（）．05）,症状改善情况（入院时NIHSS评分一入院2周NIHSS评分）为（5．73±9．27）分。（3）梗死灶包括皮层＋皮层下梗死、皮层＋皮层梗死及多发皮层下梗死。结论急性心源性栓塞性大脑中动脉M1闭塞后梗死体积与发病后2周的预后有关;梗死灶形态表现多样。     

大脑中动脉狭窄脑梗死颅内血流动力学及侧支循环研究

目的 探讨大脑中动脉(MCA)狭窄或闭塞的脑梗死患者颅内血流动力学改变和侧支循环的代偿及神经功能缺损的关系.方法 通过经颅多普勒(TCD)检查,计算双侧大脑前动脉(ACA)、大脑后动脉(PCA)峰流速及其比值(RVACA、RVPCA),并与正常对照组比较.结果 共观察38例单侧MCA狭窄或闭塞的脑梗死患者.(1)病例组ACA、PCA血流速度代偿性增快,以ACA代偿为主(76.3%);(2)病例组RVACA明显较对照组高﹙P<0.01﹚;(3)MCA主干及皮层支梗死患者的RVACA明显较对照组及深穿支梗死组高﹙P<0.01,P<0.05﹚;MCA重度狭窄或闭塞脑梗死患者的RVACA较对照组及中度狭窄组高﹙P<0.05﹚;(4)病例组RVACA及RVPCA与NIHSS呈负相关(P<0.01﹚.结论 皮质软脑膜侧支吻合血管开放成为MCA狭窄或闭塞脑梗死侧支循环的主要途径,其代偿程度与预后相关.     

临床-ASPECTS评分不匹配在急性颈内动脉或大脑中动脉主干闭塞8～14 h再通治疗中的探讨

目的 探讨对急性颈内动脉或大脑中动脉主干闭塞8～14 h的患者采用临床-Alberta卒中项目早期CT评分(Alberta stroke programme early CT score,ASPECTS)不匹配指导血管内介入再通治疗的可行性。方法 将2012年1月～2017年12月确诊的41例急性颈内动脉或大脑中动脉主干闭塞的住院患者分为治疗组(24例)和对照组(17例),行ASPECTS评分、改良的脑梗死溶栓(modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction,mTICI)分级、侧枝代偿评估及症状性颅内出血(symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage,SICH)风险评估; 于入院时和入院治疗后24 h、7d分别进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表评分(National Institutes of Health stroke Scale,NIHSS),治疗后90 d用改良Rankin量表(Modified Rankin Scale,mRS)评定临床预后,采用Logistic回归预测良好临床预后的相关因素。结果 与基础NIHSS评分比较,治疗组患者血管再通治疗后24 h和7 d NIHSS评分呈显著性下降(P<0.05),治疗后24 h、7 d NIHSS评分治疗组较对照组显著下降(P<0.05); 治疗后90 d治疗组良好预后较对照组明显改善(P<0.05),治疗组出血转化率较对照组显著下降(P<0.05)。治疗组良好临床预后与临床-ASPECTS不匹配、良好的侧枝代偿等相关。结论 对急性颈内动脉或大脑中动脉主干闭塞8～14 h的患者采用临床-Alberta卒中项目早期CT评分不匹配结合侧枝代偿、mTICI分级可能有利于筛选时间窗外血管再通受益患者。     

大脑中动脉急性闭塞患者侧支与临床结局的CTA评价

目的评估首次发生急性大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)闭塞患者的临床及影像学资料,探讨侧支循环与临床结局的相关性。方法回顾性分析确诊大脑中动脉为首发病变责任血管脑梗死的39例患者,应用CTA评估侧支循环,根据侧支循环评分,分为Pc0组、Pc1组、Pc2组,详细采集所有入组患者的一般资料,并进行NIHSS评分、脑梗死容积评分,用Logistic回归模型对各组一般资料及NIHSS评分、脑梗死容积数据进行分析。各侧支循环级别组间高危因素比较差异无统计学意义。结果 Pc0组患者NIHSS评分、脑梗死容积评分高于Pc1组及Pc2组。结论病变责任血管为大脑中动脉的急性期脑梗死患者,利用CTA影像可有效评估侧支循环的建立状态,对脑梗死的临床诊断和治疗方案的选择具有重要的指导价值,同时对临床结局的预测提供有力依据。     

磁敏感成像对急性期大脑中动脉闭塞的显示作用

目的评价急性期脑梗死时磁敏感成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)对大脑中动脉(middlecerebral artery,MCA)闭塞显示的准确性。方法回顾性分析56例急性期大脑中动脉供血区脑梗死患者的临床资料,SWI、MRI和MRA结果,探讨SWI对急性期MCA闭塞显示的敏感性。结果急性期MCA闭塞可在SWI检查中显示为沿血管走行的低信号影,称为MCA磁敏感征。MCA磁敏感征对MCA起始段至豆纹动脉段闭塞的敏感性、特异性和准确性均为100%,对MCA豆纹动脉段后至皮层支闭塞则分别为32%、100%和77%。MCA磁敏感征阳性患者起病时NIHSS评分和梗死体积明显高于MCA磁敏感征阴性患者。结论急性期SWI检查能够很好地显示MCA近端闭塞,有助于脑梗死患者分型治疗。     

静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死伴有大脑中动脉高密度征患者的临床疗效分析

目的 探讨静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死伴有大脑中动脉高密度征患者的临床疗效。方法 选择2015年1月-2017年5月本院收治的急性脑梗死伴有大脑中动脉高密度征患者70例作为研究对象,根据患者实际病情将其分为常规组(超过时间窗或有禁忌症不能溶栓)40例、溶栓组30例; 常规组采取一般治疗措施,溶栓组在一般治疗基础上进行静脉溶栓治疗; 比较2组临床疗效、神经功能恢复、日常生活能力和安全性。结果 溶栓组临床治疗总有效率高于常规组(P<0.05); 溶栓组治疗后24 h、7 d的NIHSS评分均低于常规组(P<0.05); 溶栓组治疗后24 h、7 d的BI指数评分高于常规组(P<0.05); 溶栓组并发症发生率和病死率与常规组比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论 静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死伴有大脑中动脉高密度征患者可明显提高临床疗效,促进神经功能恢复,提高日常生活能力,且不会增加并发症,安全可靠。     

经颅多普勒超声脑缺血溶栓分级与阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗急性前循环不同大动脉闭塞性脑梗死预后相关性研究

目的探讨分析经颅多普勒超声脑缺血溶栓分级与静脉溶栓治疗急性前循环不同大动脉闭塞性脑梗死患者血管再通评价与预后的相关性研究。方法选择急性前循环大动脉闭塞性脑梗死患者,对符合静脉溶栓者给予阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗,分别于溶栓前及溶栓后24 h行床旁经颅多普勒超声(transcranial Doppler,TCD)检查并记录脑缺血溶栓分级(thrombolysis in brain ischemia,TIBI)。采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评分记录患者临床神经功能缺损,3个月随访时采用改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale,m RS)评分评估患者预后,分析前循环不同大血管闭塞性脑梗死患者静脉溶栓前后血管再通情况及患者3个月预后。结果共入选46例患者,其中颈内动脉(internal carotid artery,ICA)闭塞患者19例,大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)闭塞患者27例。溶栓前与溶栓后24 h TCD监测TIBI分级提示血管再通者,ICA闭塞组5.26%,MCA闭塞组55.56%。ICA闭塞组与MCA闭塞组比较,MCA闭塞组90 d随访生活自理及良好预后的比例均高于ICA闭塞组,死亡率低于ICA闭塞组,而两组间溶栓后的症状性颅内出血发生率差异无显著性。结论急性前循环大动脉闭塞性脑梗死经静脉溶栓治疗后可获得血管再通,尤其是MCA闭塞患者;溶栓前后TIBI血流分级变化可反映大动脉血管再通情况,且有助于判断患者临床预后。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.