烟台市城乡脑卒中危险因素的暴露水平比较分析

目的 探讨烟台市城乡居民脑卒中患病率及危险因素的暴露水平。方法 采取整群抽样的方法从烟台莱州市永安路社区和平里店镇抽取≥40岁常住居民5 700人进行问卷调查和体格检查,对调查数据进行统计分析。结果 烟台市脑卒中总体患病率为1.54%,城乡脑卒中患病率无明显差异。纳入调查人群中高危人群707人,占12.4%; 中危人群290人,占5.09%; 低危人群4 500人,占78.95%。烟台市城市组前3位危险因素是超重或肥胖、运动缺乏、高血压病; 烟台市乡镇组前3位危险因素是超重或肥胖、高血压病、有脑卒中家族史。除脑卒中家族史外,烟台市城市组其他危险因素均高于烟台市乡镇组(P<0.05)。结论 烟台市城市居民脑卒中危险因素的暴露水平明显高于乡镇地区; 超重和肥胖已成为烟台市城乡居民首位危险因素。     

东营地区4109例城乡人群血浆同型半胱氨酸及合并心血管危险因素的调查分析

目的研究东营地区城市和农村人群中的高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHcy)现患率的差异,同时比较HHcy患者合并不同心血管病危险因素时现患率的城乡分布。方法以东营地区2个社区和2个农村40~79岁的中老年知情同意者4109人作为研究对象,进行问卷调查,并测量身高、体质量、BP、体质量指数(BMI),采集清晨空腹静脉血检测空腹血糖、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)。结果 (1)总体人群中HHcy的现患率为35.57%,40~50岁(包含50岁)人群现患率为28.1%,51~60岁(包含60岁)为32.76%,61~70岁(包含70岁)为41.45%,70岁为55.35%,男性占50.40%,女性占28.82%,性别间差异具有统计学意义(OR=0.398,95%CI:0.350~0.453,P0.01)。农村HHcy现患率明显高于城市(P0.001)。(2)合并危险因素分析,HHcy合并有高血压者最多,占71.92%,城市HHcy合并高血压现患率(60.03%)明显低于农村(81.41%)(P0.05),其次为合并有血脂异常,占60.88%,合并吸烟占36.34%,合并肥胖占21.77%。结论高血压是HHcy人群中最主要合并的危险因素,其次是和血脂异常。农村HHcy合并高血压的居民应是重点干预对象,城市HHcy合并吸烟、肥胖等危险因素的现患率高于农村。合并血脂异常、糖代谢异常的HHcy患者,城乡之间差异不明显。     

体检人群劲动脉超声筛查结果及脑卒中危险因素分析

目的解体检人群中脑卒中发病风险,筛选高危人群,并分析相关危险因素,为脑卒中的预防提供依据。方法以2015-04—2016-06我院256例体检者为研究对象,进行常规体格检查和劲动脉超声筛查,包括双侧颈总动脉、颈内动脉、颈外动脉等,记录颈动脉粥样硬化斑块检出情况,并对性别、年龄、高血脂、高血压、肥胖等危险因素进行分析。结果年龄≥60岁患者斑块形成率为11.76%,高于年龄60岁的4.10%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);男性斑块形成率为11.02%,高于女性的3.88%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、高血脂、高血压、肥胖为脑卒中的危险因素(P0.05)。结论老年人群脑卒中发病率较高,男性较女性发病率高,发生率与、高血脂、高血压、肥胖等危险因素有关。     

长沙地区50岁以上常住居民超重及肥胖的流行病学调查

目的 调查长沙市50岁以上人群超重和肥胖的流行特征,为制定相应的干预措施提供科学依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,以长沙市天心区20个社区作为调查点,对50～90岁常住居民超重和肥胖的相关因素进行调查,并调查不同体质量人群中的高血压分布。结果 该地区人群超重及肥胖患病率分别为38.9%和6.1%,女性超重和肥胖患病率为33.1%和5.3%,男性为46.8%和7.1%,男性明显高于女性（P均＜0.01）。60～69岁人群超重的发生率较50～59岁和70～90岁人群高（P =0.032,0.005）。经多元逐步回归分析发现,年龄、性别、劳动强度、吸烟、饮酒与体质指数（body mass index, BMI）有相关性,高血压的患病率与BMI呈正比。结论 长沙市50岁以上人群超重和肥胖患病率较高,尤其是男性;影响BMI的主要因素有年龄、性别、劳动强度、吸烟和饮酒等;随着BMI增加,高血压患病率增加。     

北京市和上海市抽样人群脑卒中发病率和危险因素暴露水平比较

目的：对北京和上海两城市抽样人群的脑卒中发病率及危险因素暴露情况进行比较和分析,为脑卒中预防提供参考。方法：在北京市石景山区和上海市奉贤区以整群抽样方法抽取人群中年龄≥40岁者为目标人群（北京2910名,上海5244名）。设计统一的调查表格,对目标人群进行基线调查,并进行脑循环动力学检测,此后随访脑卒中的发病情况。比较和分析两城市脑卒中发病率、危险因素及脑循环动力学综合积分的差异。结果：北京市和上海市高血压病、心脏病、糖尿病、血脂异常、脑卒中家族史、肥胖、吸烟、饮酒因素的暴露率分别为34．64％和21．09％、23．16％和5．53％、10．79％和2．38％、23．02％和2．59％、28．63％和7．70％、26．74％和4．27％、36．8％和33．6％、36．9％和18．5％,地区间各因素暴露率的差异有统计学意义（P〈O．01）。脑卒中发病密度分别为6．29‰和N2．51‰。男女组间各危险因素暴露率、脑循环动力学积分值及脑卒中发病率差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：北京市高血压、心脏病、糖尿病、血脂异常等脑卒中危险冈素暴露率、脑循环动力学损害及脑卒中发病率均显著高于上海市。脑循环动力学损害可能是影响脑卒中发病的重要因素。     

北京市东城社区40岁以上人群脑动脉狭窄的流行病学调查

目的 研究40岁以上人群脑动脉狭窄的患病率及分布规律和相关危险因素,为我国脑血管病的防治提供依据.方法 以社区40岁以上人群为研究对象,采用经颅多普勒超声(transcranial doppler,TCD)和颈动脉双功能彩超检测颅内外动脉,以NASCET方法判断狭窄程度.结果 男、女两性及总体颅内外动脉狭窄的患病率均随年龄增长而增高(P＜0.01),≥75岁组男性颅内外动脉狭窄率明显高于女性(P=0.01).应用Logistic回归分析结果显示,性别、年龄、原发性高血压、糖尿病、高血脂、超重和吸烟是脑动脉狭窄的独立危险因素.结论 脑动脉狭窄的患病率与性别、年龄、原发性高血压、糖尿病、高血脂、超重和吸烟等有关系,控制上述危险因素对脑动脉狭窄的预防和治疗有一定意义.     

脑卒中高危人群中颈动脉粥样硬化的现况调查及危险因素分析

目的了解脑卒中高危人群颈动脉粥样硬化(Carotid atherosclerosis,CAS)的发病情况及相关的危险因素。方法对海口市美兰区40岁以上的居民筛查,筛选出脑卒中高危人群进一步颈部血管超声检查、实验室检查。分CAS组和非CAS组,统计分析CAS的发病率及相关危险因素。结果 CAS检出率44.7%。性别、年龄、吸烟、肥胖、高血压、高血脂、糖尿病、既往脑卒中史,高Hcy和FBS在2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论年龄、男性、吸烟、超重、高血压、高血脂、糖尿病、既往脑卒中史,高Hcy和FBS均为海口市美兰区脑卒中高危患者CAS的独立危险因素。     

赤峰市脑卒中危险因素的城乡差异研究

目的 探讨赤峰市居民脑卒中危险因素的城乡差异.方法 利用整群抽样方法抽取赤峰市≥40岁常驻人口 18835名.收集临床资料,并对结果进行统计分析.结果 城镇居民及乡村居民前三位危险因素均为缺乏运动、高血压病及超重或肥胖.与乡村居民比较,城镇居民脑卒中家族史、高血压病、糖尿病、超重或肥胖、卒中既往史、血脂异常的暴露率显著...     

长沙市乡村居民脑卒中危险因素调查及颈动脉粥样硬化斑块影响因素分析

目的调查长沙市乡村居民脑卒中相关危险因素并分析颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的影响因素。方法通过问卷调查、体格检查、血糖和血脂的检测收集长沙市潭阳村40岁以上的常住居民脑卒中相关危险因素并进行风险评估;对高危人群进行颈动脉彩色超声检查,并分为斑块组和无斑块组;采用单因素分析和多因素logistic回归模型对颈动脉粥样硬化斑块影响因素进行分析。结果长沙市潭阳村居民常见危险因素为血脂异常(45.8%)、吸烟(37.8%)、高血压病(30.9%)、明显超重及肥胖(22.4%)、家族史(11.3%)、缺乏运动(8.7%)、糖尿病(7.0%)。男性吸烟率较女性高(P<0.05);女性血脂异常和高血压患病率较男性高(P<0.05)。单因素分析显示斑块组较对照组年龄更高、糖尿病和高血压病患病率更高(P<0.05)。logistic多元回归分析显示糖尿病、高血压病、年龄是颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的危险因素(OR值分别为2.918、1.643、1.531)。结论长沙市40岁以上乡村居民常见的脑卒中危险因素是高血压病、糖尿病、血脂异常、明显超重及肥胖、吸烟;危险因素暴露率较高且有性别差异;颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成主要与糖尿病、高血压病、年龄有关。     

上海长宁区脑卒中高危人群发病情况、知信行调查和影响因素分析

目的分析上海长宁区脑卒中高危人群发病情况、知信行调查和影响因素分析。方法 2017年6月-2017年12月,采取整群抽样的方法对上海长宁区≥40岁的10428例常驻居民进行问卷调查及辅助检查的方式,筛选脑卒中高危人群,分析高危人群中脑卒中发病情况及知信行得分,比较不同特征人群脑卒中发病情况,并采用多元Logistic回归对脑卒中患者发病影响因素进行分析。结果共调查8630例脑卒中高危者,其中脑卒中者336例,发病率3.89%;脑卒中高危人群脑卒中防治知识总均分(28.12±5.84)分,总知晓率39.06%,防治信念总均分(40.14±6.83)分,总得分率63.71%;防治行为总均分(37.74±7.20)分,总得分率48.38%;不同年龄、文化程度、是否吸烟、饮酒、有无糖尿病等特征患者脑卒中患病率差异显著(P0.05);采用多元Logistic回归分析发现,年龄≥70岁、吸烟、高血压、心脏病、血脂异常、糖尿病、明显超重或肥胖、脑卒中家族史及既往TIA或脑卒中病史因素为脑卒中患病的影响因素。结论上海长宁区脑卒中高危人群发生脑卒中的比例为3.89%,发生率较高,且缺乏脑卒中防治知识,防治态度总体较好,防治依从性较低,年龄、吸烟、高血压、心脏病、血脂异常、糖尿病、明显超重或肥胖、脑卒中家族史及既往TIA或脑卒中病史均是脑卒中患病的重要影响因素。     

Neuroimaging in epilepsy in tropics

Epilepsy is a major public health problem in many tropical countries. Also, some of the tropical diseases are major contributors to the higher prevalence of epilepsy in these countries. The etiologic factors responsible for epilepsy in these countries are quite different from those in the developed world. This article discusses the etiologic factors and neuroimaging of epilepsy in light of the conditions in these tropical countries.     

癫痫与抑郁关系的研究进展

抑郁是癫痫患者中常见的精神障碍,严重地影响了患者的生活质量。传统的观点认为癫痫患者因为存在着诸多社会学问题易出现抑郁倾向,癫痫和抑郁是单向的联系,但大量的研究已经证明癫痫和抑郁之间存在双向的联系,一种异常状态的存在可能易转化为另一种异常状态的发展。癫痫和抑郁存在着共同的发病机制。本文主要就癫痫和抑郁的双向联系以及抗抑郁药物在癫痫患者中的应用进行阐述。     

Sudanophilic lipid accumulation in astrocytes in periventricular leukomalacia in monkeys

Summary Sudanophilic lipid accumulation is a characteristic feature of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) of infants. At least two types of lipid-containing cells have been identified, one being the macrophage, the other the pre-myelin glial cell. A third type of lipid-containing cell has been seen in two monkeys with spontaneous PVL. Electron microscopically this cell appears to be an astrocyte. This probably represents a reaction of the astrocyte to hypoxia and may be the equivalent of the hypertrophic astrocytes found in human infants.Supported in part by NIH grant HDO 8633 and the Regional Primate Research Center Grant RR-00166     

Increase in cathepsin D activity in rat brain in aging

Cathepsin D-like activity in homogenates of five brain areas of 3-month-old and 24-month-old Fischer 344 rats was measured. With hemoglobin as substrate at pH 3.2, more than 90% of the activity was inhibited by pepstatin. In each area studied, activity was more than twice as high in the old rat brain: 140-160% higher in the cortex, cerebellum, pons-medulla, and striatum and 90-100% higher in the hippocampus and spinal cord. The greatly increased metabolic capacity in the absence of an increase in protein turnover may have a role in age-related pathological degeneration in the brain.     

Characteristics of nociceptors in the periodontium--an in vitro study in rats

Recent studies have indicated that nociceptors can be classified into various types according to their physiological properties. These studies have clarified that the frequency distribution of various nociceptor types is different among body sites and animal species. In the present study, we investigated the physiological properties of rat's periodontal nociceptors in an in vitro jaw-nerve preparation. Responses were recorded from functional single filaments in the inferior alveolar nerve. To determine the nociceptor type, calibrated von Frey filaments, heat, and bradykinin (BK) stimuli were used. We found five subtypes of nociceptors in the periodontal ligaments of the lower incisor: Adelta-high threshold mechanonociceptors (Adelta-HTM, n=28), Adelta-mechanoheat nociceptors (Adelta-MH, n=6), Adelta-polymodal nociceptors (Adelta-POLY, n=26), C-high threshold mechanonociceptors (C-HTM, n=3) and C-polymodal nociceptors (C-POLY, n=4). Most nociceptors were Adelta-innervated, while only a small number of C-innervated nociceptors were found. The present results suggest that periodontal nociceptors transmit mainly fast pain, and may thus play a role in rapid detection of injure-related stimuli during mastication.     

Gender in Voice Perception in Autism

Deficits in the perception of social stimuli may contribute to the characteristic impairments in social interaction in high functioning autism (HFA). Although the cortical processing of voice is abnormal in HFA, it is unclear whether this gives rise to impairments in the perception of voice gender. About 20 children with HFA and 20 matched controls were presented with voice fragments that were parametrically morphed in gender. No differences were found in the perception of gender between the two groups of participants, but response times differed significantly. The results suggest that the perception of voice gender is not impaired in HFA, which is consistent with behavioral findings of an unimpaired voice-based identification of age and identity by individuals with autism. The differences in response times suggest that individuals with HFA use different perceptual approaches from those used by typically developing individuals.     

Defects in Bioenergetic Coupling in Schizophrenia

Synaptic neurotransmission relies on maintenance of the synapse and meeting the energy demands of neurons. Defects in excitatory and inhibitory synapses have been implicated in schizophrenia, likely contributing to positive and negative symptoms as well as impaired cognition. Recently, accumulating evidence has suggested that bioenergetic systems, important in both synaptic function and cognition, are abnormal in psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia. Animal models of synaptic dysfunction demonstrated endophenotypes of schizophrenia as well as bioenergetic abnormalities. We report findings on the bioenergetic interplay of astrocytes and neurons and discuss how dysregulation of these pathways may contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, highlighting metabolic systems as important therapeutic targets.     

Ethnic disparities in problem behaviour in adolescence contribute to ethnic disparities in social class in adulthood

BACKGROUND: It is important for prevention of social class disparities to know how ethnic disparities in social class arise among migrant children. We contribute to this understanding by examining the role of problem behaviour in adolescence. METHODS: Prospective observational study with 753 Dutch native and 217 Turkish migrant adolescents (11-18 year) followed for 10 years. Internalising and externalising problems were assessed in adolescence and employment status and occupational level were assessed in adulthood. The difference in odds ratios (OR) before and after adjustment for internalising and externalising problems was an indication of the predictive value of disparities in internalising and externalising problems for the development of social class disparities. RESULTS: A total of 135 (62%) of the Turkish and 602 (80%) of the Dutch adults were employed. Internalising and externalising problems were not associated with employment status. Of the employed, 65 (48%) Turkish and 179 (30%) Dutch adults worked in low-level occupations (p < 0.0001). Internalising and externalising problems were associated with both ethnicity and occupation. The OR for low-level occupation for Turkish adults was 1.78 (1.19-2.65), indicating ethnic disparities. Adjustment for internalising problems lowered the OR with 36% to 1.50 (0.97-2.31), and adjustment for externalising problems lowered it with 8% to 1.72 (1.15-2.57). Findings were similar for men and women and did not vary by age. CONCLUSIONS: Ethnic disparities in occupational level in adulthood could partly be attributed to disparities in mental health between Turkish migrants and Dutch natives in adolescence. Prevention of ethnic disparities in mental health at young age may therefore also contribute to the prevention of occupational differences in adulthood.     

Progress in neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease

Slowing or aborting the progress of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains the most important unmet need of this disorder. There are several recent developments in trial design and also in drugs under investigation for possible neuroprotective effect. Emphasis has been placed on clinical as opposed to imaging end-points and these include change in a clinical rating scale, e.g. United Parkinson's disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), or time to additional therapy. The introduction of the delayed-start, or wash-in, trial design adds an additional dimension to drug evaluation for neuroprotection. Compounds that have been recently tested in clinical trial include the monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor rasagiline, the anti-apoptotic agents TCH346 and CEP1347, and the promitochondrial agent creatine. The dopamine agonists have been evaluated for a neuroprotective effect using imaging end-points. Perhaps the most important and simplest concept for neuroprotection has been the theory that early dopaminergic support for the degenerating dopaminergic system per se provides significant long-term clinical benefit for PD patients.     

Changes in parasympathetic system in medulla oblongata in male pigs in the course of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy

Background

Autonomic imbalance constituting a fundamental feature of heart failure (HF) has been assessed mainly at the periphery. Changes in the functioning of autonomic centers in the brain remain unclear. We investigated the molecular elements of parasympathetic system, i.e. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) and enzymes metabolizing acetylcholine (acetylcholinesterase, AChE, choline acetyltransferase, ChAT) in medulla oblongata (MO) of male pigs with chronic tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.

Methods

The mRNA levels of AChE, ChAT, α7nAChR and X-box binding protein 1 (spliced form, XBP1s) in MO were analyzed using qPCR, AChE and ChAT activities using spectrophotometry, proteasome activity using fluorometry, and the protein level of α7nAChR using Western blotting.

Results

The development of systolic HF was accompanied by an increase in circulating catecholamines, a decrease in the AChE and α7nAChR mRNA in MO, an increase in AChE activity (all p < 0.05), and no change in either the mRNA or activity of ChAT. Both circulating catecholamine levels and AChE activity were inversely related to systolic function of left myocardial ventricle (p < 0.05). The level of α7nAChR protein in MO and its cytoplasmatic fraction were higher in pigs with moderate and severe HF as compared to the other animals (p < 0.01). There was no difference in proteasome activity in MO between diseased and healthy animals, whereas the XBP1s mRNA decreased during HF progression (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Molecular elements of parasympathetic system are changed within the medulla oblongata during the progression of systolic non-ischemic heart failure in male pigs, indicating a functional link between MO and heart in HF.