Bilateral optic disc drusen with severe progressive visual field defect

We report a 17-year, 9-month-old Japanese boy who presented bilateral optic disc drusen with severe progressive visual dysfunction. Static perimetry showed progressive visual field defects, especially in the right eye. The corrected visual acuity in the right eye was 20/20 at the first examination, but decreased to 20/400 during the follow-up period. It remained 20/20 in the left eye. The appearance of the optic disc changed during the follow-up period. The deterioration of the visual function may have been related to growth of the optic disc drusen and/or a regressive change in the vasculature.This patient is the youngest yet reported to have shown this condition, and his visual field defects showed particularly severe deterioration.     

原发性开角型青光眼和可疑开角型青光眼HRT视盘参数与视野缺损的相关性研究

目的探讨原发性开角型青光眼和可疑性开角型青光眼的视盘参数与视野平均缺损（Mean defect，MD）之间的相关性。方法用海德堡激光眼底扫描仪（HRT—Ⅱ）和自动视野计测定128只原发性开角型青光眼和78只可疑性开角型青光眼患者的视盘参数和静态视网膜光阈值。从视盘参数中选择盘沿面积（rim area，RA）、杯盘面积比（cup／disk area ratio，C/D AR）、视杯面积（cup area，CA）和平均视网膜神经纤维层厚度（mean retinal nerve fibre layer thickness，mRNFLT）与MD作相关分析和多元线性回归分析。结果两组间的视盘参数存在显著性差异（P〈0．001）。在原发性开角型青光眼组，RA、C/D AR和CA与MD之间均显著相关（P〈0．001）。其中盘沿面积每减少1mm^2，MD的绝对值将增加7．291dB；在可疑性开角型青光眼组，RA与MD之间显著相关（P〈0．001）。两组中mRNFLT与MD无明显相关性。结论在HRT-Ⅱ的各项视盘参数中，RA最能反映青光眼的视野平均缺损程度。     

原发性开角型青光眼HRT视盘参数和视野缺损的关系

目的 :探讨原发性开角型青光眼视盘参数和视野平均缺损之间的关系。方法 :用海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪和自动视野计测定 5 5名原发性开角型青光眼患者的视盘参数 (杯盘面积比、盘沿面积、盘沿容积、视杯容积、视杯形态测量、视杯高度变异轮廓和平均神经纤维层厚度 )和静态光阈值。视盘参数与视野平均缺损作相关分析和多元线性回归分析。结果 :盘沿面积与平均缺损显著相关 (r =0 3 5 0 ,P <0 0 5 )。盘沿面积每减少 1mm2 ,视野缺损绝对值增加 8 0 81dB。本研究没有发现其它 6个参数与平均缺损相关关系的显著性。结论 :盘沿面积在HRT众多参数中最能反映青光眼的视野平均缺损程度。     

OCT3检测视盘参数与视野的相关性研究

目的:研究第三代光学相干断层扫描仪(stratus optical co-herence tomography3000,OCT3)检测原发性开角型青光眼(primary open angle glaucoma,POAG)视盘参数与视野平均缺损(mean defect,MD)的相关性,评估OCT3检测视盘参数在POAG早期诊断中的价值。方法:正常人43例(43眼)、48例原发性可疑型青光眼(SOAG)、55例(55眼)原发性开角型青光眼(POAG)。采用OCULUS Easyflied视野计和OCT3分别进行视野和视盘形态检测。比较OCT3检测三组间视盘参数的差异,分析青光眼组视野检测的视野平均缺损(MD)与OCT3视盘参数的关系。结果:OCT3检测三组间的视盘参数均存在显著性差异(P<0.01)。在原发性开角型青光眼组,RA与MD相关性最好(P<0.05)。结论:OCT3能够检测到青光眼的早期视盘结构的改变,且与MD有基本一致的较好相关性。OCT3检测视盘参数可用于POAG的早期诊断。     

The optic disc in glaucoma II: correlation of the appearance of the optic disc with the visual field.

Examination of stereoscopic optic disc photographs allowed accurate prediction of glaucomatous and normal fields to be made in 82 and 95% of eyes respectively and for visual field loss to be correctly located in upper and lower half in 83 and 91% of cases respectively. Despite this high correlation the existence of false positive and fale negative predictions means that the total reliance on optic nerve examination without visual field estimation in the evaluation of the glaucoma patient should not be made. Optic disc examination is too insensitive for long-term follow-up of visual function in a glaucoma patient. The high correlation between the state of the visual field and the optic disc means that, in the evaluation of the visual functions of a glaucoma patient, the appearance of the optic disc and the visual field should be in agreement.     

Interocular asymmetry of visual field defects in primary open angle glaucoma and primary angle-closure glaucoma

AIM: To compare the interocular asymmetry in visual field loss of patients with primary open-angle (POAG) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). METHODS: Subjects entering a prospective, randomised, controlled trial of intraoperative 5-fluorouracil in glaucoma surgery in Singapore were included. Preoperative visual field testing was performed using automated white-on-white perimetry (24-2 test pattern, threshold program, Mk II, Model 750, Zeiss-Humphrey, San Leandro, CA, USA). A minimum of two tests were required with mean deviation within 2 dB on two tests, fixation losses <20%, false positives <33%, and false negatives <33%. The second field was scored using AGIS II criteria and the 'mean asymmetry score' defined as the mean difference between eyes for both AGIS scores and global indices. RESULTS: In 230 subjects assessed (128 POAG, 102 PACG), mean interocular asymmetry of visual field loss was greater for the PACG group. The mean AGIS asymmetry scores for total (PACG=9.21+/-6.87 vs POAG=6.48+/-5.58, P=0.001), superior (PACG=4.31+/-3.39 vs POAG=3.35+/-3.13, P=0.035), and inferior (PACG=4.43+/-3.31 vs POAG=2.64+/-2.77, P<0.0001) areas and mean deviation (MD) asymmetry scores (PACG=6.89+/-13.22 vs POAG=1.66+/-16.97, P=0.012) were all significantly different. Interocular correlation of visual field loss for POAG was significant; total AGIS, r=0.27 (P=0.003), superior field AGIS, r=0.24 (P=0.008), inferior field AGIS, r=0.34 (P=0.0001), and MD, r=0.27 (P=0.003). In PACG, there was no significant correlation between eyes; total AGIS, r=-0.02 (P=0.85), superior field AGIS, r=-0.02 (P=0.82), inferior field AGIS, r=-0.17 (P=0.87), and MD, r=0.015 (P=0.89). CONCLUSION: There was a greater asymmetry of visual field loss between eyes, as measured by AGIS scores and MD, in PACG than that in POAG.     

原发性开角型青光眼HRT视盘结构参数与视野缺损相关性研究

目的探讨出现视野缺损与未出现视野缺损的原发性开角型青光眼视盘结构参数的异同及视盘参数与视野平均缺损（MD）的相关性。方法应用海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪（HRT-Ⅱ）和Octopus101视野G2程序对29例（50只眼）原发性开角型青光眼患者进行检查,对出现视野缺损与未出现视野缺损的原发性开角型青光眼视盘结构参数进行比较,检测结果进行t检验;对出现视野缺损的原发性开角型青光眼组的视盘各参数与视野平均缺损进行简单相关分析。结果视野出现缺损组与未出现缺损组的原发性开角型青光眼患者的视盘参数除视盘面积和轮廓线高度变化值外,其余各视盘参数间差异均有显著性（P〈0．01）;对出现视野缺损的原发性开角型青光眼患者HRT视盘各参数与MD进行相关分析显示,盘沿面积与MD间相关性最强（r=0．65,P=0．001）。结论HRT视盘参数能够较准确反映与视野损害相一致的青光眼性视盘改变,盘沿面积在HRT众多参数中最能反映青光眼的视野平均缺损程度。     

Bilateral anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy due to optic disc drusen

PURPOSE: To report a case of bilateral anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy due to buried optic disc drusen. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 64-year-old man presented with swollen optic discs and features suggestive of anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (AION) in the left and right eye on two separate occasions ten months apart. Detailed ocular examination at presentation and systemic investigations did not reveal an underlying cause for the AION. At a later follow-up, optic disc drusen were noted in both eyes as partial optic atrophy had set in. This was confirmed by ultrasound B scan and demonstration of autofluorescence. CONCLUSIONS: In patients presenting with AION uncommon underlying causes must be considered. Routine ultrasound B scan at presentation can easily establish or exclude optic disc drusen as an underlying cause.     

Longitudinal changes in the visual field and optic disc in glaucoma

The nature and mode of functional and structural progression in open-angle glaucoma is a subject of considerable debate in the literature. While there is a traditionally held viewpoint that optic disc and/or nerve fibre layer changes precede visual field changes, there is surprisingly little published evidence from well-controlled prospective studies in this area, specifically with modern perimetric and imaging techniques. In this paper, we report on clinical data from both glaucoma patients and normal controls collected prospectively over several years, to address the relationship between visual field and optic disc changes in glaucoma using standard automated perimetry (SAP), high-pass resolution perimetry (HRP) and confocal scanning laser tomography (CSLT). We use several methods of analysis of longitudinal data and describe a new technique called "evidence of change" analysis which facilitates comparison between different tests. We demonstrate that current clinical indicators of visual function (SAP and HRP) and measures of optic disc structure (CSLT) provide largely independent measures of progression. We discuss the reasons for these findings as well as several methodological issues that pose challenges to elucidating the true structure-function relationship in glaucoma.     

Positive predictive value of optic disc haemorrhages for open angle glaucoma

ObjectivesTo determine the positive predictive value (PPV) of disc haemorrhages (DHs) for the diagnosis of open angle glaucoma (OAG).MethodsA retrospective review of 618 consecutive new referrals by community optometrists to a hospital glaucoma service, including 54 patients with DHs. All patients had a comprehensive eye examination. The primary outcome was whether the patient was diagnosed with OAG in either eye, with a secondary outcome of whether they were discharged at the first visit (first visit discharge rate, FVDR).Results54 of 618 patients (8.7%) had a DH noted at the time of referral, including 21 referred with DH alone. 29 patients with DHs were diagnosed with OAG for a PPV of 54% (95% CI 40–67%), falling to 24% (95% CI 8–47%) in those with DH alone. The overall FVDR was 35%, increasing to 57% in those referred due to DH alone. The FVDR for those referred with DH alone was significantly higher than the FDVR of 25% among the 564 patients referred with suspected glaucoma without a DH (P = 0.001). The FVDR decreased to 35% for patients with a DH plus one other feature of glaucoma and to 0% for patients with a DH and at least two other features suggestive of glaucoma.ConclusionsAlmost 60% of patients referred due to isolated DHs were discharged at the first visit to the glaucoma clinic, however almost one in four was diagnosed with OAG. Patients with DH and other features suggestive of glaucoma had a higher probability of glaucoma diagnosis.Subject terms: Physical examination, Health care, Optic nerve diseases     

Topographic changes at the optic disc in 33 patients with primary open angle glaucoma

AIM: To show frequency of progression and the progression at the optic disc in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS: A total of 33 patients (66 eyes), 14 male and 19 female, aged 14 to 79 with POAG were imaged using the Heidelberg Retina Tomography II (HRT II) three or more times during follow-up periods of 6 years (2000-2006). Disc progression was determined by regression analysis of global and segmental changes in optic disc parameters. Every patient was tested by Octopus G1 once a year. Imaged optic disc parameters with scanning laser tomography were: rim area (ra), cup/disc (C/D), rim volume (rv), mean RNFL thickness (mRNFL). Imaged segments of the optic disc were global (G), temporal (T), temporal superior (TS), temporal inferior (TI), nasal (N), nasal superior (NS) and nasal inferior (NI). RESULTS: Global frequency of progression according to c/d ratio existed in 34 eyes (51%), but 32 eyes (48%) were without frequency of progression. Progression existed in 12 eyes (18%) in temporal, 7 eyes (10.6%) in TS, 14 eyes (21%) in TI, 8 eyes (12%) in N, 7 eyes (10.6%) in NS, and 13 eyes (20%) in NI segment. Without progression were 5 eyes (8%). CONCLUSION: Disc progression in our study is mostly in N and TI segments. Most frequently are stricken TI and NI, but most infrequently NS segment. Most sensitive parameter is c/d ratio. Segmental scanning is of importance in POAG progression analysis.     

原发性开角型青光眼视盘形态变化分析33例(英文)

目的:分析原发性开角型青光眼(POAG)视盘损害的进展和进展频率。方法:33例(66眼)POAG患者,男14例,女19例,年龄14 ～79岁,在随访的6a间(2000/2006),3次或更多次进行海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪Ⅱ(HRT Ⅱ)检查。对整体和节段的视盘参数进行回归分析判断视盘损害的进展。患者每年进行Octopus G1计算机视野分析检查一次。激光扫描视盘图像参数包括:盘沿面积(ra),杯盘比(C/D),盘沿体积(rv),平均视神经纤维层厚度(mRNFL)。扫描视神经的节段包括总体(G),颞侧(T),颞上(TS),颞下(TI),鼻侧(N),鼻上方(NS)和鼻下(NI)。结果:根据杯盘比C/D,总体上有34眼(51%)视盘损害进展,32眼(48%)没有进展。12眼(18%)颞侧(T),7眼(10.6%)颞上,14眼(21%)颞下,8眼(12%)鼻侧,7眼(10,6%)鼻上,13眼(20%)鼻下,视盘损害进展。5眼(8%)没有进展。结论:在鼻侧(N)及颞下方(TI)视盘损害进展最多,进展频率最高在颞下方(TI)和鼻下方(NI),频率最低在鼻上方(NI)。杯盘比C/D最敏感。节段扫描对POAG进展分析有重要意义。     

Bilateral anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy associated with optic disc drusen and systemic hypotension.

We report a case of bilateral anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy in a 23-year-old woman which was probably attributable to optic disc drusen and systemic hypotension related to peritoneal dialysis for renal failure.     

The topographical relationship between optic disc and visual field in glaucoma

The spatial relationship between anatomy and function in glaucoma was studied in 15 selected cases of focal damage. Based on planimetric data of the optic disc the anatomical site of damage was defined as the sector with the thinnest neuroretinal rim. Perimetric data were evaluated with regard to 21 regions of the 'Perimetric Nerve Fibre Bundle Map' (Weber & Ulrich 1990a). The site of damage was defined as those regions with at least 50% of depressed points. The site of the affected rim and the number of the corresponding Perimetric Nerve Fiber Bundles showed a linear correlation over a limited range of the superior and inferior pole of the disc. A 'functional disc map' could be established for 6 perimetric regions.     

原发性慢性闭角型青光眼HRT-Ⅱ视盘参数和视野缺损的关系

目的探讨原发性慢性闭角型青光眼视盘参数和视野缺损之间的关系。方法用海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪和Humphrey自动视野计测定30例(44眼)原发性慢性闭角型青光眼患者的视盘参数(视盘面积、视杯面积、盘沿面积、视杯容积、盘沿容积、杯/盘面积、平均杯深、最大杯深、视杯形态测量、平均神经纤维层厚度、平均神经纤维层面积)和视野平均缺损。视盘参数与视野平均缺损作相关分析和多元线性回归分析。结果盘沿面积、视杯容积、杯/盘面积、视杯形态测量、平均神经纤维层厚度与视野平均缺损呈直线相关,并建立回归方程,Y=-13.012 5.064X1(Y表示平均缺损,X1表示盘沿面积),本研究没有发现其他参数与平均缺损相关关系的显著性。结论盘沿面积、视杯容积、杯/盘面积、视杯形态测量、平均神经纤维层厚度在海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪众多参数中最能反映青光眼的视野平均缺损程度。盘沿面积、视杯容积、杯/盘面积、视杯形态测量、平均神经纤维层厚度可用于慢性闭角型青光眼视神经损害监测。     

Morphological parameters of the optic disc in patients with primary open angle glaucoma and low myopia

PURPOSE: To compare the morphological parameters of the optic disc in patients with low myopia and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and in patients with glaucoma without refractive errors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 53 patients, aged 33-88 (56.2 +/- 11.9) with POAG were qualified for our study. The group was divided into two: first group consisted of 14 patients--11 women and 3 men, aged 41-83 (58.2 +/- 10.9) comprising 28 eye balls with low myopia (-0.5 Dsph to -3.5 Dsph) and POAG. The second group consisted of 38 patients: 24 women and 14 men, aged 33-80 (51.0 +/- 13.4) comprising 71 eye balls including 43 emetropic eyes, 26 eyes with hyperopia (+0.5 Dsph to +3.0 Dsph) and 2 eyes with astigmatism. All patients demonstrated early changes in visual field 1-2 stage due to the Aulhom classification. The measurements of the morphological parameters of the optic disc were made with confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy using Heidelberg Retina Tomograph--HRT II with glaucoma software. We analyzed the following parameters: optic disc area, cup area, rim area, cup/disc ratio, linear c/d ratio, mean cup depth, maximum cup depth. The statistical analysis was made using Kolomogarow-Smirnow test. RESULTS: All analyzed parameters were higher in patients with low myopia and POAG than in patients with only POAG. The results in both groups were different but still no statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Low myopia has an influence on the optic disc morphology in patients with POAG.