A perspective on single cell behavior during infection

The interface between immune cells and intracellular bacterial pathogens produces complex, diverse interactions. During individual encounters, highly adaptable and dynamic host cells and bacteria vary in their responses, thereby contributing to well-documented heterogeneous outcomes of infection. The challenge now is to break down the multidimensionality of these interactions into informative readouts of population physiology and predictors of responses to infection. We recently reported one approach to this challenge that couples single cell RNA-seq analysis with fluorescent markers to characterize infection phenotype.¹ Avraham R, Haseley N, Brown D, Penaranda C, Jijon HB, Trombetta JJ, Satija R, Shalek AK, Xavier RJ, Regev A, et al. Pathogen cell-to-cell variability drives heterogeneity in host immune responses. Cell 2015; 162:1309-1321; PMID:26343579; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.027[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] We detected bacterial subpopulations that elicit profoundly different host responses to infection in the specific host cells that they infect. Here we describe how heterogeneity might be maintained in populations of host and pathogens and discuss the advantages that heterogeneity confers to bacteria during infection and to host cells for eradicating a pathogen. We propose that single cell studies will allow the unraveling of host-pathogen biology and lead to an understanding of how the sum of individual encounters leads to the infection outcome of a whole organism.     

Asthmonia: A clinical definition of a commonly used colloquial term

ABSTRACT

Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics of pediatric asthmonia, a syndrome in which children have both an acute asthma exacerbation and a concomitant diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on children admitted to Connecticut Children's Medical Center in the pediatric emergency department from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012. Children with asthma and pneumonia were identified using ICD-9 codes 493 (asthma) or 482 (pneumonia). In this study, we defined asthmonia, a third group, based on the following criteria: (1) Bloom B, Jones LI, Freeman G. Summary health statistics for U.S. children: National Health Interview Survey, 2012. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat. 2013;10(258):4. [Google Scholar] history of asthma based on documentation in the past medical history section of the chart, (2) Ostapchuk M, Roberts D, Haddy, R. Community acquired pneumonia in infants and children. Am Family Physician 2004;70(5):899–908.[PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] documented wheezing on presentation, (3) World Health Organization. Chronic respiratory diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization Management of Noncommunicable Diseases Department Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Arthritis; 2012 [Google Scholar] administration of bronchodilator(s), and (4) Parikh K, Hall M, Mittal V, et al. Establishing benchmarks for the hospitalized care of children with Asthma, Bronchiolitis, and Pneumonia. Pediatrics 2014;134(3):555–562. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-1052.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] new focal infiltrate on chest radiograph during ED visit. The three nonoverlapping groups (asthma, pneumonia, and asthmonia) were described. Results: Three hundred and sixty-eight children were identified for our study population. In the study population, 66.0% (N = 243) had asthma, 20.4% (N = 75) pneumonia, and 13.6% (N = 50) met our definition of asthmonia. We found that 84.0% (N = 42) of children who met asthmonia criteria in our study were treated with antibiotic therapies. Also, 28.0% (N = 14) of children who met asthmonia criteria had documented fever during admission or by parent report. Conclusions: This study defined clinical features of the coexistence of pneumonia in children with asthma. Overall, these children frequently presented with fever and were treated with antibiotics. More studies are needed to better elucidate this clinical entity and its ramifications.     

Betatrophin

Regenerative therapy in diabetes with the capacity to reconstitute a functional β-cell mass sufficient for glycemic control holds the promise to effectively prevent the development of devastating late complications due to the unique ability of the β-cell to sense and regulate blood-glucose levels. An ability that cannot be mimicked by insulin replacement therapy or any other means of current treatment regiments for very large patient populations. Recently, Douglas A. Melton’s group from Harvard University reported the identification of a circulating protein secreted from the liver under insulin resistant states which is sufficient to dramatically and specifically increase the replication rate of β-cells in the mouse resulting in an increased functional β-cell mass over time. They re-named the factor betatrophin and described a number of exciting features of this molecule which suggested that it could be a potential candidate for development as a regenerative medicine in diabetes.¹ Yi P, Park JS, Melton DA. Betatrophin: a hormone that controls pancreatic β cell proliferation. Cell 2013; 153:747 - 58; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.008; PMID: 23623304 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] The official name of the gene encoding mouse betatrophin is Gm6484, but it has been annotated a number of times under different names: EG624219² Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, Derge JG, Klausner RD, Collins FS, Wagner L, Shenmen CM, Schuler GD, Altschul SF, et al, Mammalian Gene Collection Program Team. Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:16899 - 903; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.242603899; PMID: 12477932 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]^,3 Tang T, Li L, Tang J, Li Y, Lin WY, Martin F, Grant D, Solloway M, Parker L, Ye W, et al. A mouse knockout library for secreted and transmembrane proteins. Nat Biotechnol 2010; 28:749 - 55; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1644; PMID: 20562862 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], RIFL⁴ Ren G, Kim JY, Smas CM. Identification of RIFL, a novel adipocyte-enriched insulin target gene with a role in lipid metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E334 - 51; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00084.2012; PMID: 22569073 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], Lipasin⁵ Zhang R. Lipasin, a novel nutritionally-regulated liver-enriched factor that regulates serum triglyceride levels. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 424:786 - 92; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.038; PMID: 22809513 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] and ANGPTL8.⁶ Quagliarini F, Wang Y, Kozlitina J, Grishin NV, Hyde R, Boerwinkle E, Valenzuela DM, Murphy AJ, Cohen JC, Hobbs HH. Atypical angiopoietin-like protein that regulates ANGPTL3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:19751 - 6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1217552109; PMID: 23150577 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] The official human gene name is C19orf80, but it has also been annotated as TD26⁷ Dong XY, Pang XW, Yu ST, Su YR, Wang HC, Yin YH, Wang YD, Chen WF. Identification of genes differentially expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma by a modified suppression subtractive hybridization method. Int J Cancer 2004; 112:239 - 48; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.20363; PMID: 15352036 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], LOC55908⁸ Teslovich TM, Musunuru K, Smith AV, Edmondson AC, Stylianou IM, Koseki M, Pirruccello JP, Ripatti S, Chasman DI, Willer CJ, et al. Biological, clinical and population relevance of 95 loci for blood lipids. Nature 2010; 466:707 - 13; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09270; PMID: 20686565 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], as well as RIFL, Lipasin, ANGPTL8 and betatrophin.     

Infant B cell memory and gut bacterial colonization

Under normal conditions, the gut microbiota confers health benefits for the host. The microbiota aids in the nutrient processing and contributes to the construction of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Furthermore, animal models demonstrate the importance of stimulation from gut bacteria for a proper maturation of the immune system. In this addendum, we summarize our recent study¹ Lundell AC, Björnsson V, Ljung A, Ceder M, Johansen S, Lindhagen G, et al. Infant B cell memory differentiation and early gut bacterial colonization. J Immunol 2012; 188:4315 - 22; http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1103223; PMID: 22490441 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] in which we demonstrate that colonization with Escherichia coli and bifidobacteria in the first 2 months of life was related to higher numbers of CD27-positive memory B cells later in infancy. The numbers of total B cells or CD5⁺CD20⁺ B cells, on the other hand, were not related to the bacterial colonization pattern. Thus, the gut microbiota might affect the B cell maturation also in humans, and our study indicates that an early colonization pattern that includes E. coli and bifidobacteria might promote this maturation early in life.     

The Role of Lobe Selection on FEV1 Response in Endobronchial Valve Therapy

Endobronchial valve (EBV) therapy has shown improvement in symptoms and lung function despite limited understanding of ideal patient selection. The impact of lobe selection on EBV therapy is unclear. We performed a retrospective analysis to determine the role of lobe selection and identify preprocedure predictors of response to EBV therapy. A total of 492 patients from the USA and Europe were randomized to EBV or control therapy. Spirometry and functional measurements were taken at baseline and 12 months later. At 365 days patients undergoing EBV therapy showed improvement in FEV₁ change compared to control regardless of treatment to upper or lower. There was no difference in FEV₁ change between the upper and lower lobe treatment groups (5 Criner GJ, Pinto-Plata V, Strange C, Dransfield M, Gotfried M, Leeds W, et al. Biologic lung volume reduction in advanced upper lobe emphysema: Phase 2 results. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179(9):791–798. doi:10.1164/rccm.200810-1639OC.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar].99, 7.04, p = 0.75). In addition lobe selection was not identified as a significant modifier of FEV₁ change in multiple linear regression analysis. Complete lobe fissure was the only significant predictor of FEV₁ change (OR 4.14 (2.29, 7.47)). Our results suggest that lobe selection does not play a major role in EBV therapy response. Complete fissure status preprocedure has the greatest influence on FEV₁ improvement. These results have implications on patient selection for current treatment and in future EBV studies.     

A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing the ELLIPTA and HandiHaler Dry Powder Inhalers in Patients With COPD: Inhaler-Specific Attributes and Overall Patient Preference

This randomised, open-label, cross-over, placebo-containing inhaler study assessed patient preference indicators for ELLIPTA and HandiHaler dry powder inhalers in patients with COPD (NCT02786927; GSK identifier: 204983). The primary objective of this study was to assess patient preference between ELLIPTA and HandiHaler based on the number of steps needed to use the inhaler. Eligible patients ≥40 years of age with COPD were randomised 1:1 to receive their current COPD medication plus a placebo-containing ELLIPTA or HandiHaler inhaler once daily for 7 ± 2 days (treatment period 1); this was followed by a 7 ± 2-day placebo treatment with the alternative inhaler. A 5-item questionnaire assessed inhaler-related patient preferences. A total of 212 patients (mean age, 65.1 years) were enrolled at 22 US sites; 73% had a COPD duration ≥5 years. Median (range) exposure was 8 (5 Mäkelä MJ, Backer V, Hedegaard M, Larsson K. Adherence to inhaled therapies, health outcomes and costs in patients with asthma and COPD. Respir. Med. [Internet]. 2013 Oct[cited 2017 Jun 7];107(10):1481–1490. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0954611113001340. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2013.04.005. PMID:23643487.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 13 Anderson P. Patient preference for and satisfaction with inhaler devices. Eur Respir Rev [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2017 Jun 7];14:109–116. Available from: http://err.ersjournals.com/content/errev/14/96/109.full.pdf. doi:10.1183/09059180.05.00009606.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) days for ELLIPTA and 8 (1 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [Internet]. 2017. Available from: http://goldcopd.org/ [Google Scholar], 16) days for HandiHaler. Significantly more patients preferred ELLIPTA to HandiHaler in terms of the number of steps to use and all secondary attributes (size, comfort of the mouthpiece, remaining doses, and ease of use of the two inhalers; all p < 0.001). Similar results were observed irrespective of the order of inhaler use. Eighteen patients (8%) reported at least one AE and two (<1%) patients reported four non-fatal SAEs; none were related to the study treatment. Patient attitude toward a particular inhaler and their experiences in using it can affect adherence to therapy, which can in turn strongly influence effectiveness of inhaled medications. This study uses a robust methodology to assess patient preference.     

Is the Exhaled Breath Temperature Sensitive to Cigarette Smoking?

The smoking habit is accompanied by an acute inflammatory response which follows tissue injury. It would be desirable to find a non-invasive inflammatory marker that would simplify the task of studying and monitoring smokers more simply and allow us to identify populations at risk of contracting Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Today's expectations regarding research focus on issues ranging from inflammatory markers to those of exhaled breath temperature (EBT) are considerable. That said, although the EBT has been largely studied in asthma and COPD, there have not been any studies thus far that have analysed the effect of cigarette smoking on the EBT.

?Bearing this in mind, in this longitudinal study we aim to analyse the EBT in current smokers, monitor the effects both of cigarette smoking on EBT and of what happens after smoking cessation. Twenty-five (25) Turato G, Di Stefano A, Maestrelli P, Mapp CE, Ruggieri MP, Roggeri A, et al. Effect of smoking cessation on airway inflammation in chronic bronchitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152(4 Pt1):1262–1267.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] smokers (59.5 ± 3.1 yrs, 12 M) who participated in a multi-disciplinary smoking cessation programme and 25 healthy never-smokers (58.7 ± 2.9, 13 M) underwent EBT measurement. EBT values were higher in smokers before smoking (T0) than in never-smokers [34.6 (34.2–35) vs 33.2 (32.4–33.7)°C, p < 0.001. The smokers repeated measurement 5 minutes after smoking a cigarette (T1) and 2 hours after (T2). They repeated EBC measurement after 1 week (T3) and then after 3 months (T4) from smoking cessation. EBT is higher in smokers compared to controls. EBT increases after cigarette smoking and progressively decreases with the increase of time from when the last cigarette was smoked.

?Thus, we can conclude that EBT is increased in smokers and also sensitive to the acute effect of cigarette smoke.     

Age-Related Decline in Mentalizing Skills Across Adult Life Span

In the literature, there are few and conflicting reports regarding age-related changes in adult mentalizing abilities: whereas Happè et al. (1998, Developmental Psychology, 34, 358–362) showed better performances of elderly compared with young subjects in an advanced theory of mind (ToM) task, Mayor et al. (2002, British Journal of Psychology, 93, 465–485) and Sullivan and Ruffmann (2004, British Journal of Psychology, 95(Pt 1), 1–18) found an age-related decline. Former studies addressing the issue compared young to elderly subjects and did not investigate earlier changes in middle-aged adults. To shed light on changes in ToM skills along adulthood, the authors used the revised version of the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test” (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001 Baron-Cohen , S. , Wheelwright S. , Hill J. , Raste Y. , & Plumb , I. ( 2001 ). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 42 , 241 – 251 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 241–251) to compare four groups of people of different ages covering the whole span of adult life. The authors found aged-related decline in ToM skills as early as the fifth decade of life. Awareness of the age-related changes in adult mentalizing is important to differentiate normal aging effects from ToM impairments due to neuropsychiatric diseases.     

Transfer Effects in Task-Set Cost and Dual-Task Cost After Dual-Task Training in Older and Younger Adults: Further Evidence for Cognitive Plasticity in Attentional Control in Late Adulthood

Older adults' difficulties in performing two tasks concurrently have been well documented (Kramer & Madden, 2008 Kramer , A.F. & Madden , D. (2008). Attention . In F.I.M. Craik & T.A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition ( , 3rd ed.; pp. 189–249 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum . [Google Scholar]). It has been observed that the age-related differences in dual-task performance are larger when the two tasks require similar motor responses (2001 Hartley , A. A. ( 2001 ). Age differences in dual-task interference are localized to response generation processes . Psychology and Aging , 16 , 47 – 54 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and that in some conditions older adults also show greater susceptibility than younger adults to input interference (Hein & Schubert, 2004 Hein , G. & Schubert , T. ( 2004 ). Aging and Input Processing in Dual-Task Situations . Psychology and Aging , 19 , 416 – 432 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). The authors recently observed that even when the two tasks require motor responses, both older and younger adults can learn to perform a visual discrimination task and an auditory discrimination task faster and more accurately (Bherer et al., 2005 Bherer , L. , Kramer , A.F. , Peterson , M.S. , Colcombe , S. , Erickson , K. , & Becic , E. ( 2005 ). Training effects on dual-task performance: Are there age-related differences in plasticity of attentional control? Psychology and Aging , 20 , 695 – 709 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). In the present study, the authors extended this finding to a dual-task condition that involves two visual tasks requiring two motor responses. Older and younger adults completed a dual-task training program in which continuous individualized adaptive feedback was provided to enhance performance. The results indicate that, even with similar motor responses and two visual stimuli, both older and younger adults showed substantial gains in performance after training and that the improvement generalized to new task combinations involving new stimuli. These results suggest that dual-task skills can be substantially improved in older adults and that cognitive plasticity in attentional control is still possible in old age.     

Microbiome manipulation modifies sex-specific risk for autoimmunity

Despite growing evidence for a causal role of environmental factors in autoimmune diseases including the rise in disease frequencies over the past several decades we lack an understanding of how particular environmental exposures modify disease risk. In addition, many autoimmune diseases display sex-biased incidence, with females being disproportionately affected but the mechanisms underlying this sex bias remain elusive. Emerging evidence suggests that both host metabolism and immune function is crucially regulated by the intestinal microbiome. Recently, we showed that in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), the gut commensal microbial community strongly impacts the pronounced sex bias in T1D risk by controlling serum testosterone and metabolic phenotypes¹ Markle JGM, Frank DN, Mortin-Toth S, Robertson CE, Feazel LM, Rolle-Kampczyk U, von Bergen M, McCoy KD, Macpherson AJ, Danska JS. Sex differences in the gut microbiome drive hormone-dependent regulation of autoimmunity. Science 2013; 339:1084 - 8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1233521; PMID: 23328391 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]. Here we present new data in the NOD model that explores the correlations between microbial phylogeny, testosterone levels, and metabolic phenotypes, and discuss the future of microbiome-centered analysis and microbe-based therapeutic approaches in autoimmune diseases.     

Ethnic Minority Status,Depression, and Cognitive Failures in Relation to Marital Adjustment in Ethnically Diverse Older Women

The authors investigated the relationship between marital adjustment and ethnic minority status, depressive symptomatology, and cognitive failures among 78 married, community-dwelling, and predominantly non-European-American older women (ages 57 to 89 years). Respondents were screened to rule out dementia. Level of depressive symptoms, self-report of cognitive failures, and marital adjustment scores were obtained. As hypothesized, higher depressive symptomatology and cognitive failures were associated with worse marital adjustment (p < .05 for both). The same was true for membership in a nondominant ethnic group, albeit only when ethnic status was considered outside the context of the other two independent variables. These results have clinical implications and fit within the theoretical framework of the socioemotional selectivity theory (Carstensen, 1992 Carstensen, L. L. 1992. Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 7: 331–338. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) applied to marriage in older age, a conceptualization formulated by Bookwala and Jacobs in 2004 Bookwala, J. and Jacobs, J. 2004. Age, marital processes, and depressed affect. The Gerontologist, 44: 328–338. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar].     

Quantification of islet size and architecture

Human islets exhibit distinct islet architecture particularly in large islets that comprise of a relatively abundant fraction of α-cells intermingled with β-cells, whereas mouse islets show largely similar architecture of a β-cell core with α-cells in the periphery. In humans, islet architecture is islet-size dependent. Changes in endocrine cell mass preferentially occurred in large islets as demonstrated in our recent study on pathological changes of the pancreas in patients with type 2 diabetes.¹ Kilimnik G, Zhao B, Jo J, Periwal V, Witkowski P, Misawa R, et al. Altered islet composition and disproportionate loss of large islets in patients with type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27445; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027445; PMID: 22102895 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] The size dependency of human islets in morphological changes prompted us to develop a method to capture the representative islet distribution in the whole pancreas section combined with a semi-automated analysis to quantify changes in islet architecture. The computer-assisted quantification allows detailed examination of endocrine cell composition in individual islets and minimizes sampling bias. The standard immunohistochemistry based method is widely applicable to various specimens, which is particularly useful for large animal studies but is also applied to a large-scale analysis of the whole organ section from mice. In this article, we describe the method of image capture, parameters measured, data analysis and interpretation of the data.     

Regulation of type 2 immunity to helminths by mast cells

Recently, we demonstrated a novel role for gastrointestinal mast cells (MCs) in the early events that lead to the generation of Th2 immunity to helminth infection.¹ Hepworth MR, Dani?owicz-Luebert E, Rausch S, Metz M, Klotz C, Maurer M, et al. Mast cells orchestrate type 2 immunity to helminths through regulation of tissue-derived cytokines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:6644 - 9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1112268109; PMID: 22493240 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] Mice lacking MCs (Kit^W/Kit^W-v and Kit^W-Sh) showed a significant inhibition of Th2 cell priming following infection with the parasitic helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hp). We showed that MCs degranulate during the early stages of infection when the helminth larvae invade the small intestinal tissue. Furthermore, MC degranulation was required for the enhanced expression and production of the tissue-derived cytokines IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP, which are required for the optimal orchestration and priming of type 2 immunity. In this addendum we aim to address several questions raised by our findings — in particular, the mechanisms through which MCs may recognize helminth exposure in the early stages of infection and by which they may enhance expression of critical tissue cytokines thus, enabling Th2 priming. Furthermore, we will discuss these findings in the context of recently described novel innate immune cells, such as type 2 hematopoietic progenitors and type 2 innate lymphoid cells.     

Does Social Desirability Confound the Assessment of Self-Reported Measures of Well-Being and Metacognitive Efficiency in Young and Older Adults?

Social desirability is a multicomponent personality trait referring to the tendency of individuals to regulate their answers to establish a positive impression, avoid criticism, or satisfy a need for social approval (Johnson & Fendrich, 2002 Johnson, T., & Fendrich, M. (2002, May). A validation of the Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale. Paper presented at the 57th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, St. Pete Beach, FL. http://www.srl.uic.edu/publist/Conference/crownemarlowe.pdf (http://www.srl.uic.edu/publist/Conference/crownemarlowe.pdf)  [Google Scholar]; Paulhus, 1984 Paulhus, D. L. 1984. Two-component models of socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46: 598–609. doi:10.1037/ 0022–3514.46.3.598[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). This study investigated the role played by the socially desirable response style assessed with the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960 Crowne, D. P. and Marlowe, D. 1960. A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24: 349–354. doi:10.1037/h0047358[Crossref], [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]) on self-rated measures of affect (i.e., Center of Epidemiological Studies of Depression Scale; Radloff, 1977 Radloff, L. S. 1977. The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1: 385–401. doi:10.1177/014662167700100306[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), metacognitive efficiency (i.e., Sensitivity to Memory Questionnaire; Cornoldi & De Beni, 2003 Cornoldi, C. and De Beni, R. 2003. Leopardisti. Gli amanti della memoria [Leopardists. Memory lovers]. Psicologia Contemporanea, 1: 4–11.  [Google Scholar]; and Cognitive Failures Questionnaire; Borella, Carretti, Cornoldi, & DeBeni, 2007 Borella, E, Carretti, B., Cornoldi, C. and De Beni, R. 2007. Working memory, control of interference and everyday experience of thoughts interference: A comparison between young, young-old and old-old adults. Aging, Clinical and Experimental Research, 19: 200–206. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), and self-perceived psychological wellness (Psychological Wellness and Aging Questionnaire; De Beni, Borella, Carretti, Marigo, & Nava, 2007 De Beni, R., Borella, E., Carretti, B., Marigo, C. and Nava, L. A. 2007. BAC: Benessere e Abilità Cognitive nell'età Adulta e Avanzata. [BAC: Wellness and cognitive abilities in the advanced and adult age], Florence, , Italy: Organizzazioni Speciali.  [Google Scholar]) in a sample composed of young (M = 24.6 years), old (M = 69.4 years), and very old (M = 81.9 years) adults counterbalanced by gender and education (i.e., ≤ 8 years versus > 8 years). Results revealed that social desirability alone predicted measures of affect and emotional competencies and contributed to predicting personal satisfaction, general perceived wellness, and self-rated cognitive efficiency. Overall, the present outcomes suggest clinical psychologists should pay attention to the crucial interference of social desirability in assessing wellness even in late adulthood, that is, in a developmental phase thought to be mainly characterized by reduced control of physical and psychological functions.     

Frailty,Leisure Activity and Functional Status in Older Adults: Relationship With Subjective Well Being

Older adults generally experience high levels of life satisfaction (e.g., Charles & Carstensen, 2010 Charles, S.T. and Carstensen, L.L. 2010. Social and emotional aspects of aging. Annual Review of Psychology, 61: 383–409. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and participation in leisure activities may mediate some of their overall well-being. Frailty associated with biological aging may be related to reduced leisure activity engagement and loss of social belonging that may diminish life satisfaction (Charles, 2011). This study examined differences in leisure activity engagement by frailty status, and then tested a model evaluating the link between functional status and subjective well-being in a sample of 95 community-dwelling older adults. Participants completed self-report questionnaires that assessed leisure activity participation, life satisfaction, frailty, and mood. Leisure activities were coded as either social (e.g., taking classes) or solitary (e.g., reading) and summed across to create two composite scores. Results indicated there was a strong relationship between functional status and subjective well-being in older adults. High frailty and low social leisure engagement was associated with reduced subjective well-being. Implications for future research and clinical applications are discussed.     

Age-Related Decline in Olympic Triathlon Performance: Effect of Locomotion Mode

This study describes the decline in performance with age during Olympic triathlon Age Groups World Championships among the different locomotion modes. Mean performance of top 10 performers were analyzed for each group of age using the exponential model proposed by Baker, Tang, and Turner (2003 Baker , A. B. , Tang , Y. Q. , & Turner , M. J. ( 2003 ). Percentage decline in masters superathlete track and field performance with aging . Experimental Aging Research , 29 , 47 – 65 .[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], Experimental Aging Research, 29, 47–65). Comparison in performance decline was done between locomotion modes. Decline in performance in triathlon as a function of age follows an exponential model. A significant interaction effect between age and locomotion mode was observed on performance values. In swimming, a significant decrease was observed close to 5% per year after 45 years. Decline in performance was less pronounced in cycling until 60 years. Analysis of the effect of age in the different locomotion modes of a triathlon could provide information for maintaining quality of life with aging.     

A Screening Study to Determine the Prevalence of Airway Disease in Heroin Smokers

Over the last 20 years smoking has become the most common method of heroin use and increasing numbers of heroin smokers are presenting to local medical services, before the age of 40 years, with severe airway disease. To determine COPD prevalence we recruited 129 subjects from two local community drug services, of whom 107 were heroin smokers. We collected demographic, medical and treatment data, smoking history (including cannabis and opiates) and details of symptoms including MRC dyspnoea. Subjects completed the COPD Assessment Tool and spirometry. Thirty heroin smokers were identified as having COPD resulting in a COPD prevalence of 28%. Mean age was 43 (4) Cygan J, Trunsky M, Corbridge T. Inhaled heroin-induced status Asthmaticus: Five cases and a review of the literature. Chest 2000; 117:272–275.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] years and FEV₁ was 2.71 (0.98) L; 70 (23) Doshi V, Shenoy S, Ganesh A, Lankala S, Henkle J. Near fatal asthma in an inner city population. Am J Ther 2014; Oct 3. [Epub ahead of print].[Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] %predicted. Breathlessness and wheeze were more common in subjects with COPD (p < 0.04 and p < 0.05) but symptoms were common in all heroin smokers. MRC score was higher (3 vs. 2.4; p < 0.04) in those with COPD and health status appeared poorer (CAT 20.4 vs. 15.8; p < 0.07). Only 4 (11%) had previously been diagnosed with COPD and only 16 (53%) received any inhaled medication. Asthma prevalence was also high at 33% and asthmatic subjects had similar symptoms and health status compared with the COPD subjects, and were also significantly undertreated. COPD and asthma are common in current and former heroin smokers. They are often present at a young age and are underdiagnosed and undertreated. Awareness of this issue should be highlighted within drug services and in particular to heroin smokers. Screening this high-risk population with spirometry should be considered.     

Growing Older in Special Olympics: Meaning and Benefits of Participation—Selected Case Studies

As the population of persons with intellectual disabilities continues to age and to increase, so, too, has Special Olympics witnessed the growth of numbers of adults who have remained involved for years and are now in their 40s, 50s, and beyond. Data from 2005 showed 44.9% of Special Olympians in North America to be age 22 or older (Lenox, 2007 Lenox, D. 2007. Aggregate APS report by gender and age, 2005, Washington, DC: Author.  [Google Scholar]). Recent studies of motives and benefits of participation (Farrell, Crocker, McDonough, & Sedgwick, 2004 Farrell, R., Crocker, P., McDonough, M. and Sedgwick, W. 2004. The driving force: Motivation in Special Olympics. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 21(2): 153–166. [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Goodwin, Fitzpatrick, Thurmeier, & Hall, 2006 Goodwin, D. L., Fitzpatrick, D. A., Thurmeier, R. and Hall, C. 2006. The decision to join Special Olympics: Parents’ perspectives. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 23(2): 163–183. [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) have noted issues related to the maturing of athletes. Case studies of three adult Special Olympians were used to explore meaning and benefits (8 categories) of participation. Adult athletes were selected to represent different stages of adulthood and differing health conditions. Age-related changes for parents were also noted. Similar to previous research, athletes confirmed the importance of benefits such as fitness, sport skills, friendships, and competition. Practical implications for coaches and administrators are discussed.     

Life Span Adult Faces: Norms for Age,Familiarity, Memorability,Mood, and Picture Quality

Because faces are frequently used as stimuli in cognitive aging behavioral and neuroimaging studies, there is a need for a normed set of pictures reflecting age and ethnic diversity. Minear and Park (2004 Minear , M. & Park , D. C. ( 2004 ). A lifespan database of adult facial stimuli . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers , 36 , 630 – 633 .[Crossref], [PubMed] , [Google Scholar], Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 630–633) provided a large database of face pictures from average, ethnically diverse individuals across the adult life span. The current study evaluated 180 pictures from that database. One hundred and eight participants (mean age 23) rated each picture on specific attributes: perceived age, familiarity of appearance, mood, memorability, and image quality. Because the pictures did not differ in any of the measured attributes, the authors provide three balanced sets of face stimuli to researchers desiring normed face stimuli free from age confounds.     

Retraction of enteropathogenic E. coli type IV pili promotes efficient host cell colonization,effector translocation and tight junction disruption

Type IV pili (Tfp) play a primary role in mediating the adherence of pathogenic bacteria to their hosts. The pilus filament can retract with an immense force. However, the role of this activity in microbial pathogenesis has not been rigorously explored. Experiments performed on volunteers suggested that the retraction capacity of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) Tfp is required for full virulence. Here we review our recent study¹ Zahavi EE, Lieberman JA, Donnenberg MS, Nitzan M, Baruch K, Rosenshine I, et al. Bundle-forming pilus retraction enhances enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infectivity. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:2436 - 47; http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E11-01-0001; PMID: 21613538 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] in which we showed that the retraction capacity of the EPEC Tfp facilitates tight-junction disruption and actin-rich pedestal formation by promoting efficient bacterial protein effector translocation into epithelial host cells. We also present new data using live imaging confocal microscopy suggesting that EPEC adheres to monolayers in microcolonies and that Tfp retraction facilitates significant changes in the microcolony shape, which may be critical for efficient effector delivery. Our studies hence suggest novel insights into the role of pili retraction in EPEC pathogenesis.