原发性非脐尿管型膀胱黏液腺癌临床病理学特点分析

目的 探讨原发性非脐尿管型膀胱黏液腺癌的临床及病理学特点.方法 原发性非脐尿管型膀胱黏液腺癌患者9例.男6例,女3例.平均年龄62(55～78)岁.间歇性、无痛性全程肉眼血尿8例,其中黏液血尿4例;体检发现1例.B超及CT检查均提示膀胱占位性病变;膀胱镜检发现膀胱肿物9例,取活检5例.病理报告均为膀胱黏液腺癌.肿瘤直径平均3.1(1.9～4.7)cm.手术治疗8例,其中膀胱部分切除术4例,膀胱全切加尿流改道3例,TURBt 1例.TURBt 1例术后6个月肿瘤复发,再行膀胱全切加尿流改道.1例体弱患者未手术.结果 9例病理报告均为原发性非脐尿管型膀胱黏液腺癌,病理分期T_(2a)5例、T_(2b) 2例、T_(3a)2例.病理分级高分化5例、中分化4例.9例平均随访16.5(3～60)个月.术后1年内死亡4例,1例未手术者随访4个月死于心功能衰竭;1例行TURBt患者,再行根治术术后3个月死于肺转移;2例行膀胱部分切除术者分别于术后9、11个月死于肿瘤转移.其余5例未见肿瘤复发及转移.结论 原发性非脐尿管型膀胱黏液腺癌少见,预后差.手术为主要的治疗手段,对复发或转移患者,配合放疗或化疗等综合治疗可延长患者生存期.     

膀胱腺癌的诊断和治疗（附21例报告）

目的提高膀胱腺癌的诊治水平。方法回顾性分析21例膀胱腺癌临床资料，其中原发性膀胱腺癌14例，全膀胱切除 尿流改道术4例，膀胱部分切除6例，经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术3例，姑息性尿流改道术1例；脐尿管腺癌7例，扩大膀胱部分切除术4例，根治性全膀胱切除 尿流改道术2例，放弃治疗1例。结果5年生存率18％(3／16)。结论原发性膀胱腺癌宜采用根治性全膀胱切除术，脐尿管腺癌宜采用扩大膀胱部分切除术，综合性治疗有助于提高复发、转移患者的生存率。     

女性保留内生殖器膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱尿流改道术的临床疗效

目的:探讨女性保留内生殖器膀胱全切患者行原位回肠新膀胱尿流改道术的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析我院2005年7月~2012年5月48例女性膀胱肿瘤患者的临床资料,均采取保留内生殖器的膀胱全切术并行原位回肠新膀胱尿流改道术。48例患者中移行细胞癌46例,腺癌2例;原发肿瘤32例,复发性肿瘤16例;多发性非肌层侵犯肿瘤17例,肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤31例。结果:48例患者的平均手术时间260(210~360)min,平均输血量280(0~1200)ml。术后47例患者获得随访,随访6~84个月,平均36个月。术后12个月白天控尿率为97.9%(46/47),夜间控尿率为93.6%(44/47)。新膀胱尿道吻合口漏3例。术后6个月IVU检查输尿管狭窄2例。无子宫、子宫附件及阴道转移复发。结论:对于符合适应证的女性膀胱癌患者,保留内生殖器、阴道前壁、自主神经及完整尿道,行膀胱全切并行原位回肠新膀胱尿流改道术,临床疗效满意,术后患者生活质量高,可作为广泛开展的术式。     

膀胱全切原位尿流改道术治疗膀胱非尿路上皮癌的疗效评价

目的：评价膀胱全切原位尿流改道术治疗膀胱非尿路上皮癌的疗效.方法：对17例膀胱非尿路上皮癌患者行根治性膀胱全切,盆腔淋巴结清扫;然后取一段肠管缝制成新膀胱,分别与输尿管和尿道残端吻合,实现原位尿流改道.结果：手术均获成功,手术时间172～380 min,平均310 min.16例获得随访,平均随访67个月（1～16年）.6例因肿瘤复发或转移于5年内死亡,2例死于非肿瘤因素,1例仍在随访,7例存活已达5年.结论：根治性膀胱全切原位尿流改道术治疗膀胱非尿路上皮癌,具有较好的治疗效果,能明显改善患者生活质量.     

乙状结肠直肠膀胱术的并发症及预防

目的：探讨乙状结肠直肠膀胱作为尿流改道术并发症的防治经验。方法：回顾性分析了22例乙状结肠直肠膀胱术作为尿流改道的临床资料,总结并发症防治的临床经验。结果：术后早期乙状结肠直肠膀胱漏1例,切口裂开经再次减张缝合治愈3例,高热伴一侧肾积水2例;远期尿道肿瘤复发1例,肿瘤远处转移3例,夜间溢尿2例,未见高氯性酸中毒、肾积水及逆行肾盂感染等严重并发症的病例。结论：乙状结肠直肠膀胱术作为尿流改道具有手术操作较简单,无严重并发症,患者生活质量高易接受,是膀胱全切后一种较理想的可控性尿流改道方法。     

经腹膜外途径腹腔镜膀胱全切术的初步经验(附6例报告)

目的:探讨经腹膜外途径行腹腔镜膀胱全切术的手术方法和临床效果。方法:选取2013年1月~2014年8月收治的6例T_2期的肌层浸润性膀胱癌男性患者。年龄54~80岁,平均71.6岁。建立腹膜外腔隙后参照开放手术顺行膀胱切除法行腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除。尿流改道其中3例行双侧输尿管皮肤造口术,1例行原位新膀胱,2例行Brick回肠膀胱术。结果:6例患者均手术成功,无中转开放。根治性膀胱切除手术时间120~200 min,平均1 36.7 min。术中出血量100~350 ml,平均210 ml。术后平均住院时间7~16 d。术后随访3~18个月,肾功能均正常,未见局部复发或转移。结论:根据初期的手术操作经验和随访结果,经腹膜外途径腹腔镜膀胱全切术在临床上具有良好的可行性和安全性。     

膀胱腺癌的诊断和治疗(附29例报告)

目的提高膀胱腺癌的诊断与治疗水平。方法29例中原发性膀胱腺癌18例，其中行全膀胱切除、尿流改道11例，膀胱部分切除7例；脐尿管腺癌9例，6例行扩大膀胱部分切除术，3例行全膀胱切除、尿流改道；印戒细胞癌2例，行全膀胱切除、尿流改道术。结果4例患者失访，25例患者随访时间为5个月一10年。生存1年者17例（64％），生存2年15例（60％），生存5年5例（20％），生存时间超过5年者均为早期患者。结论早期诊断、鉴别原发性膀胱腺癌与脐尿管腺癌、选择合适的手术方式是膀胱腺癌治疗的关键。     

改良膀胱全切、原位回肠代膀胱术的疗效观察

目的:探讨膀胱根治术后行尿流改道的方法。方法:对17例男性膀胱癌患者行膀胱全切、原位回肠代膀胱术,采用改良的手术方法。结果:手术时间平均230min;输血量平均480ml;全部病例可完全控尿,需夜间定时排尿;膀胱最大贮尿量平均330ml,剩余尿均小于80ml。17例全部随访,时间7～48个月,平均19个月。术后仅发生单侧输尿管反流1例,肾功能衰竭死亡1例,肿瘤转移死亡1例。无电解质紊乱发生,未发现尿道肿瘤复发。结论:改良膀胱全切、原位回肠代膀胱术是膀胱根治术后尿流改道的较为理想术式。     

膀胱腺癌(附26例报告)

目的 提高膀胱腺癌的诊治水平。方法 回顾分析１９８０年１月至１９９８年１月收治的２６例膀胱腺癌资料。其中脐尿管腺癌１２例,原发性膀胱腺癌１４例。结果 ２６例中膀胱部分切除术８例,全膀胱切除＋尿流改道术１３例,根治性全膀胱切除＋尿流改道术２例,姑息性尿流改道术３例。随访１年生存率５２％,５年生存率２０％。结论 较局限的脐尿管腺癌可行广泛性部分膀胱切除术,原 性膀胱腺癌应行根治性全膀胱切除。     

体外协助尿流改道的腹腔镜全膀胱根治性切除术

目的 探讨体外协助尿流改道的腹腔镜全膀胱根治性切除术的疗效.方法 2006年6月～2012年6月施行体外协助尿流改道的腹腔镜全膀胱根治性切除术28例,全膀胱切除和盆腔淋巴结清扫均在腹腔镜下完成,标本自下腹部小切口取出,体外协助尿流改道采用回肠膀胱术（Bricker手术）和原位回肠新膀胱2种术式,其中Bricker手术22例、原位回肠新膀胱术6例.结果 均一次手术成功,腹腔镜盆腔淋巴结清除及全膀胱切除手术时间150～240 min,平均180 min;体外协助尿流改道时间90～270 min,平均150 min;术中出血200 ～900 ml,平均350 ml;肠功能恢复时间3～4d.6例原位回肠新膀胱2～4周拔除导尿管,能正常排尿,无尿潴留和肾功能损害发生.26例随访6～36个月,平均15个月,1例术后23个月死于复发及远处广泛转移,2例死于其他内科疾病,其余患者一般情况良好,未见肿瘤复发及转移.结论 体外协助尿流改道的腹腔镜全膀胱根治性切除术疗效满意.     

膀胱腺癌的诊断与治疗(附21例报告)

目的：提高膀胱腺癌的诊治水平。方法：对1990年1月一2001年12月收治的21例膀胱腺癌患者临床资料进行回顾性分析，其中原发性膀胱腺癌18例，脐尿管癌3例。经尿道电切术3例，膀胱部分切除术9例，根治性全膀胱切除术8例，姑息性尿流改道术1例。结果：13例获得随访，1年生存率46．2％，5年生存率16．7％。结论：提高膀胱腺癌的早期诊断水平、严格术式选择、术后辅助放化疗有益于改善患者预后。     

Adenocarcinoma of the bladder: study of 14 cases and review of the literature

Fourteen patients with adenocarcinoma of the bladder have been seen over a 14-year period; 6 tumours were of urachal origin and the remaining 8 were primary. All tumours were muscle-infiltrating. The 6 patients with urachal tumours were subjected to surgery; 3 underwent partial cystectomy and 3 radical total cystectomy. All patients who underwent partial cystectomy are alive and free of disease at 60 months, 12 months and 12 months respectively. The other 3 patients who underwent radical cystectomy suffered recurrence and 2 succumbed to their disease within 1 year. All patients with primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder underwent radical cystectomy, 5 of them after planned pre-operative radiotherapy. There were 3 post-operative deaths. One patient died of an unrelated cause 30 months after surgery and 2 died of disseminated disease 8 and 16 months after surgery. One patient developed inguinal lymph node metastases 4 months after surgery and is controlled at 12 months with radiotherapy. Only 1 of the 8 patients with primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder is alive and free of disease at 6 months.     

Primary adenocarcinoma of bladder

Between April 1983 and December 1987, we have treated and followed 16 patients at the University of Southern California for adenocarcinoma of the bladder. In 10 patients, the cancer originated from a nonurachal source; all underwent radical cystectomy, bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection, and urinary diversion. The other 6 patients had an apparent urachal origin of their cancer. Half of these patients were treated with radical cystectomy and urinary diversion and half were treated initially with segmental cystectomy. Presenting characteristics (age, sex ratio, and symptoms) were similar for both groups. Three-year adjusted acturial tumor-free survival rates for the two groups were 48 percent and 31 percent, respectively. We advocate an aggressive approach of radical cystectomy, bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection, and urinary diversion for all invasive adenocarcinoma of the bladder, regardless of location.     

Treatment of bladder carcinoma in patients more than 80 years old

We reviewed 26 patients more than 80 years old with bladder carcinoma to determine if an active surgical policy is justified. Ten patients with superficial carcinoma were treated with transurethral resection; none died of cancer and half have survived 5 years. Of 16 patients with invasive carcinoma 9 underwent total cystectomy with urinary diversion and 2 underwent partial cystectomy. There was no operative mortality. Postoperative complications were not serious. Five of the 9 patients who underwent total cystectomy are alive, with a mean survival of 35 months. The 4-year crude survival rate was 50 per cent. Both patients who underwent partial cystectomy died within 2 years. One patient treated with radiotherapy alone and 1 without any treatment have survived 2 years. These results suggest that contrary to the general tendency towards conservative treatment, a curative operation is worth attempting in elderly patients with bladder carcinoma.     

脐尿管癌的诊断和治疗(附9例报告)

目的探讨脐尿管癌的诊断和治疗方法及其疗效。方法回顾性分析广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院1999年7月至2009年12月收治的9例脐尿管癌患者的临床资料和随访结果,其中黏液腺癌6例、肠型腺癌1例、尿路上皮癌2例。结果本组患者最常见的临床症状为血尿和膀胱刺激症状,膀胱镜检查主要表现为膀胱顶部宽基底肿物,影像学检查常见膀胱顶前壁与腹壁之间软组织肿块影,多浸润膀胱壁。2例(Ⅲ期)膀胱部分切除者分别于术后7、9个月局部复发,并于1年内死亡。1例(Ⅳ期)晚期未切除者行化疗,无进展生存6个月,化疗后13个月死亡。6例行扩大性膀胱部分切除术,患者中1例(Ⅳ期)术后18个月因肺转移死亡,2例(Ⅲ期)术后32个月及41个月死亡,3例(Ⅲ期)分别为术后22、58和62个月,仍在随访中。结论脐尿管癌发病位置隐匿,术前诊断较为困难。治疗方法主要是行扩大性膀胱部分切除术,首次手术彻底切除肿瘤及对晚期及术后复发转移患者积极的综合治疗是提高脐尿管癌疗效的关键。本病的预后很差,临床分期与预后密切相关。     

Is adjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer safer in patients with an ileal conduit than a neobladder?

OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with neobladder reconstruction in comparison to ileal conduit, as radical cystectomy and urinary diversion is an effective curative surgical treatment for muscle-invasive and high-risk superficial bladder cancer, and adjuvant chemotherapy is usually considered for patients with clinical stage > T2 and nodal metastasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed retrospectively patients who had had a radical cystectomy and urinary diversion between 1992 and 2004. Patients with high-risk disease who had adjuvant chemotherapy were identified and stratified based on the type of urinary diversion (ileal conduit or neobladder). The chemotherapy regimen, complications from the adjuvant chemotherapy and other relevant data were analysed. RESULTS: Overall, 343 patients had radical cystectomy, 40 had adjuvant chemotherapy; 25 had an ileal conduit and 15 had a neobladder. Patient characteristics including age, stage and follow-up were similar. In all, 55% of patients had grade 1 toxicity, 23% grade 2, 18% grade 3, and 13% grade 4. No patients had serious organ toxicity and none died. There were no significant differences in the toxicity among the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant chemotherapy appears to be safe in patients with a neobladder and equally safe in patients with an ileal conduit. Hence neobladder reconstruction should not be denied to patients with bladder cancer who are at high risk of recurrence and who might require adjuvant chemotherapy.